六级长难句最新讲义
大学英语六级考试的阅读理解历来就是长难句的展示舞台，考生需要在短时间之内很好的理解长难句，从而理解文章的结构和含义，而长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。
首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点
一词汇：核心词汇+普通词汇
二语法结构
1．从句：定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语
2．并列结构
3．插入语
4．倒装
5．强调
6．省略：分词作定语，独立主格结构
复习六大语法结构1
一长难句的特点含有比较多而长的修饰成分，并列成分，或者从句。内容丰富，结构复杂。
二理解长难句的关键了解长难句的类型以及理清句子中的成分、抓住句子中的关键部分。
三长难句的构成
词汇（核心词汇即高频词汇，通过做真题巩固；普通词汇，并不经常出现，但需要了解，通过单词书记单词）；语法结构
四制造长句的六大语法结构
1.从句
1）定语从句：结构：名词+关系词+句子；对关系词前的名词进行修饰，关系词在从句中充当成分，即用一个句子修饰一个名词，句子作名词的定语，所修饰的名词叫做先行词。
The question that the teacher asked is…
2）同位语从句：结构：名词+关系词+句子；对关系词前的名词进行解释。关系词在从句中不充当成分。
The question why he came here is…
3）表语从句：结构：系动词+从句
4）宾语从句：结构：动词+从句
5）状语从句：结构：句子+衔接词+句子
2.并列结构
由and, not only…but also, either..or, whether…or等词连接句子构成的结构。
3.插入语
1）逗号之间插入语，可以直接省略，对句子不会产生任何质的改变
2）破折号之间插入语，对前面词的进一步解释
4.倒装
1）全部倒装：地点状语/地点副词+谓语动词+主语，强调地点状语/地点副词
The old man lives in the city center.
倒装：In the city center lives the old man.
2）部分倒装：谓语助动词+主语+谓语
a. only+状语在句首
Only with you, can I feel happy.
b.否定词/否定词组在句首
Never do I smoke.
c. so+adj/adv在句首
So fast did I run that he couldn’t catch up with me.
复习六大语法结构2
5.强调
1）It is that…
It is I that never smoke.
2）do, does, did强调动词
I did watch TV last night.
I do hope…
3）the very+名词
This is the very book I want.
6.省略
1）定语从句的省略,也叫分词作定语。定语从句的关系词在从句中充当主语或者宾语。定语从句中的关系词充当从句的宾语的时候，可以直接省略。当关系词作主语时，也可以省略，省略之后，后面的动词要发生形式变化，主动语态变成-ing形式，被动语态保留过去分词。
I know the girl who comes from Beijing.（作主语）
I know the boy (who) the teacher praised.（作宾语）
I like reading books written by Hemingway.
2）状语从句的省略
a.分词作状语，前后句子主语保持一致
After the professor finished the experiment, he began to prepare for tomorrow’s lesson.
分词作状语：Finishing the experiment, the professor began to prepare for tomorrow’s lesson.
b.独立主格结构，前后句子主语不一致
If time permits, we’ll visit the Great Wall today.
前后主语不一致：Time permitting, we’ll visit the Great Wall today.
真题典型长难句分析1
1. It seems that men with traditional views of masculinity（男性）are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions, supposedly because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure (镇定).
先看一下有几个动词：seem；are；may lead to；
再看一下连词、关系词：that；and；because引导原因状语从句
整句话分成两部分：（1）It seems that men with traditional views of masculinity are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions；（2）supposedly because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure (镇定).
动词seem后面加that是宾语从句；
be more likely to后面是由and连接的两个宾语。
翻译：有着传统男性观点的男性们更有可能抑制他们自己情感的的宣泄，或者他们也会特别好怕一些情感，因为这些情感可能会导致失去镇定
2. For example, men who endorse traditional masculine norms report lower relationship satisfaction, as do their female partners.
men who endorse traditional masculine norms report lower relationship satisfaction,
动词有endorse；report；
who endorse （持有）traditional masculine norms（标准）修饰men；
翻译：例如，那些拥有传统男性标准的男性们会说有着低的婚姻满意度，他们的妻子也是这么认为的。
这句话是一个宾语从句加上一个倒装句组成的长难句。
3. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world.
Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people；
that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world.
