语言学教程(第四版)练习 第4章
Chapter Four From Word to Text
I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.
1.Which of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutability ?
A. Associative relation
B. Paradigmatic relation
C. Vertical relation
D. Horizontal relation
2. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjuncts clauses and _______.
A. relative clauses
B. adverbial clauses
C. coordinate clauses
D. subordinate clauses
3. Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT ______.
A. subjects and objects
B. objects and predicators
C. modifiers and complements
D. endocentric and exocentric
4. In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of perception and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT _______.
A. inflection
B. following a preposition
C. word order
D. vertical relation
5. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _____ and ____.
A. subject; object
B. subject; predicate
C. predicate; object
D. object; predicate
6. Phrase structure rules have _____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
7. Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the world ?
A. Word order
B. Genetic classification
C. Areal classification
D. Social classification
8. The head of the phrase the city Rome is ______.
A. the city
B. Rome
C. city
D. the city Rome
9. The phrase on the shelf belongs to ______ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
10. The sentence They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is a _____ sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. complex
II. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.
1.The relation of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to
paradigmatic relations.
2.One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the number of
coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.
3.According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, deep structure contain all the
information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.
4.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by
inflections of pronouns.
5.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-one relation.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,ually noun phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong to endocentric
types of constriction.
7.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually
follows the verb.
8.In the exocentric construction John kicked the ball, neither constituent stands for
the verb-object sequence.
9. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
10.In a coordinate sentence, two (or more) S constituents occur as daughters and
co-heads of a higher S.
III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.
1.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Heads and consequently,
they can be called m____________.
2.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part in the
bracket is a c_________ clause.
3.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, we have another
two terms, p____________ and n__________.
4.There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w_______, which
is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.
5.Recursiveness, together with o_______, is generally regarded as the core of
creativity of language.
6.Traditionally, p_________ is seen as part of a structural hierarchy, positioned
between clause and word.
7.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identity the s______
relationship between words in a sentence.
8.Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latter
including the traditional infinitive phrase, p__________, and gerundial phrase.
9.Gender displays such contrasts as masculine: feminine: n_______.
10.English gender contrast can only be observed in g__________ and a small number
of l__________ and they are mainly of the natural gender type.
IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.
1.Syntax
2.IC analysis
3.Relation of co-occurrence
4.Category
5.Recursiveness
V. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.
A B
(1) syntactic relation a. number, gender and case
(2) grammatical construction b. conjoining and embedding
(3) syntactic function c. syntagmatic relation
(4) category d. substitutability
(5) recusiveness e. coordination and subordination
(6) positional relation f. hypotactic and paratactic relations
(7) associative relation g. conjunction, ellipsis, reference
(8) sentential connection h. subject, predicate and object
(9) cohesion I. finite and non-infinite
(10) clause j. paradigmatic relation
VI. Answer the following question.
1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?
2.What are the basic functional terms in syntax?
VII. Essay question.
1.Explain an comment on the following sentence a and b.
a.John is easy to please.
b.John is eager to please.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,ment on the statement, “Linguistic structure is hiearchical”
I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.
1.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but they are capable of
yielding an infinite number of sentences.
2.Although, a single word can also be uttered as a sentence, normally a sentence
consists of at least a subject, its predicate and an object.\
3.The sentences are linearly structured, so they are composed of sequence of words
arranged in a simple linear order.
4. a.John his upon an idea.
b.An idea hit upon John.
In the above sentences, the subject and object constituent by the sentences switch their position. Although sentence b is absurd, it is still grammatical, because John and an idea are of the same phrasal category.
5.Though they are of a small number, the combinational rules are powerful enough
to yield all the possible sentences and rule out the impossible ones.
6.In a sentence like Mary likes flowers, both Mary and flowers are not only Nouns,
but also Noun Phrases.
7.The recursive property can basically be discussed in a category-based grammar,
but not in a word-based grammar.
8.An XP must contain an X which is called the phrasal head.
