浅谈英语测试理论研究

浅谈英语测试理论研究
浅谈英语测试理论研究

浅谈英语测试理论研究

浅谈英语测试理论研究

传统的英语测试生硬地将input和output分离,造成了英语知识水平和交际能力的脱轨。理解和掌握英语理论测试是提高英语教学的关键。普通高校推行英语测试可以进一步深化教学改革,提高学生实际运用英语的能力。分析英语能力特征可以更好地把握测试的效果,分析英语活动特征可以更好地把握测试的信度,据此制定口语测试的原则和策略,使得试题更加切合实际和科学化,通过测试促动教与学。同时,以测试的反拨作用,推动并加强英语教学过程中对听说能力的训练环节,重视培养和提高学生实际应用语言的能力。

往往有相当多学校因为某些客观原因,将英语的教学目标定位于提高四、六级考试及格率和考试成绩,而对学生使用语言的能力、特别是对学生英语听说能力的培养在教学过程中并未受到应有的重视。《教学要求》强调语言综合技能的培养,特别强调培养学生的听说能力,强调不断更新教学理念,把英语教学逐渐从结构主义过渡到交际功能主义,从以教师为中心的教学过程逐渐过渡到以学生为中心的教学过程,从词汇语法教学逐渐过渡到以任务为基础(task-based)的主题教学(theme-based),或称“任务型教学”,使非英语专业学生能够在今后工作和社会交往中能够使用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流。同时,增强其自主学习能力,提高综合文化素养,以适应我国经济发展和国际交流的需要。

一.传统英语测试现状

目前,我国传统英语测试题型主要是以美国的TOFFL为主,其中包括了大量的选择题,笔者认为二者之间存在着极大的不同。TOEFL主要有阅读,听力,口语和写作,其中阅读和听力以选择题的形式出现,而且,听力的问题是在听完材料之后给出的,其难度大大难于现在我国的传统测试。考试时间一般在4个小时左右,有效的检测了应试者的英语语言能力,相比较而言,我国传统英语测试,主要有听力,单选,完型,阅读和写作,最大的不足是没有口语测试,测试时间长度也就2个小时左右,不可能有效的达到测试的目的。有些大型考试也许会设有口语测试,但大部分也仅仅是某种形式和过场,未起到真正的检测效果,这是应试教育的恶果,高分低能的批量生产。

英语测试是用来衡量英语教学过程给学生带来的变化,其目标是检验某一时间断面上学生语言知识(linguistic Knowledge)和语言技能(Language skill)的状况。语言测试方法论上一个重要的问题是怎样对待语言的部分与整体的关系。结构主义测试理论认为整体等于部分之和。语言是一个可分的结构体系,从分出的语音、词汇、句型结构等层次上抽取一些具有代表性的内容进行测试,得出的结果之和就是语言能力。另一种测试理论认为,语言的整体大于部分之和。语言活动是一种创造性的活动,语言是一个具有表意功能的综合体。人们不能脱离其使用环境去谈音素、词汇或语法结构。语言的能力应是利用各种语言结构知识处理篇章语言材料,适用交际需要的能力。这种测试理论注重语言的创造力、综合运用能力和实际交际能力。根据前种理论进行测试称为科学测试法,根据后种理论进行测试称为交际测试法。

科学测试从实际语言中索取测试材料,采取大量多项选择题(multiple choice)进行测试。该方法可以测试下列内容:

1.语言:音素辨别、拼写、重音等。

2.文字、字母辨认、书写技巧等。

3.词汇,词义理解、词法知识、结构词的用法等。

4.语法结构、句法结构等。

交际测试法要求同时测量若干个语言成份及通过语言的交际活动来测试语言的运用能力,要求有一定的对象,有一定的目的,有一定的情景,有一定的方式。主要用来测试语言的使用能力、采用综合填空(close test)、听写、情景会话、情景写作、角色扮演、课题讨论、文章阅读、看图说话、看图写话、看图填词等形式,对下列内容进行测试:

1.听力理解

从声音材料中获取信息。听力测试是语言的运用测试,主要面对语言材料所含的信息而不是表达语言的形式。因此,测试是要以内容为主才能获得信息。

2.阅读理解

从文字材料中获取信息,当人们读完一篇文章时,总要想问问文章写的是什么内容,中心思想是什么,作者持什么态度,结果怎样,时间、地点、数字、事件是什么,这些就是我们要从一篇文章中获取的信息。

3.口头表达

口头表达信息。测试英语的口头表达能力,即说的能力。要求学生准确、得体地表达一个完整的思想。可用模拟情景,让学生回答问题,讲述一件事,复述一个故事或口头命题作文。

4.写作表达

书面表达信息,写作测试种类很多,如:写作基础测试、情景写作和命题写作、测试其词汇运用、标点运用、语法句法结构、文章结构与内容、修辞、风格、习俗、文体等等。书面综合表达能力。

5.翻译能力

口头翻译或书面翻译。翻译是把一种语言转换成另一种语言、是一种交际活动。一般主要是基本意义的转换。高级一点就要考虑艺术风格的转换,既是测试对一种语言的理解能力,又测试对另一种语言的表达能力。

上述所谈的两种测试方法是“前仆后继”“推陈出新”的关系,就像发射卫星时不同时间不同部分的剥离。其中,科学测试只是交际测试的基础,低级水品的英语测试,可将上述两种方法分成两大部分,按不同的比例设计在同一试卷中,其中比例按水品的高低可以进行不同程度的灵活变化,如4:6,3:7,2:8。大原则上交际测试比重要大于科学测试。

二.交际语言测试法

1. 交际语言测试的理论与实质

交际语言测试的理论基础是功能语言学鱼言语行为理论,它把“语言作为一套行为来检测”。(王振亚,1994)与第一代教学与测试体系测试“知识”,第二代体系测试“技能不同的是”,第三代体系(交际语言测试)测试的是“能力(交际能力)或者是说交际行为”(李筱菊,1996)。交际行为是交际能力的具体体现,交际语言测试理论体现了语言学习观与语言能力观的重大改变,揭示出语言学习的真正内涵,是思想认识上的重大进步。一般认为,交际能力包括以下四个方面:语言能力(语法规则知识),社会语言能力(使用规则的知识),话语能力(保持话语衔接与连贯的能力)和策略能力(言语与非言语交际策略知识)。李筱菊(1996)则概括为三个能力:言语能力,语篇能力,语用能力。交际能力包括的各种因素之间的关系为互动关系,即在言语运用中,它们结合为一个整体而起作用。因而在测试中,就应该把他们结合为一个整体加以测试——即综合考试。由

此我们可以看出,交际测试内容是一个庞大的系统。交际语言测试属于语言运用参照式测试,同时又是准则参照式测试。前者测量考生的语言运用情况,而语言运用繁纷复杂,千奇百态;后者强调测试语言运用应尽量与准则语言运用一致。在方法与效度上,它属于直接测试,究竟什么是交际测试呢?Rea(1985;2)指出,“我认为给交际测试下定义是不可能的。”交际测试处于两个极端之间,而且更倾向于右端(参见下图)

2.交际语言测试的不足

(1)直接测试的局限性。交际语言测试属于直接测试,因此具有高效度,这是它的一大优点。但同时直接测试有成为交际测试的一个问题所在。测试强调对目标能力的表征行为直接抽样,因此必须进行以受试者为调查对象的需求分析。而需求分析费时费力,变量太多,往往受到人力,物力,时间等条件的制约,有时难以很好的进行。另外,建立在需求分析基础上的直接测试往往针对性较强,测试内容具体,相应地这种考试的受试面也就较小,难以应用于大规模测试。