这个长难句that前面是主句，后面是从句。that在句中是不充当成分的，因此是一个同位语从句。
翻译：两次世界大战和经济大萧条使人们信心丧失了；他们原本认为仅仅拥有科学知识就可以创造繁荣有秩序的世界。
4. Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious credentials (资质) for most nonacademic careers.
第一个and引导了两个be结构；后一个引导了两个because的原因从句。
在大部分的研究所中人文学者的工资是最低的，而且经常是不受重视的：一是因为他们并不产生补贴收入；二是他们并不能够给非学术的职业提供资质。
真题典型长难句分析2
5. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society.
动词：is；is；
for the obvious reason that相当于because引导的原因状语从句；
of deep concern在这里是of+名词表示形容词的概念；
翻译：话句话说，今天家长所做的事情对于国家来说是极为关心的，因为抚养孩子不仅是一种道德上的急需，而且对于我们社会的未来也是极为重要的。
6. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue (不断积累) to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow's productive citizenry (公民).
在第二行出现分号，把句子分成两部分；
关系词是for which
真正的主语：To classify parenting as a personal choice
把照顾孩子作为一种个人选择的话，整个社会就不会对其负责了，这样的话不仅仅忽略了很好的照顾孩子带来的社会利益。而且还会窃取了这些利益，因为这些利益对整个社会来说是一个不断积累的过程。当今天的孩子成为明天具有生产力的社会公民的时候。
7. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing （分词作定语）to the decline of primary care.
翻译：拒绝牺牲质量的初级护理医师，他们要么被迫停业要么就去寻找赚钱的行业，导致了护理行业的下滑。
8. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.
这句话是个祈使句；
翻译：要使初级护理对于我们的医学学生更有吸引力的话，要通过免除那些把医学护理作为职业的学生的贷款；以及消除专家和初级护理医师的收入差距。
9. It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land, we have neglected the years spend in the ocean.
according to Griffin插入语；turn out 证明，是一个动词词组；while虽然
翻译：虽然我们做了很多的工作去保护我们的海龟在陆地上呆的几周，但是我们去忽略了他们在海洋里呆的
很多年。
10. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.
as well as studying ；unlike many bank stocks插入语；
动词：say；can console；is；should yield；
翻译：经济学家称，那些打算负债投资四年晚会和学习的家庭，安慰自己说大学时一种投资，这种投资会产生巨大的回报，而不像银行的股票。
11. Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result （相当于so）it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.
分成两部分：Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth,这是原因；
可持续发展被应用于各个方面，从能源到干净的水以及经济增长
as a result （相当于so）it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.
因此，现在很难质疑他背后的想法以及这种概念实施过程
翻译：可持续发展被应用于各个方面，从能源到干净的水到经济增长；因此，现在很难质疑他背后的基本想法以及这种概念被投入使用的方式。
2008-6
1. "United 93" is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001, and is certain to ignite an emotional debate.
2. Writer-director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in his depiction of what occurred, proceeding with the film only after securing the approval of every victim's family.
3. It’s also a potential economic problem, since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.
4. And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S. economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami-for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.
5. Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico-as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.
6. We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice.
2007-12
7．Men, these days，are embracing fatherhood with the round-the-clock involvement their partners have always dreamed of—handling night feedings, packing lunches and bandaging knees.
8. As much as if not more so than women, fathers struggle to be taken seriously when they request flexible arrangements.
9. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances.
10. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned(示意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.
11. Given the recent change of control in Congress, the popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California’s governor to offer universal health care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.
12. what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.
13. In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.
2007-6
14. They were both Ph.D. candidates when they devised the search engine which was better than the rest and, without any marketing, spread by word of mouth from early adopters to, eventually, your grandmother.
15. Their breakthrough, simply put, was that when their search engine crawled the Web, it did more than just look for word matches, it also tallied(统计) and ranked a host of other critical factors like how websites link to one another.
16. their biggest stroke of luck came early on when they tried to sell their technology to other search
engines, but no one met their price, and they built it up on their own.
17. Government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively—and wrongly—labeled government only as “a necessary evil.”
18. The promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences, including family breakdown and obesity (.
19. There is considerable sentiment about the “corruption” of women’s language—which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality—and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media.
20. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been expected to “grow into”—after all, it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one’s social relations as well.
2006-12
21. Losing everything you own under such circumstances can be distressing, but the people I’ve heard from all saw their loss, ultimately as a blessing.
22. Using this information, the amygdale appraises a situation—I think this charging dog wants to bite me—and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.
