(完整版)浅谈基于现代工业设计理念的机床设计机械外文资料翻译毕业论文
浅谈基于现代工业设计理念的机床设计
摘要
由于国内、外机械行业的激烈竞争, 对机床设计提出了更高的要求。现代工业设计理念的引入, 对提高机床设计和加强企业的竞争性起着重要的作用。本文以数控机床为例,分析了该产品设计的现状, 用现代工业设计理念来诠释机床设计。在产品绿色设计、人性化设计、语意设计和品牌建设方面做了重点分析和论证。关键词:现代工业设计理念; 产品设计; 数控机床
1.机床设计的现状, 以数控机床为例
随着电子信息技术的发展, 世界机床业已进入了以数字化制造技术为核心的机电一体化时代, 其中数控机床就是代表产品之一。数控机床是制造业的加工母机和国民经济的重要基础。它为国民经济各个部门提供装备和手段, 具有无限放大的经济与社会效应。目前, 欧、美、日等工业化国家已先后完成了数控机床产业化进程,而中国
从20 世纪80 年代开始起步, 仍处于发展阶段。
1.1对工业设计的重要性认识不足
工业设计是工业革命的产物, 是科学技术和文化艺术多学科交叉的新兴学科, 其
核心任务是产品造型设计。对工业设计的重要性认识的不足
, 最直接的反映就是产品
造型粗放, 缺少设计感;色彩单调,缺乏时代性; 使用界面混
乱,缺乏人文关怀。中国的机床设计在生产和制造上完全不输给国外的企业, 缺少的就是工业设计的意识。就市场而言,在功能、性能、质量、技术水平差不多的情况下, 产品的造型,色彩,使用的界面的人性化设计就显得越来越重要, 甚至直接决定产品的销售量。英国工业设计委员会均增长43%;而未采用工业设计的企业, 销售额平均仅增长15%,企业对设计的前期投资,平均在15个月内即口收回,有90%的（工业设计）项目都获得了商业上的成功。这表明:设计对于企业的意义不只是产品表面上的好看,好用,而是实实在在的商业利益。
1.2数控机床的工业设计缺少品牌意识
缺少品牌的意识,基本上是所有行业的通病, 尤其是中小企业,由于大环境的原因中小企业在品牌化的过程中存在着很多客观的原因, 但不管情况怎么样, 品牌化是一个必经之路。1992 年, 邓小平在南巡讲话中鼓励中国企业: “我们应该有自己的拳头
产品, 拥有中国自己的品牌;否则就要受人欺负” 。数控机床生产企业也是一样,多数的企业还是缺乏这方面的意识。具体表现在:
1.2.1产品的工业设计缺乏企业策略性的考量
重视工业设计的多数企业把产品的工业设计只局限在单纯的造型设计上, 而不是把设计纳入“设计-开发-生产制造、宣传销售-售后服务”这样一个系统当中。
1.2.2系列产品造型设计缺乏品牌连贯性
系列产品造型的品牌连贯性体现在两个方面: 一个是指系列内产品。另一个
指的是系列间的产品。他们构成系列间产品。品牌的连贯性要求在对产品进行造型设计时既要有共同的识别特征,同时, 每个产品之间造型上又要有所差别。即要做到“和而不同”。
2 现代工业设计理念的引入与应用
2.1 现代设计理念的引入
现代设计理念主要指绿色设计、人性化设计、产品语意的设计和产品的系统设计等。在设计上,这些主要设计理念与之相对应分别体现在: 在环境方面,要体现对环境的关注;在人使用方面, 要体现对人的关怀;在产品语意方面,要体现当地的文化特色; 在品牌经营层面,要关注产品内在的品质,使得设计成为品牌营销的有效手段。
2.2现代设计理念的应用
现代设计理念在机床产品设计中的运用主要有以下几个方面.