(2)考试的实施与评分造成的信度问题。交际语言测试的测量是在真实的语言情境或语境下考生的语言综合运用能力,但怎样提供情景,语境常常是一个难题,尤其是在大规模考试中。交际语言测试的评分采用标准参照法,因而难以制定精确的评分标准,无法对测试结果进行量化分析,再者,交际测试往往采用主观题型,主观题的评分一直是测试中的大问题,难以排出评分中的不一直现象,评分人员自身前后一致,评分人员之间不一致,个评分点之间不一致等等,由此又导致了信度较低的问题。

笔者认为,所谓交际语言测试的不足,最大的局限性不再与人力,物力还有评分标准的限制,而在于所朝向的目标不对。交际语言测试的目标是为了测试出应试者的真实水平,而不是在于考试形式亦或是评分的标准。机助测试在一定程度上有利于使交际测试大规模推广,另外,电子评分系统只适用于客观题型,不

能用于客观题型,主观题型是人与人思维之间的交流,电子系统无法替代。笔者不同意电子评分系统的做法。为此,笔者接下来的设想出了新型的测试方法的框架。

三.组合式测试法

1.听和说的组合测试

本着宁缺毋滥的原则,测试的能容不在于多,而在于精。听说组合测试需要借助于机器,受试者人耳一机,先听后复述,并针对所提出的问题直接进行回答,并且录音。测试不是打分制,而是等级制,答卷的形式为录音稿。

2.读和写的组合测试

通过大量的阅读得到其中的观点,再以此中的任何观点进行自己的观点写作,其中只做时间和字数的限制,时间以最长作限,而字数以最少作限。

3.译

4.翻译的测试应放于高级测试中,汉英互译是相当的必要。

对于设计各个测试的组合,可以提高测试的效度,在实际教学上起到积极的反拨作用,最终达到终极目标:提高英语学习者的实际运用能力,更好的实现各个方面的交流。

相信在不久的将来,这个新型的组合式测试会更加的合理完善。

参考文献:

[1]教育部高等教育司.大学英语课程教学要求.上海外语教育出版社,2007.

[2]文秋芳.全国英语专业四级专业口试指南.上海外语教育出版社,2001.

[3] Rivers.W.M.A:Practical Guide to Teaching English as A Foreig

n Language.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1978.

[4] Bloomfield.Loutline:Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign

Language.Linguistic Society of America,1942

[5] 霍晓静,交际语言测试浅析,《和田师范专科学校学报》(汉文综合版)2010(二)

浅谈如何进行英语听力教学

浅谈如何进行英语听力教学 在运用英语语言技能时,听力作为理解技能的一种,不仅在升学考试中占有较大的分值(占试卷总分百分之二十),而且对培养学生英语综合素质的能力发展也具有重要意义。针对教学过程中如何排除语音、语速、理解给听力造成的障碍,如何行之有效地提高学生英语听力质量,本人结合自己的日常教学实践,谈一谈粗浅的认识。 1.加强基本功训练 1.1能正确地读单词。从起始年级开始,教师首先让学生掌握读音规则,引导学生发现单词拼写与发音的关系,提高单词拼写与发音的准确率。让学生多听语言地道,语音、语调纯正的听力材料,多模仿标准的英语发音。 1.2丰富词汇量。让学生多阅读各种类型题材的文章,积累各个领域的词汇,为听作好准备。 1.3让学生学好语法知识。语法结构是句子的框架,熟练掌握语法知识,有助于学生正确理解所听内容。 1.4给学生多介绍英语国家或地区的语言文化背景知识(包括风土人情,史地常识和风俗礼仪等),以加强学生对英语国家文化的了解。 2.加强听说结合训练 英语与我们所学的汉语一样,是一门交际性语言,理解和表达是交际的两个方面,听与说密不可分。因此,听力教学应让学生在听懂的基础上围绕听的材料说,在说的同时提高听的能力,教师可采用听后复述、听后回答、听后讨论等多种方式进行。

