白宫记者提问技巧分析_以奥巴马记者招待会为例

白宫记者提问技巧分析_以奥巴马记者招待会为例
白宫记者提问技巧分析_以奥巴马记者招待会为例

2010.01

本栏目由清华大学国际传播研究中心与本刊合办

发言人SPOKESMAN 新闻发布

美国前白宫发言人阿里·弗莱舍曾经提到“白宫记者团是任何人所能遇到的最难缠、最尖利、最多疑的一票人马,他们是这个行业的精英。

”①而白宫的记者招待会和新闻发布会则是白宫记者们和发言人斗志斗勇、互相博弈的最佳平台。笔者拟结合奥巴马执政以来召开的若干场总统记者招待会实例对白宫记者的提问技巧进行梳理,以期对我国刚刚起步的新闻发言人制度有所帮助。

多个问题环环相扣

白宫总统记者招待会一般时长1个小时。除去总统开篇的简短发言,通常只有12到13个提问的机会留给记者。因此,对于每个获得提问机会的记者来说,如何能在最短的时间提出尽可能多的问题显得非常重要。

白宫记者的提问通常都由两到三个问题组成。笔者

对2009年2月9日奥巴马就任后的首次记者招待会进行了统计。这场记者招待会一共有13名记者得到了提问的机会,其中只有3名记者的提问是由一个问题组成,10名记者的提问都是两个以上问题构成。在这10名记者当中,有5名记者的提问包含了3个小问题,2名记者的提问由4个以上的小问题组成。

我们试看一例:2009年2月9日,在奥巴马召开的任职后首次记者招待会上,路透社记者Caren Bohan 获得了提问的机会。他问到:“我的问题是关于美国的对外政策。您的美伊战略是什么?您将什么时候开始实施该战略?伊朗选举会否影响您的计划?对您来说,是否有任何迹象表明伊朗

有兴趣与美国进行对话?

”②记者围绕着奥巴马的美伊战略设置了4个小问题,且每个小问题之间都存在着逻

辑关联、环环相扣,使得新闻发言人必须逐一回答后才能跳到下一个问题上,从而确保每个问题都能够得到完整的答复。

当然,提多个问题时要注意避免每个问题设置的大而繁杂,以方便发言人记忆和回答。

开门见山直奔主题

白宫记者在获得提问机会后,通常向新闻发言人简单致谢表示必要的尊重后就直接提问。他们往往省略一些礼节性和修饰性的语言,去繁就简,没有连篇的寒暄语和冗长的背景交代,形成了开门见山、直奔主题的提问方式。

在奥巴马就职百日的记者招待会上,记者Jennifer 获得第一个提问的机会。由于时值H1N1流感在全球传播,美国的邻国墨西哥出现了多起H1N1流感病例,记者就此

白宫记者提问技巧分析

———以奥巴马记者招待会为例

■曹艳

本论文系广州市哲学社会科学规划课题“广州市新闻舆论监督与阳光政府建设研究”的阶段性成果,项目号09Q22。

34

新闻发布发言人

SPOKESMAN

把相关的问题直截了当地抛给了奥巴马:“伴随着H1N1流感越来越严重的趋势,你认为是时候关闭与墨西哥接壤的边界了吗?或者在什么情况下,你会考虑与疫区隔离,而什么时候是最合适的?”

我们看到记者在提问时没有大量地针对墨西哥疫情的背景陈述,而是直接切入何时关闭与墨西哥接壤边界的问题。这种直截了当、单刀直入的方式,既节约了时间,使发言人在回答时更加有针对性,也进一步提升了记者招待会的新闻价值。

公众视角民生立场

白宫记者往往把自己提问的立场设定为人民和政府的对话。因此他们在设置问题时习惯以受众为中心,用公众的角度和表达方式引出问题。在白宫总统记者招待会上,我们经常可以看到这种立场的发问。

2009年3月24日,在奥巴马召开的第二次黄金时间记者招待会上,记者Kevin Chappell就奥巴马上任后的救世措施成效发问。他的问题是:“最近有报道显示由于经济下滑,美国每50个孩子当中就有1个无家可归。由于收容所救助人数已经饱和,寄宿于帐篷中的人们在这个国家急速增加。在您过去提出的刺激经济方案中,您曾经说过:‘救助措施正在实施当中’。那么,对于这些仍然睡在天桥下帐篷里的家庭,尤其是孩子们,您有什么要说的吗?”