2.2.1绿色设计
绿色设计源于人们对现代技术文化所引起的环境及生态的破坏的反
思。对于工业设计来说，3R原则是绿色设计的核心。所谓的3R是指：Reduce、Recycle和Reuse。绿色设计要求考虑产品在生命周期内的每一个环节：从产
品的创意构思到制造、运输，从产品被消费者使用到最后产品的回收。确保每一个环节对环境的影响最小。
对于机床产品来说，绿色设计最主要最常见的体现在一下两个方面：
1)可拆卸性设计
可拆卸性设计是一种使产品容易拆卸并能从材料回收和零件重新使用中获得最高利润的设计方法，是绿色产品设计的主要内容之一。例如，在机床设计中可以用螺纹联接来代替焊接和铆接等。螺纹联接不仅易于拆装而且联结可靠，即具有重复使用的特点。为了减少零件数量，还可使用螺钉集成结构来代替普通螺钉和垫片、防松垫圈等。可拆卸性设计原则：一是减少拆卸的工作量; 二是易于拆卸、分离; 三是多用标准件。
2)可回收性设计
可回收性设计也是绿色设计的主要内容之一，就是在产品设计初期
时考虑其零件回收及再利用的可能性, 即在其它新产品中可以利用使用过的
或废弃产品中的零部件及材料。
2.2.2以人为本, 注重人性化设计
人性化设计, 就是要设计以人为本。他是针对功能主义设计思想的缺陷, 提出设计不应该以机器的功能为出发点, 而应该把人作为设计的出发点。
以人对产品的使用为基础, 使机器能够很好的为人服务。随着技术的发展,社
会的进步,人们对产品的人性化要求也越来越高, 尤其是一些关乎人们使用安全的设计—诸如机床产品的设计—在这个方面的要求更高。
以人为本, 注重人性化有两个概念: 一是符合人的尺度; 二是要有很好的操作界面。符合人的尺度,要求在农机产品设计过程当中, 可以运用人机工程学的所提供的数据, 对操作的空间大小,操作台面的高低等等进行综合考量。比如设计数控机床的操作空间时, 就要根据人在操作时动态关系来确定空间的大小合理与否。第二, 良好的操作界面, 可以使操作起来更加的方便、快捷、安全可靠。
2.2.3要兼顾文化特色
产品语意学告诉我们,产品不仅仅有他的物质功能之外, 还体现了一定的文化特征。机床的造型设计犹如给新娘做嫁衣, 新娘的嫁衣不仅可以使新娘子漂亮起来, 而且最能体现民族特征和深厚的文化内涵。在追求机床的科学价值的同时追求艺术和文化价值, 甚至将民族的个性特征融入其中。机床造型体现一个国家、一个行业的形象和设计水平。机床造型风格的形成受两方面因素的影响。一是与当时的科技水平有关, 二是离不开当时的时尚风格。要想实现其科学价值与艺术文化价值的融合, 文化元素的如何应用显得尤为重要。
2.2.4产品造型的品牌特性的维持产品系统设计理论告诉我们, 设计不再是一个单纯的造型活动, 而应该把设计纳入到生产制造、宣传、使用到最后产品废弃回收这一大的循环过程当中, 是品牌经营的一个手段。很多企业忽视了这一点。比如, 很多市场上的农机产品, 如果撕去上面的标签, 你无法确定它是哪个厂商生产的, 造型上缺少品牌的独特性, 因此, 在产品造型设计时要注意的问题是: 产品的造型能否体现品牌的特性。要体现品牌的特性要注意两点: 一点是要注重产品整体要素的统一。即是要求农机产品在形态、色彩、材料、细节方面的选择要有利于企业形象的识别; 第二点是系列产品品牌形象要保持统一。此外, 这还是个长期的工程, 需要我们持之以恒的努力.
3 结束语
过去的30 年机床设计的发展取了一定的成绩, 值得肯定。自从加入
WTO以后，中国的农机企业将面临多方的压力，其中最主要的压力是来自国外的企业。新的环境, 需要新的设计理念。著名科学家杨振宁指出:“21 世纪将
是工业设计的世纪，一个不重视工业设计的国家将是落伍者” 。对于国家而言是这样，对于机床设计工业而言也是同样的道理。
参考文献
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外文原文
ased on the concept of modern industrial
design
of the machine tool design
ABSTRACT
As domestic and foreign machinery industry, intense competition, a requirements. The introduction of modern industrial design, to improve
machine design and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises play an important role. In this paper, numerical control machine tools
cases, analysis of the status of the product design, Industrial Design with a modern design to interpretation of machine design. in green design, design, design and brand building semantic done a focus on analysis and argument.
Keywords: modern industrial design; product design; CNC machine tools
1. The status of machine tool design, CNC machine
tools as an example to
With the Development of electronic information technology, the world time, which is representative of one of the products of CNC machine tools. CNC machine tool manufacturing process is an important basis for the master and the national economy. It all sectors of the national economy to provide equipment and tools, with unlimited Economic and social effects of Zoom. At present, Europe, America, Japan and other industrialized countries
Industrial design is a product of the industrial revolution, science and technology, Culture and arts of the emerging interdisciplinary discipline, the core task of product design. Understand the importance of industrial design deficiencies, the most direct form is the product of extensive reflection, the lack of design sense; Color monotone, the lack of the times; use interface confusion and lack of and manufacturing in the production is completely lost to foreign enterprises do not lack is the awareness of
industrial design. on the market, in features, performance, quality and technical level is almost the case, the product shape, color, use the interface design
becomes more and more important, or even directly to the product sales. British Industrial the year of the industrial design business, with sales up 43% on average; without use of industrial design business, sales increased an average of only 15%, business investment in the early stage of the design, average the Population within 15 months to recover, 90% of the (industrial design) project was a commercial success. This shows that: the significance of design for business are not just a superficial good-looking, easy to use, but a real commercial interests.
