翻译模因探讨

翻译模因探讨
翻译模因探讨

收稿日期:2010-4-11

作者简介:陈旋(1976—),女,江西南昌人,讲师,硕士,从事语言教学、翻译理论和跨文化交际研究。

一、引言

模因是由一个个体(人或动物)传给另一个个人的认知或行为模式,它存在于个体记忆中,是文化的基本单位。模因这个概念最先由牛津大学教授

Richard Dawkins 在其著作The Selfish Geme 中提

出。随着模因概念的引进,一门研究模因的新学科应运而生。目前,已初步形成了模因信息观,思想传染观和文化进化观等三大主要流派。模因论其实质是对文化传播方式和机制的有效解读。最早把模因引入翻译理论研究的当属Chesterman 和Hans.J.

Vermeer 。Chesterman 把有关翻译本身以及翻译理论

的概念或观念统称为翻译模因,如翻译的理论概念、规范、策略和价值观念等。他把翻译研究看作是模因论的一个分支,试图用模因论来解释翻译提出的

问题,并通过对翻译理论发展史的研究,探寻翻译理

论的进化和形成规律。他详细讨论了翻译模因库中五种超级模因:源语—目标语模因、对等模因、不可译模因、意译-直译模因、写作即翻译模因的进化情况和相互关系。Chesterman 认为,模因在传播过程中产生变异,在变异中得以发展。模因之间的复制关系既非等价,亦非转移,而是增殖关系,即A →A +A ’。因此,翻译模因复制过程中可能出现增值或删减的动态过程。翻译模因库里的模因表现为信息从源语到目标语的转化过程,是一种非对等的复制和扩散,包括意译模因、节译模因、略译模因、译述模因等翻译模因变体。

二、翻译模因传播的四个阶段

翻译过程可以看作是异国文化的模因通过语言

翻译模因探讨

陈旋

(江西省委党校,江西南昌

330003)

要:

模因论是一种基于达尔文进化论观点解释文化进化规律的新理论。这种崭新的视角给翻译理论的研究带

来了新的启示。据此,Chesterman 提出了翻译模因进化和形成规律的翻译模因论。在翻译模因的基础上,分析了归化翻译和异化翻译与模因传播的关系,最后得出结论:归化翻译在初期有助于读者理解,而异化翻译是模因传播的要求和趋势。关键词:

翻译模因论;传播;归化;异化

中图分类号:

H315.9文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-3638(2010)03-0096-03

The Study of Translation based on Memetics

CHEN Xuan

(The Party School of Jiangxi Provincial Committe,Nanchang 33003,China)

Abstract :

The memetic perspective can be used to explain cultural evolution on the basis of Darwin's Theory of

Evolution.It also sheds light on translation studies.Based on the theory,Chesterman proposed translation memetics which demonstrates the evolution and formation of translation memes.Then the paper analyzed the relationship between domestication and alienation.,and drew a conclusion that domestication is helpful to the reader during the primitive period and alienation is the trend of translation.Key Words :

translation memetics;transmission;domestication;alienation

2010年6月第31卷第3期

Jun.2010Vol.31No.3

江西教育学院学报(综合)

Journal of Jiangxi Institute of Education(Comprehensive)

第3期

向本国传播的过程。首先,原作者的作品是一个模因综合体的载体,负载着作者的思想和作者的文化背景。作者的思想理念是核心模因,存在于作品中的还有体现文化背景的各种模因。译者了解了源语信息,就自然成为模因的宿主。译者既是源语模因的解码者和被感染者,也是源语模因的重要传播者。

模因的传播可分为四个阶段:(1)同化阶段:一个成功模因“感染”另一新的宿主,换言之,进入宿主的记忆要经过注意、理解和接受三步骤。注意意味着模因得有突出的地方吸引宿主的注意;理解意味着模因能被宿主纳入自己的认知体系,并且与已有的认知结构有机地联系起来;接受则是宿主主观上相信某模因并给予重视。(2)保留阶段:模因要想得到复制必须在宿主的记忆中停留足够长的时间。停留的时间越长就越有机会感染更多的宿主。(3)表达阶段:为了与其他个体交流,宿主的停留在记忆中的模因以某种物质形成予以表征,如图片、文本、行为举止、演讲等。(4)传递阶段:为了传递给其他个体,表达需要有形的载体或媒介,它们应具备一定的稳定性,以保证表达不过于失真或变样,如演讲通过声音来传递,文本通过文字表达,大众传媒和网络的发展促使信息的高效、广泛传播,以上四个阶段构成一个环绕。主要过程如下:

编码1

作者(主体)译者(受体)

解码1(同化)、记忆

编码2(表达)、传播

译者(主体)读者(受体)

解码2(同化)、记忆

读者(主体)……

对于译者来说,首先有作者编码好的源语模因,然后译者作为受体根据自己已有的认知体系解码作者的源语模因,并同化到自己的认知体系中,然后译者又担当起主体的角色,把同化了的模因用目的语模因重新进行编码表达并传播给读者,读者则对译者重新编码的模因根据自己的认知体系进行解码,然后再进一步传播给其他人。

模因传播最重要的过程便是译者解码1和译者编码2的步骤。如果译者编码模因的新载体,即译本不为读者所接受,模因也就无法感染这些读者,从而中断传播而消亡。以何种方法对源语模因进行编码,最大程度地复制源语模因,并同时让读者所接受,是翻译活动的重点。