9.In the phrase this very tall girl, tall girl is an obligatory element and the head of
the phrase.
10.a. The man beat the child. b. The child was beaten by the man.
In the above sentences, the movement of the child from its original place to a new place is a WH- movement.
11.Tense and aspect, the two important categories of the verb, nowadays are viewed
as separate notions in grammar.
12.The structuralists regard linguistic units as isolated bits in a structure (or system).
13.IC analysis can help us to see the internal structure of a sentence clearly and it can
also distinguish the ambiguity of a sentence.
14.Structural linguists hold that a sentence does only have a linear structure, but it
has a hierarchical structure, made up of layers of word groups.
15.In Saussure’s view, the linguist cannot attempt to explain individual signs in a
piecemeal fashion. Instead he must try to find the value of a sign from its relation to others, or rather, its position in the system.
16.The theme-rheme order is the usual one in unemotional narration, which is a
subjective order.
17.What is new in Halliday is that he has tried to relate the functions of language to
its structure.
18.Sentence is a basic unit of structure in functional grammar.
19.The interpersonal function of language refers to the idea held by Halliday that
language serves ot establish and maintain social relations.
20.Finite is a function in the clause as a representation, both the representation of
outer experience and inner experience.
21.The relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to
paradigmatic relations.
22.According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able to generate
all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.
23.In English, the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer of an action, while the
object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer. Therefore, the subject is always an agent and the patient is always the object.
24.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by
inflections of pronouns.
25.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-one relation.
26.The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, and there are a limited
number of sentences which can be produced.
27.Structuralism views language as both linearly and hierarchically structured.
28.Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are
formed and sentences generated.
29.UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which
exists in the mind of a normal human being.
30.Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were
separated in traditional grammar.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).
1.As is required by the ______, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned
by verb, or preposition to the _________ position or by auxiliary to the ________ position.
2.Adjacency condition states that a case _________ and a case _______ should stay
adjacent to each other.
3.The general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any
constituent movement is called __________.
4.The phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at
the level of _________.
5.The application of syntactic movement rules transforms a sentence from the level
of ________ to that of ______.
6.In English there are two major types of movement, one involving the movement
of an NP is called __________ movement and the other a WH-word is called _________movement.
7. a. The boy ate the apple.
c.The apple was eaten by the boy.
In Sentence b, the boy and the apple are moved from their original positions in
Sentence a to new positions, with the boy _________ to the right and the man ________ to the left.
8.In the sentence the man was bitten by a dog, the man is both the _______ subject
and the ___________ object.
9.The decision on where to make the cuts in IC analysis relies on ________:
whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same.
10.IC Analysis is different from the traditional parsing in that IC emphasizes the
function of the _________ level-word group, seeing a hierarchical structure of the sentence as well.
11.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head and consequently,
they can be called __________.
12.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman).
The part in the bracket is a __________ clause.
13.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, we have another
two terms, ________ and _________.
14.English gender contrast can only be observed in ________ and a small number of
_______ and they are mainly of the natural gender type.
15.There is tendency to make a distinction between phrase and ________, which is
an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.
16.Recursiveness, together with _________, is generally regarded as the core of
creativity of language.
17.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a
________ verb or a verb phrase.
18.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a
sentence is ________.
19.The starting point of an utterance which is known in the given situation and from
which the speaker proceeds is named ________.
20.___________ structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic
interpretation by the introduction of the trace theory.
III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.
1.The sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a _______ sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. complex
D. relational
2. In the sentence Mary told Jane that John liked linguistics the introductory word that is called _______.
A. coordinating conjunction
B. conjunction
C. subordinator
D. embedded word
3. The student // likes the new linguistics professor. The above segmentation truthfully reveals the _______ nature of sentence structure.