1.2The lack of industrial design, CNC machine brand awareness
Lack of brand awareness, a common problem is basically all industries, especially SMEs, due to large environmental reasons, SMEs in the process of branding there are many objective reasons, but no matter , the brand is a must In 1992 after the road, Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in brand; Otherwise, they will be bullied." CNC machine tool manufacturers, too, the majority of enterprises or lack of awareness. in particular in:
1.2.1lack of corporate strategic industrial design considerations
Attention to the majority of enterprises to industrial design products, industrial design is only limited to the simple design, rather than the design into the "design - Development - manufacturing, sales promotion - after-sales service" which such a system.
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Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up
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The Aggregate Machine-tool The Aggregate Machine-tool is based on the workpiece needs, based on a large number of common components, combined with a semi-automatic or automatic machine with a small number of dedicated special components and process according to the workpiece shape and design of special parts and fixtures, composed. Combination machine is generally a combination of the base, slide, fixture, power boxes, multi-axle, tools, etc. From. Combination machine has the following advantages: (1) is mainly used for prism parts and other miscellaneous pieces of perforated surface processing. (2) high productivity. Because the process of concentration, can be multi-faceted, multi-site, multi-axis, multi-tool simultaneous machining. (3) precision and stability. Because the process is fixed, the choice of a mature generic parts, precision fixtures and automatic working cycle to ensure consistent processing accuracy. (4) the development cycle is short, easy to design, manufacture and maintenance, and low cost. Because GM, serialization, high degree of standardization, common parts can be pre-manufactured or mass organizations outsourcing. (5) a high degree of automation, low labor intensity. (6) flexible configuration. Because the structure is a cross-piece, combination. In accordance with the workpiece or process requirements, with plenty of common parts and a few special components consisting of various types of flexible combination of machine tools and automatic lines; tools to facilitate modification: the product or process changes, the general also common components can be reused. Combination of box-type drilling generally used for processing or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece is generally not rotate, the rotational motion of the tool relative to the workpiece and tool feed movement to achieve drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring and other processing. Some combination of turning head clamp the workpiece using the machine to make the rotation, the tool for the feed motion, but also on some of the rotating parts (such as the flywheel, the automobile axle shaft, etc.) of cylindrical and face processing. Generally use a combination of multi-axis machine tools, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-faceted or multi-station machining methods simultaneously, productivity increased many times more than generic tools. Since the common components have been standardized and serialized, so can be flexibly configured according to need, you can shorten the design and manufacturing cycle. Multi-axle combination is the core components of general machine tools. It is the choice of generic parts, is designed according to special requirements, in combination machine design process, is one component of a larger workload. It is based on the number and location of the machining process diagram and schematic design combination machine workpiece determined by the hole, cutting the amount of power transmission components and the design of each spindle spindle type movement. Multi-axle power from a common power box, together with the power box installed on the feed slide, to be completed by drilling, reaming and other machining processes. The parts to be processed according to the size of multi-axle box combination machine tool design, based on an original drawing multi-axle diagram, determine the range of design data,
机械手外文翻译 修改版
密级 分类号 编号 成绩 本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译 原文标题Simple Manipulator And The Control Of It 译文标题简易机械手及控制 作者所在系别机械工程系 作者所在专业xxxxx 作者所在班级xxxxxxxx 作者姓名xxxx 作者学号xxxxxx 指导教师姓名xxxxxx 指导教师职称副教授 完成时间2012 年02 月 北华航天工业学院教务处制
译文标题简易机械手及控制 原文标题 Simple Manipulator And The Control Of It 作者机电之家译名JDZJ国籍中国 原文出处机电之家 中文译文： 简易机械手及控制 随着社会生产不断进步和人们生活节奏不断加快,人们对生产效率也不断提出新要求。由于微电子技术和计算软、硬件技术的迅猛发展和现代控制理论的不断完善,使机械手技术快速发展,其中气动机械手系统由于其介质来源简便以及不污染环境、组件价格低廉、维修方便和系统安全可靠等特点,已渗透到工业领域的各个部门,在工业发展中占有重要地位。本文讲述的气动机械手有气控机械手、XY轴丝杠组、转盘机构、旋转基座等机械部分组成。主要作用是完成机械部件的搬运工作,能放置在各种不同的生产线或物流流水线中,使零件搬运、货物运输更快捷、便利。 一.四轴联动简易机械手的结构及动作过程 机械手结构如下图1所示,有气控机械手(1)、XY轴丝杠组(2)、转盘机构(3)、旋转基座(4)等组成。 图1.机械手结构 其运动控制方式为：(1)由伺服电机驱动可旋转角度为360°的气控机械手(有光电传感器确定起始0点);(2)由步进电机驱动丝杠组件使机械手沿X、Y轴移动(有x、y轴限位开关);(3)可回旋360°的转盘机构能带动机械手及丝杠组自由旋转(其电气拖动部分由直流电动机、光电编码器、接近开关等组成);(4)旋转基座主要支撑以上3部分;(5)气控机械手的张合由气压控制(充气时机械手抓紧,放气时机械手松开)。 其工作过程为：当货物到达时,机械手系统开始动作;步进电机控制开始向下
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the