23. This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they’re afraid.
24. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action—like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.
25. He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished.
26. What he found wasn’t encouraging. Those would be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom—and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.
27. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot that’s left him shaking his head.
2006-6
28. Movies, Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably
ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.
29. To defend their profits, the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies (药房) not to sell to Americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those who dare.
30. This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare, who’ll have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit that starts in 2006.
31. Anyone who has reached a certain age—in some cases as low as 55—is automatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life.
32. Practically unheard of a generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses—as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.
33. Employment is another sore point, Buoyed (支持) by laws and court decisions, more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job-thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers.
34. Far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them.
35. Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people can’t take care of themselves and need special treatment；and they threaten the creation of a new myth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other age groups.
2005
36．The promise of a land where “the rewards of a man’s industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories.
37．These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens.
38．The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.
2003
39．There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists—that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man.
40．The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.
实战演练
1．Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.
2. Motivated in part by Christian compassion (怜悯) for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the world’s first workers’ compensation law in 1884.
3. Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees of ten know how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people.
4. Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school.
5. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
6. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships.
7. An elderly middle class man or woman may be alienated (疏远…) by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person’s education, background, or interests.
8. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”.
9. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are "good" and others are "bad", and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept.
10. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills.
11. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
12．But the developing countries may be impoverished (使穷困), with populations growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid worsening poverty and starvation
13．The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught.
14．To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.
15．It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment (启蒙运动) to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead.
二、总结——长难句分析步骤
1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。
2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。
3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法
再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。
4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。
12英语六级测试写作-长难句解析(14)
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More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. (CET-4, 201312 长篇阅读) 连接词断开，结束于下一个连接词前 Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math, economics, chemistry, and so on. (CET-6, 201406长篇阅读) Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mobile-phone network was launched, advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their messages out to mobile-phone users in a big way. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) 连接词断开，结束于第二个谓语动词前 Those who stay on for an additional two years can earn a master’s degree that qualifies them as nurse practitioners or clinical nurse specialists. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more
历年英语六级真题长难句摘选精析精品
【关键字】化学、活动、地理、政治、英语、情况、功夫、方法、条件、空间、领域、质量、模式、计划、运行、传统、地方、认识、问题、系统、密切、现代、合理、合作、保持、发展、建设、建立、制定、提出、发现、了解、研究、位置、关键、稳定、意识、力量、成果、地位、根本、精神、基础、需要、利益、环境、途径、能力、需求、主导、方式、渠道、作用、规模、结构、水平、速度、关系、分析、履行、吸引、逐步、形成、制约、树立、丰富、保护 历年真题长难句摘选精析 1．Our linguistic（语言上的）and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是Our blindness and casualness are losing us. with which 引导一个定语从句修饰casualness. take notice of 意思是“注意到”。 【译文】我们对语言、文化的无知，以及那种对其他国家形成的品味、手势、风俗和语言的漫不经心的态度，正使我们在世界上失去朋友，错过商机，丧失威信。 2．A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates(消除) all need to call for a lawn(草坪) care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks (块)of dirt lying around. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是A simple trip eliminates all need and provides holes. messy chunks of dirt：乱七八糟的脏东西。 【译文】只要穿这种娇小的鞋在院子里走一走，就完全没必要请修剪草坪的专家了，因为这会形成大小合适的洞为草坪提供氧气，周围还不会留下那些乱七八糟的脏东西。 3．But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. 【分析】这是一个带有比较级的句子，主干是：But my own worry today is less that than. 【译文】但我今天所担心的不是广泛泛滥的文盲问题，而是更加奢侈一点的问题，即：对中产阶级读者读写技能下降了的担忧，他们不愿把安静的地方、难得的家庭生活的机会、时间和注意力用来读书，而典型的读书活动正需要这些。 4．This violation of concentration, silence, solitude（独处的状态）goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. 【分析】这是一个并列句。第一个分句的主干是：this violation goes to the heart of literacy.，第二个分句的主干是this new form renders…,let alone …。 【译文】这种对精神集中、安静、独处状态的妨碍同阅读概念直接冲突；在娱乐背景下半读书半分散精力的读书新方式不可能专心致志地理解，更不要说任何一个人对真正喜爱的一首诗或一篇散文所能表示的最大赞赏是将其背诵下来了。 5．And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface. 【分析】句子的主干是it is clear that imperatives will have to compel human beings to leave