A. hierarchical
B. linear
C. horizontal
D. parallel
4. The sentence The tall man and women left can be illustrated by tree diagram _____.
A.(1)
B.(2)
C. both (1) and (2)
D. neither
(1) (2)
S
NP VP
Det Adj NP V
S
NP VP NP Conj NP V
5.According to the following three diagram, V can only be replaced by ____.
A. sat
B. brought
C. pushed
D. none
6.a.John likes linguistics the most.
b.It was linguistics that John liked the most
Which of the following statements about the two sentences (a and b) given above is NOT true ?
A. In both sentence a and sentence b, John is the logical subject.
B. In structural concept, John is the structural subject of a sentence.
C. It in sentence b is the structural subject of the matrix clause.
D. John is the structural subject in both a and b.
7.The conclusion that a set of principles or rules govern language use is based on the observation that _________.
A.Speakers make acceptability judgment about sentences they have never heard before.
B.Speech is a habit-structure.
C.Imitation accounts for language acquisition.
D.Phonological information must form part of syntactic movement.
8.The symbol N indicates a/an ________.
A.lexical category
B.phrasal category
C.intermediate category
D. lexical insertion rule
9.Of the following combination possibilities, ______ can NOT be generated from the following rule: NP →(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S).
A. NP →N
B.NP →Det Adj S
C.NP →Det N
D.NP →Det Adj N PPS.
10.An advantage of X-bar syntax over phrase structure syntax is that X-bar.
A.avoid a ploliferation of redundant intermediate categories.
B.allows us to identify indefinitely long embedded sentences.
C. allows as to postulate categories other than lexical and phrasal.
D. forces us to conclude that the ambiguity of phrases like the English King is
lexical rather than structural.
11. Which set of rules generates the following tree structures?
A. S →NP VP
B. NP → VP
S NP VP V PP
The boy __ in the chair S NP VP NP NP V NP N N NP PP P NP N
NP→N PP NP→NP NP PP
VP→V NP VP→V NP PP
PP →P NP PP →P NP
NP→N NP →N
C.S VP VP D, S NP VP
NP→(NP/PP) NP →NP (NP /PP)
VP →V NP VP →V NP
PP →P NP PP →P NP
NP→N NP →N
12.a.It seems they are quite fit for the job.
b. They seem quite fit for the job.
Sentence b is a result of ______ movement.
A.NP
B.WH
C.AUX.
D. None
13. The head of the phrase underneath the open window is _______.
A.underneath
B.the
C.open
D.window
14.The following statements are in accordance with Hallliday’s opinion on language EXCEPT _______.
A.The use of language involves a network of systems of choices.
B. Language is never used as a mere mirror of reflected thought.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,nguage is a system of abstract forms and signs.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,nguage functions as a piece of human behavior.
15.Chomsky is more concerned with ____ relations in his approach to syntax.
A.syntagmatic
B.structural
C.paradigmatic
D.transformational
16.______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in Certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.
A.Concord
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,ernment
C. Binding
D. Co-command
17. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjunct clauses and _____.
A.relative clauses
B.adverbial clauses
C.coordinate clauses
D.subordinate clauses
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,s of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT_____.
A.subjects and objects
B.objects and predicators
C.modifiers and complements
D. endocentric and exocentric
19.In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of preposition and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT ______.
A.inflection
B.following a preposition
C.word order
D.vertical relation
20. Clauses can be classified into finite and non-finite clauses, _____ including the traditional infinitive phrases, participial phrase and gerundial phrase.
A. the former
B. the latter
C.both
D. neither
21.It is the _______ on case assignment that states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
A. Case Condition
B.Adjacent Condition
C.Parameter Condition
D.Adjacent Parameter.
22.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.
A. phoneme
B. word
C. phrase…d. sentence
23.Which of the following italic parts is NOT an idiom?
A. How to you do?
B. How did you do ?
C. He went to it hammer and tongs.
D. They kept tabs on the Russian spy.
24.When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence she is singing in the room with another word or phrase, we are talking about ______.
A. government
B. linear relations
C. syntactic relations
D. paradigmatic relations
25.IN the phrase structure rule S→NP VP, the arrow can be read as ______.