记者的这个问题实际上是要让奥巴马对执政以来拯

救金融危机的措施成效做一

个总结。但他没有直接发问,

而是借助美国无家可归的人

数急速增加的例子从侧面提

问,使一个经济问题充满了人

性的关怀,也提升了大家对新

闻发言人如何回应的关注度。

显然这个问题受到了奥巴马

的高度重视,他首先表明自己

对这些孩子无家可归的状况

感到心碎和难过,然后指出自

己所能做的帮助他们改善状

况的最重要的事就是保证他

们的父母有一份工作,并就此

对政府的具体措施做出了详

细阐述。一问一答,均彰显了

双方对待民生问题的关注,收

到了很好的效果。

微观入手化大为小

白宫记者的提问切入点

小,善于从微观角度出发,从

新闻的某个细节着手,把大的

新闻题材落实到细化的新闻

点上,避免空泛提问。

在奥巴马百日执政记者

招待会上,纽约时报记者Jeff

Zeleny给他出了道考题,令人

拍手称道。他问道:“过去的一

百天执政时间里,最让您惊讶

的是什么,最让您欣喜的是什

么,最让您感到谦卑的是什么,

最让您烦恼的又是什么呢?”

记者问题的实际意图是

想让奥巴马对其百日执政的

得失做出总结,但他巧妙地从

奥巴马个人生活的微观角度

入手,把重大而枯燥的政治事

件和奥巴马的个人经历联系

起来,颇能打动发言人的心。

奥巴马在听完了记者提问之

后,马上说要提笔记下。显然,

他对此问题也颇感兴趣。

援引原话以矛攻盾

西方记者在提问时偏爱

援引发言人曾经说过的话作

例证为自己的问题进行铺垫。

援引发言人的原话容易缩短

提问者和回答者之间的沟通

距离,同时通过从对方的原话

中导出与之相矛盾或相偏离

的结论对发言人提出质疑,可

以让质疑的力度更加夯实和

厚重。

在奥巴马2009年3月24日

的记者招待会上,一名记者针

对奥巴马政府的财政预算开

支问到:“您上周在加利福尼

亚的市政厅举行的会议上说:

‘我竞选总统并不是为了把我

们现在的问题留给下一任总

统去解决。’但是您的财政预

算会使赤字在未来10年内达

到7万亿。国会预算办公室给

出的数字是9.3万亿。今天在国

会山,一些共和党人也表示您

的财政预算堪称是美国历史

上最不负责任的一个。如此巨

额的债务难道就不正是您之

前所说的‘把问题留给下一任

总统’吗?”

在这一回合的交锋中,记

者抓住奥巴马曾经说过的“我

竞选总统并不是为了把我们

现在的问题留给下一任总统

去解决”这句话,对奥巴马执

政后财政赤字问题可能延续

到下一任总统提出疑问。因为

引用的是发言人的原话,所以

容易引起发言人的足够重视,

另一方面也容易激起发言人

回应和进一步解释的兴趣。

35

2010.01

NEWS&WRITING

发言人SPOKESMAN新闻发布

转嫁观点借力发问

白宫记者的提问虽然尖锐犀利,但是他们很善于“包装”自己的问题。除了援引发言人的原话来丰富自己的提问背景之外,白宫记者还擅长将观点性的言论“转嫁”给反对党或者其他人,从而避免直接的冲突。

2009年2月9日的记者招待会上,记者Major Garrett提问奥巴马:“总统先生,副总统拜登在周五的一场演讲中提到过,你们两人曾经在总统办公室讨论过一个话题,而且他也没有透露具体是什么话题。其中谈到,‘如果我们做的每一件事是正确的,如果我们坚定不移,如果我们在那里备受考验后最终作出艰难的决定,那么我们还是有30%的机会做错事。’既然副总统谈到这个问题,你能告诉美国人民你们在谈论什么吗?如果不能,你是否能至少确定谈话所指并不是刺激方案或者银行援助计划?如果是的话,您是否对其成功率表示同意,30%的失败率和70%的成功率?”

这名记者的本意是想刺探奥巴马政府处理经济危机措施的成效。如果站在记者的私人角度直接质疑,显得有些突兀且立不住脚跟。于是他通过援引副总统拜登话语来强化对此质疑的阐释力度,既丰富了问题的背景又体现了客观性,可谓一箭双雕。

尖锐犀利咄咄逼人

“冲突就是新闻”的观念在西方记者群体中深入人

心,因此白宫记者并不会避

讳敏感问题,记者问题尖锐

也是美国记者招待会的一贯

传统。

美国总统奥巴马走马上

任后同样也面对了记者提出

的诸如“水刑”、关塔那摩监

狱、伊拉克、朝鲜、阿富汗问

题和经济危机等棘手问题。

在2009年3月24日奥巴马

召开的第二次黄金时间新闻

发布会上,记者Ed Henry直

接质问奥巴马为何处理AIG

问题慢半拍。他问到:“关于

AIG的问题,为什么你等那

么久才对AIG奖金门丑闻表

示谴责?似乎所有的措施都

是来自于纽约州总检察长(而

不是你)。很多天后你才对

AIG进行谴责,为什么要经过

这么长的时间才出来表态?”

