最全定语从句讲义

高中定语从句重难点系统讲解

（一）定义及相关术语

1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。

2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；

关系副词有when, where, why等。

关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。

（二）关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。

Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。

That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。

2.whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。

Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.

The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。

The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师常表扬的那个女孩是我们班长。注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。

略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.

3.Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。

Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。

He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。

This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。

The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.

4.That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.

Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？

The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。

The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。

5.Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.

He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。

I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.

注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代

替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =The classroom the door of w hich is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? =Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow

? （三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。

The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.

This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.

We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions . 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。

注意：１．含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。

如：look for, look after, take care of 等。

这是我正在找的手表。(正) This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.

(误)This is the watch for which I am looking .

那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。

(正) The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.

(误)The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.

２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。

你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。

(正)The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.

(误)The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.

我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。

(正)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

(误)The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

（四）关系副词引导的定语从句

1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

① I still remember the day when I first came to this school.

②The time when we got together finally arrived.

③ October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

④Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.

2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

①Shanghai is the city where I was born.

②The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

③I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .

③Is this the place where they fought the enemy?

3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

①Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。

②The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。

③I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：④From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had kno wn what he wanted to be when he grew up.

⑤ Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.

⑥The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.

（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句

形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。

意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。

译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”

关系词的使用上：A．作宾语时可省略 B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom

非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。

意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。

译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。

关系词的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom

1.限制性定语从句举例：

①The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.

②China is a country which has a long history. ③In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 2.非限制性定语从句举例：

①His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

②China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.

③Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held ever y year.

（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况

1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：①Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? ②There seems to be nothing that is im possible to him in the world. ③All that can be done has been done. ④There is little that I can do for you. ⑤He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who ，如：、

⑥Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.

⑦All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.

2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.

4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：

①This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.

②After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。

如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.

5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。

如：①Who is the man that is standing by the gate? ②Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。

如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school .

Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.

（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句

as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see.

2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country.

He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.

John, as you know, is a famous writer.

Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe.

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.

These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.

当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。

如：I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks.

This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.

She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.

(三)以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，且通常可以省略。如：The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.

I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.

（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择

用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较： A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.

I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.

B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.

I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.

C. This is the reason why he was dismissed.

This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. （五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。

如：There are very few but admire his talents. （but = who don’t）

（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1．定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句）

2．定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。

The news that he told me is true. （定语从句）

The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句）

The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句)

The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.（同位语从句）The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (同位语从句）

The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句）

3．同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：

A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句）The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.

C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句）The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.