A. has
B. generates
C. consists of
D. is equal to
IV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.
1.The following two sentences are ambiguous. Show the two readings of each by
drawing its respective tree diagrams.
(1)The ball man and woman left
(2) Visiting professor can be interesting
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,e an example to show what a tree diagram is (as it is used in
Transformational-Generative Grammar).
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,e an example to show what IC analysis is.
4.What are the three general functions of language according to Halliday?
5.What distinguishes the structural approach to syntax from the traditional one?
6.Some grammar books say there are three basic tenses in English-the present, the
past and the future; others say there are only two basic tenses –the present and the past. Explain what tense is and whether it is justifiable to say there is a future tense in English.
北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感
查看文章 【收藏】北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感 2009-09-29 11:07 北京大学要求不严，北京大学中文系要求不严，它崇尚的是一种学习的自由。但学习在那种大师和名校的气氛中，学习在那种图书众多和无数讲座的亲切交谈中，你自己就已经沐浴在她的朝霞中，你自己就已经在鞭策自己不要辜负了这个学校的名字和那些已逝的大师。 北京大学中文系接受全国优秀免试生为直升研究生，但要经过严格的面试和笔试进行选拔，在北京大学中文系的校园网上它挂出了这些书目。看着这些书目我觉得自己读书是如此的浅薄和单一。我想，与我有同一感想的朋友颇多，遂把它陈列出来，作为我们的参考。 古语有云：修身齐家治国平天。又云，达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身。诸葛亮说：非淡泊无以名志，非宁静无以致远。然后在浮躁的今天，这已经是我们可望不可及的梦想，或者是想像古代文人读书的一种渴望方式。也许，多读几本书还是可以享受一下自己的乐趣，陶冶自己的情操。所以我们不妨读读北京大学中文系的推荐书目，尤其是致力于考研究生的朋友。 很多书我们无法在短时间里面读完，这不要紧，把书名、作者、出版社能够顺利背出来，这也是一件很好的事情。古代很多士大夫的学习和钻研就是从背篇目开始。 附录： 文艺学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《文心雕龙注》上下范文澜注人民文学出版社 2．《文心雕龙研究史》张少康汪春泓等著北京大学出版社 3．《文学理论的未来》（美）拉尔夫﹒科恩主编中国社会科学出版社4．《苏联文学学学派》彭克巽主编北京大学出版社 5．《路德维希﹒费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯著 人民出版社 6．《批评理论和叙事阐释》詹姆逊文集2 中国人民大学出版社 2004年 7．《文学理论学导论》董学文著北京大学出版社 8．《中国文艺理论百年教程》毛庆耆等著广东高等教育出版社 9．《叙事学与小说文体学研究》申丹著北京大学出版社 10．中外经典文学名著三部 语言学及应用语言学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《语法答问》朱德熙 2．《现代汉语语法研究》朱德熙 3．《中国文法要略》吕叔湘 4．《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘 5．《汉语语法论》高名凯 6．《上古音研究》李方桂 7．《汉语语音史》王力 8．《现代语言学教程》霍凯特
《语言学教程》中文笔记(完整)
语言学教程笔记 第一章语言学导论 语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。 1. 任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核 心特征。例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作 a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pe n/。 任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。（2）句法层面上的任意性。 （3） 任意性和规约性。 2. 二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成， 每层都有自身的组合规则。话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是 相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产 性。 3. 创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性 和递归性。利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。 4. 移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的 物体、时间或观点。因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而 后者位置距我们非常之远。语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。移位性赋予人 们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化 的语境中。他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。 5. 文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6. 互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。 元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考"。所以只有人类才能提问：元语言功能对交际、思考及人类的意义是什么？