总而言之,听力教学应融讲解与检测为一体,坚持听、说、读、写相结合的原则,循序渐进的进行。其目的是为了培养学生听的方法,培养英语语感,特别强调培养学生在听的过程中获取和处理信息的能力。 3.营造和谐氛围,扩大听的渠道 传统教学中听的活动一般局限在以句型、对话为中心的教学中,着重于语言形式的听辨和记忆,信息的输入量明显不足。而平时做的听力技巧专项训练,多是测试性题目,目的性太强,做得多了,很容易引起学生的疲倦、排斥、甚至反感,从而失去对听力的兴趣。在课堂上,教师应该坚持尽可能地用英语教学,包括问候、课堂用语、评价、布置作业,并且也要求学生努力在课堂上尽可能说英语,不要担心学生做不好,事实证明,用不了多长时间,学生完全能听懂你的指令、要求,甚至还能学会你的一些用语。给学生一个良好的语言环境,让他感到身处异域,而自己能应付自如地与人交流,从而获得一定的成就感。比如,在上课刚开始5分钟内,规定为“free talk”自由对话时间,可安排师生对话,或同学间问答,对于表现出色的给予适当的评价和鼓励。这种训练形式灵活多变,而且不受课本限制,内容丰富,对学生来说是一种新的挑战。 4.加强听力技巧指导 首先,要积极培养学生良好的心理素质。智力活动的最佳情绪背景是兴趣和愉快的相互作用。当人的情绪处于紧张或厌倦的状态时,易产生对抗心理。简言之,就是当学生的情绪有较大的波动时,是很难听懂东西的。所以,听力训练应在学生身心保持松弛的状态下进行,这样才能取得听力理解的最佳效果。学生良好的心理素质可以通过训练来培养。在课堂上尽量创造轻松、愉快、和谐的课堂气氛。消除学生紧张感,使他们在心理上和精神上松弛下来。教师应告诫学生莫抱怨自己笨、听不懂,引导他们做好心理调试准备。听时要保持心理平静,思想集中,力心放松,不要过多考虑结果,要树立信心,使听力在轻松愉快的心情中开始,在使理解心百倍的心情中结束。转第二,要训练学生,抢阅试题的动机。要求学生利用一切机会,如听录音前空隙或播放内容指令时间快速阅读题干,捕捉一切可以从题干得到的信息,预测听

英语阅读能力测试1

Question 1-8 Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War,with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation,manufacturing,and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed,volume,and regularity of shipments and communications,making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods. In agriculture,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators,the cotton presses,the warehouses,and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation’s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing,the transformation was marked by the emergence of a “new factory system“ in which plants became larger,more complex,and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber,the wholesaler,and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920. To be sure,there were still small workshops,where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in city tenements,where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single buildings. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920,the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned,as did the size of the average plant.By 1920,at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation’s manufacturing wage earners were concentrated,three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1,000 employees. 1. The word “domains“ in line 3 is closest in meaning to A)fields B)locations C)organizations D)occupations 2. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War? A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers. B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

八下英语测试报答案

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2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(江苏卷) 英语 (考试时间:120分钟试卷满分:150分) 注意事项: 1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。 3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分) 做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例:How much is the shirt? A. £ 19. 15. B. £ 9. 18. C. £ 9. 15. 答案是C。 1. What does the woman think of the movie? A. It’s amus ing. B. It’s exciting. C. It’s disappointing. 2. How will Susan spend most of her time in France? A. Traveling around. B. Studying at a school. C. Looking after her aunt. 3. What are the speakers talking about? A. Going out. B. Ordering drinks. C. Preparing for a party. 4. Where are the speakers? A. In a classroom. B. In a library. C. In a bookstore. 5. What is the man going to do ? A. Go on the Internet. B. Make a phone call. C. Take a train trip. 第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)

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