三、翻译模因下的两个策略

模因的本性是在传播中如基因一样,尽可能完全地复制自己。最理想的复制是译文对读者不仅要产生原文对其读者的相似效果,还要从语言、文化和风格上将原文复制出来,目的就是让译文读者了解源语文化。归化和异化是当前翻译理论研究中两个核心的概念,许多学者对这一问题进行了探讨。从翻译模因论视角来看,归化和异化属于策略模因,它们使译者知道在翻译过程中能作什么。翻译中的归化、异化包含了语言形式和文化内容两个层面。归化追求译文符合译语语言及文化的规范,满足译语读者较少异味的阅读需求;异化追求保留原语语言及文化的特色,丰富译语语言文化。这两种翻译策略的选择受模因的制约,译者在翻译过程中应根据翻译类型、作者意图等方面进行操作。

1.归化策略

当两种文化接触之时,由于译入语体系和原语体系相差很大,译入语的读者对原语的文化极其陌生,很可能由于无法解码异国的模因而拒绝感染。因此,在这个阶段,译者往往倾向于采用归化的翻译方法,力图使目的语读者成功地理解原语的核心模因。在引入西方文化初期,存在一些异化的表达方式,如“milk way”译为“牛奶路”,虽字面对应,却贻笑大方,最终被“银河”所替代。又如,在对中国古典名著《红楼梦》翻译中,西方学者Hawkes多采用的是归化翻译。[5]他把“即使是巧媳妇也做不出没米的粥来”这句译为“Even the cleverest housewife can’t make bread without flour”,归化为“即使是巧媳妇也做不出没面粉的面包来”。为了适应英美读者的审美观,“米”、“粥”这个模因被英美文化中的“面粉”、“面包”所替代了。《红楼梦》中有许多“红”,但认为汉语中的“红”和英语中的表示红色的含义不同,汉语中的“红”相当于英语的金黄色或绿色。于是Hawkes在很多情况下就用绿代替了红。贾宝玉的怡红院译成了“Court of Green Delight”。采用归化方法,虽然牺牲了原语的文化,但译文却保留了为目的语所熟悉的核心模因,有助于读者理解和接受。

2.异化策略

尽管归化翻译有一定的优势,但经过归化翻译

陈旋:翻译模因探讨97

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江西教育学院学报(综合)2010年

的译文文本载体中的模因集合与原语文本的模因集合有很大差异。在文化接触初期,核心模因的当务之急,是力求生存而不至于灭亡。因此,归化翻译有一定的必要性。但是,随着两种文化的日益熟悉,读者的求新、求真心理和模因的复制本性将不再满足于归化翻译,所以异化翻译成为模因传播的趋势。以下面两个句子的翻译为例:[9]

例1:They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man’s funeral because nobody had really liked him.

译文1:在老头子的葬礼上,他们只不过假惺惺的哭了几声,因为在老人生前,没人真的喜欢他。

译文2:在老头子的葬礼上,他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪,因为在老人生前,没人真的喜欢他。

第一个译文的译者为了达到当时的通顺和易懂,对“crying crocodile tears”采用了归化的方法,以目的语相似模因代替原语的模因,为读者阅读荡平了一切障碍。然而,从文化交流的视角看,目的语文化便永远失去了获得原语文化模因的机会。第二个译文显然更佳。因为,“鳄鱼的眼泪”异化翻译能较好地体现原文的民族风格,再现原作的民族色彩。

例2:谋事在人,成事在天。

译文1:Man proposes,God disposes.

译文2:Man proposes,Heaven disposes.

译文1为Hawkes在翻译《红楼梦》时的译法,Hawkes把“天”归化译为“上帝”,把信佛的中国人变成了信耶稣的西方人。译文2则是杨宪益夫妇的译本,采用了以中国文化为归宿的异化翻译方法,用“H eaven”表达了中国人心目中“天”的文化内涵,保留了原文的佛教色彩。“上帝”和佛教中的“天”这两个模因有着截然不同的文化背景和内涵,因而会引起不同的联想,所以这里以异化翻译为佳。

四、结束语

翻译是一种跨文化的传播活动。模因论为翻译提供了一个新的视角。模因的存在就是复制自身和传播自身,所以两种文化的接触必然会使两者的异质模因相互交流。在模因传播的初期,归化翻译成为必要,可以降低读者阅读的难度;异化翻译则追求保留原语语言及文化的特色,把一种文化模因复制到另一种文化中,满足了目的语读者对异国文化的需求,并丰富了目的语文化。异化翻译是模因传播的要求与趋势。

参考文献:

[1]Dawkins R.The Selfish Geme[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1989.

[2]Blackmore S.The Meme Machine[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999.

[3]Chesterman,Andrew.Memes of Translation[M].Amsterdam and Philandephia:Benjamins,1997.

[4]Hawkes,D.The Story of the Stone[M].Indiana:Indiana University Press,1981.

[5]何自然,何雪林.模因论与社会语用[J].现代外语,2003,(2).

[6]尹丕安.模因论与翻译的归化与异化[J].西安外国语学院学报,2006,(1).

[7]郭建中.翻译中的文化因素:异化与归化[J].外国语,1998,(2).

[8]党争胜.从解构主义译论看翻译教学中的归化与异化[J].

外语与外语教学,2008,(11).

责任校对:余芳

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口译服务合同范本

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