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
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《普通语言学教程》读书会心得 近一个月来,大家都在为这次读书会进行忙碌的准备。下午听完各位同学不同的观点,有受益匪浅的地方,有值得学习的地方,也有可以讨论、不确定的地方,甚至反驳的地方。 值得一提,也就是值得思考的就是,几乎所有同学对这本书的普遍反映就就是——瞧不懂。有瞧了整本书三遍以上还就是觉得很费解的同学,也有反反复复的瞧很多遍绪言却还就是没懂,卡在绪言部分的同学。大家都非常用心的读了这本著作,却也被其中谈到的哲学、心理学、地理学、甚至物理学的东西的搞得头晕眼花,我也就是如此。借用今天读书会上一位同学的话说,“哲学系的同学跟我说想瞧懂这本书就要先学懂哲学,于就是,我就借了一本哲学书瞧,可就是瞧不懂。心理学的同学跟我说,想要瞧懂这本书就要先学心理学,我又借了一本心理学的书,还就是瞧不懂。无奈,我又去借了一本微心理学的书,瞧就是瞧懂了,可就是发现跟语言学没什么关系”。这足以说明索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》这本书涉猎学科之广泛,蕴藏知识之深奥。再借用另外一名同学在读书会上讲到的一个小笑话为例,她说她曾在朋友圈发表一条状态,她的某位学经济的同学就是这样评论的,“索绪尔说:‘您的结构有问题’。乔姆斯基说:‘亲爱的,别听她的,结构这玩意儿就就是一坨屎。’”。可见,这本书不仅仅就是学语言的人需要读的著作,也吸引着其她很多学科的人了解它,认识它,潜心研究。 先以我个人的观点为例谈谈我对这本书的内容的感触。与其她同学一样,《普通语言学教程》之于我也就是非常难理解的一部著作,其中涉猎的学科之广,有些就是我从未接触与涉及过的领域,以现阶段的学识基础,读起来真的就是非常有难度。那么,就我现阶段知识结构来说说关于书中第三章“地理差异的原因”——基本原因:时间的浅显认识吧。索绪尔提出语言有地理差异的原因的基本原因就是时间。相信很多同学瞧到这里都会有疑问,我也就是如此,一谈到语言的地理差异,第一反应认为基本原因就就是空间差异,因为去了另外一个地方,受到当地人、事、环境、习俗等等的影响,语言才会出现差异。抱着这种疑问并且不服气的心态瞧了这章内容,不得不说,我被索绪尔的理论说服了,也被自己曾经历过的实践说服了。由于大学时读英语专业,自己有着很深切学习另一门语言的感受,加之对英美文化背景的了解,让我更容易理解与赞同索绪尔提出的——言地理差
新编语言学教程第2版第4章答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记1_3章
胡壮麟语言学重难点 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源 2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 1. 语言的定义特征 1.1. 任意性 1.2. 二重性 1.3. 创造性 1.4. 移位性 1.5. 文化传递性 1.6. 互换性 2. 语言的功能 1.1. 信息功能 1.2. 人际功能 1.3. 施为功能 1.4. 感情功能 1.5. 寒暄功能 1.6. 娱乐功能 1.7. 元语言功能
3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法 2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系与区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布于互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音；音高和语调。 1. 语音学及其三大领域 1.1. 语音学定义 1.2. 语音学三大领域 ①发音语音学 ②声学语音学 ③听觉语音学 2. 辅音 2.1. 辅音定义 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。 2.2. 发音方式 发音方式是指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位的方式 2.3. 发音部位 发音部位是指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。 3. 元音
福师1203考试批次现代语言学复习题及参考答案
福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案一 本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问本复习题页码标注所用教材为： 如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点 1.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves. 2.There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition. 3. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 4. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,nguage is entirely arbitrary. 6.The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d4133856.html,pounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. 8.All utterances take the form of sentences. 9.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 10.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. II. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.