记者的这个问题让向来

以雄辩见长的奥巴马一时语

顿并略带愠意。他不无嘲讽

地回应到:“我的确是花了点

时间(才作出反应),因为我喜

欢在张嘴之前把我到底要说

什么搞搞清楚!”有评论称这

个尖锐问题让奥巴马情绪一

度失控。③

打断发言适时追问

白宫记者在提出问题

后,如果遇到发言人避实就

虚、疏漏回答等情况而得不

到自己满意的答案时,往往

会中断发言人的陈述,进一

步追问。笔者对2009年3月24

日召开的奥巴马白宫记者招

待会的记者提问进行了统

计。这次记者招待会共有13

名记者获得了提问的机会。

在这13个提问当中,有7名

记者在奥巴马回答的过程当

中打断发言,就具体问题进

一步追问。追问的比重占到

了问题总数的53.8%之多。

有的时候,追问还不仅仅

体现在某一场新闻发布会或

记者招待会上。遇到特别重

大或者有争议的新闻事件

时,白宫记者经常连续两、三

天甚至数月不停地向发言人

提问同一个问题。2001年9·

11事件发生后,记者们就美

国何时出兵塔利班这一问题

每天不停地向白宫发言人发

问,以期得到满意的回复。

好的提问是成功采访的

一半。白宫记者在记者招待

会上显示的职业精神和提问

技巧,对我国记者改进提问

方式、获取鲜活新闻素材不

无裨益;同时也为我国各级

政府新闻发言人应对记者提

问、提升政府的公众形象提

供参考素材和借鉴。

参考文献:

①[美]阿里·弗莱舍,王

翔宇、王蓓译:《白宫发言人:

总统、媒体和我在白宫的日

子》,社会科学文献出版社

2007年9月第1版,第2页。

②本论文所引用的提问文

本和数据统计均来自美国白宫官

方网站提供的记者招待会文字

稿,https://www.360docs.net/doc/8c2673930.html,/,

后面同上,不再赘述。

③董玮:《奥巴马被戳痛

处反呛记者》,现代快报,2009

年03月26日。

(作者单位:广东外语外贸

大学新闻与传播学院)

36

2010.01

奥巴马就职演讲稿修辞简析

奥巴马就职演讲稿修辞简析 Summary: 总统大多在美国历史上占有特殊地位,其演说亦各具特色。作为美国的第四十四任总统句子结构,巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际正逢全国性的经济危机,其就职演说不可避免的也会起到表达这位新晋总统的政治思想和增加公众对于政府的信心的作用。本文将从修辞手段的运用,句子类型以及宗教 特色等多方面就这篇就职演说词的语言特色进行分析。 Key words: Repetition, Parallelism, Figures of similarity,Figures of Contrast Introduction: 一、Repetition 反复 Repetition is an important figure of speech. It usually repeats the same word, phrase, and sentence to intensify the mood, emphasize the ideas, and show the strong feelings. It’s used widely in poetry, prose, novel, speech etc. In the daily life, we also often use it. E.g.: 1.But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to. It belongs to you. It belongs to you . 2.Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real.They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or ina short span of time. But know this, America, they will be met. 3.This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence -- the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed 在奥巴马的就职演说词中,有多个词如“危机”等被反复使用。具体分析如下:

英语演讲原文:奥巴马演讲 白宫国会野餐上的讲话

奥巴马演讲白宫国会野餐上的讲话 Hello, everybody! (Applause.) Well, how’s the food? (Cheers and applause.) We could not have a more beautiful day for this annual picnic, and we are just thrilled (兴奋的,激动的) that all of you had a chance to get over (获得,得到). I know that folks were running a little bit late, many of you because of votes. But, you know, the fact of the matter is, is that we have had as tough a year and a half as America has seen in a couple of generations, and that's meant that Congress has had to do more on a whole range of issues. Right now obviously we’re looking at what’s happening in the Gulf 1 with deep concern, and that's going to put more additional pressure on Congress to work with states and the administration to help deal with this tragedy and this crisis. It is important, though, given the incredible sacrifices that so many of you have made and frankly 2 , from my perspective (远景,观点) , just as important are the sacrifices that your family makes -- you being away, you missing family events -- that every once in a while(偶尔,时常) we have an opportunity to get together and for me to say thank you to you for your incredible devotion to the country, regardless of

2008奥巴马就职演讲

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