索绪尔及其《普通语言学教程》之心得
费迪南德?德?索绪尔（Ferdinand de Saussure，1857-1913）是现代语言学的创始人。他是一位杰出的语言学家。作为一门新兴人文学科的开创者，他对语言哲学的影响也极为广泛深刻。 索绪尔出生于日内瓦，父亲是一位科学家。他从小受到自然科学的教育，同时也得到良好的语言教育和语言学教育，掌握法语、德语、英语和拉丁语，初通梵文。15岁时就写了一篇《语言论》。曾于日内瓦大学和莱比锡大学，研习物理、化学和希腊文。莱比锡大学当时是新语法学家的中心，在那的学习大致确定了索绪尔后来以语言学为业的道路。也就在这个时期，他发表了他的第一篇重要论文，《论印欧系语言中原因的原始系统》，引起学术界的重视，而那时他才年仅21岁。获得博士学位后，索绪尔移居巴黎，在高等研究学院讲授梵文、哥特语、古高地德语以及印欧语文学概况。1891年，他开始到日内瓦大学任教。日内瓦与巴黎的学术研究相比相对滞后。索绪尔穷究一生，不带任何传奇色彩。他在世时只是著名的语言学家，但他作为一个哲学家的地位，却是直到他死后才为人们所认可的。 索绪尔生前只发表过很少几篇相当专业的论文。1907-1911年期间，他在日内瓦大学担任普通语言学课程的教学。1913年他去世以后，他的学生和同事根据几本听课笔记才汇编成《普通语言学教程》一书，出版发行。索绪尔不仅吝于发表，他留下的笔记也很少，因此编辑这本书很不容易。因为，跟所有的老师一样，他讲课时也是有很多重复，甚至不一致的内容。难得的是编辑者们没有放弃，合并梳理成一本书，从而造就了一部惊世巨著。 《普通语言学教程》这部著作主要由绪论和附录两部分组成。绪论部分主要阐述了索绪尔对于语言系统的看法。索绪尔认为语言系统具有自主性和形式化这两个特点。他把语言现象划分为“内部要素”和“外部要素”两部分，并以此作为语言研究的前提。“内部要素”是指语言系统内符号与符号之间所形成的相互制约、相互对立的关系；“外部要素”则是指与语言有间接关系的政治、经济、文化、宗教、地理、历史等社会因素。因为索绪尔认为“内部要素”与“外部要素”之间无联系，且进行语言研究必须建立起一个界限清晰的“语言系统”。所以，他说：“我们关于语言的定义是要把一切跟语言的组织、语言的系统无关的东西，简言之，一切跟我们用‘外部语言学’这个术语所指的东西排除出去。”另外，索绪尔还阐发了“语言符号的价值决定于语言系统整体性质”的观点，并将此观点以及上面所提及的观点合在一起，共同支撑起关于语言系统具有自主性的说法。实际上，此举的真正目的是为语言学的研究对象下定义，且以此厘清语言和言语之间的关系。 语言是言语行为的社会部分，是个人被动地从社会接受而储存于头脑中的系统。它存在于个人意志之外，是社会每个成员共同具有的，是一种社会心理现象。言语是言语行为的个人部分，是个人对语言系统的运用。语言和言语紧密相连，互为前提。个人要说话使人理解，必须用语言，同时语言的存在又必须体现在言语当中，而且，使语言发生变化的也是言语。所以，语言既是言语的工具，又是言语的产物，但“这并不妨碍它们是两种绝对不同的东西” 在对语言学进行概述之后，《普通语言学教程》的附录部分进一步详细叙述了索绪尔的音位观、符号观以及结构主义研究方法论。他认为语言可为语音符号和文字符号，语音由心灵激活而被赋予意义，文字则只是语音的无生命的、随意的、可有可无的替代物。在符号观中，索绪尔对符号的“任意性”和“线条性”展开阐述，并且重点论述了符号的“不变性”与“可变性”特点。由此他不但揭
新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by the three cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy. Linguistics Linguistics versus traditional grammar: Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics Discourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguistics Definition: Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise. Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions. Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work. Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements. Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. Design features Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word . pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d?g/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speak