服务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文：
服务营销
“服务营销”是一种通过关注顾客，进而提供服务，最终实现有利的交换的营销手段。实施服务营销首先必须明确服务对象，即“谁是顾客”。像饮料行业的顾客分为两个层次：分销商和消费者。对于企业来说，应该把所有分销商和消费者看作上帝，提供优质的服务。通过服务，提高顾客满意度和建立顾客忠诚。服务营销的一般特点：
（1）供求分散性
服务营销活动中，服务产品的供求具有分散性。不仅供方覆盖了第三产业的各个部门和行业，企业提供的服务也广泛分散，而且需供方更是涉及各种各类企业、社会团体。
（2）营销方式单一性
有形产品的营销方式有经销、代理和直销多种营销方式。有形产品在市场可以多次转手，经批发、零售多个环节才使产品到达消费者手中。服务营销则由于生产与消费的统一性，决定其只能采取直销方式，中间商的介入是不可能的，储存待售也不可能。
（3）营销对象复杂多变
服务市场的购买者是多元的、广泛的、复杂的。购买服务的消费者的购买动机和目的各异，某一服务产品的购买者可能牵涉社会各界各业各种不同类型的家庭和不同身份的个人，即使购买同一服务产品有的用于生活消费，有的却用于生产消费，如信息咨询、邮电通讯等。
（4）服务消费者需求弹性大
根据马斯洛需求层次原理，人们的基本物质需求是一种原发性需求，这类需求人们易产生共性，而人们对精神文化消费的需求属继发性需求，需求者会因各自所处的社会环境和各自具备的条件不同而形成较大的需求弹性。同时对服务的需求与对有形产品的需求在一定组织及总金额支出中相互牵制，也是形成需求弹性大的原因之一。
（5）服务人员的技术、技能、技艺要求高
服务者的技术、技能、技艺直接关系着服务质量。消费者对各种服务产品的质量要求也就是对服务人员的技术、技能、技艺的要求。服务者的服务质量不可能有唯一的、统一的衡量标准，而只能有相对的标准和凭购买者的感觉体会。
服务营销的原则: “顾客关注”的九项原则
1、获得一个新顾客比留住一个已有的顾客花费更大。企业在拓展市场、扩大市场份额的时候，往往会把更多精力放在发展新顾客上，但发展新的顾客和保留已有的顾客相比花费将更大。此外，根据国外调查资料显示，新顾客的期望值普遍高于老顾客。这使发展新顾客的成功率大受影响。
2、除非你能很快弥补损失，否则失去的顾客将永远失去。每个企业对
于各自的顾客群都有这样那样的划分，各客户因而享受不同的客户政策。但企业必须清楚地认识到一点，即每个顾客都是我们的衣食父母，不管他们为公司所做的贡献是大或小，我们应该避免出现客户歧视政策。
3、不满意的顾客比满意的顾客拥有更多的“朋友”。竞争对手会利用顾客不满情绪，逐步蚕食其忠诚度，同时在你的顾客群中扩大不良影响。这就是为什么不满意的顾客比满意的顾客拥有更多的“朋友”。
4、畅通沟通渠道，欢迎投诉。有投诉才有对工作改进的动力，及时处理投诉能提高顾客的满意度，避免顾客忠诚度的下降。畅通沟通渠道，便于企业收集各方反馈信息，有利于市场营销工作的开展。
5、顾客不总是对的，但怎样告诉他们是错的会产生不同的结果。顾客不总是对的。“顾客永远是对的”是留给顾客的，而不是企业的。企业必须及时发现并清楚了解顾客与自身所处立场有差异的原因，告知并引导他们。当然这要求一定营销艺术和技巧，不同的方法会产生不同的结果。
6、顾客有充分的选择权力。不论什么行业和什么产品，即使是专卖，我们也不能忽略顾客的选择权。市场是需求的体现，顾客是需求的源泉。
7、你必须倾听顾客的意见以了解他们的需求。为客户服务不能是盲目的，要有针对性。企业必须倾听顾客意见，了解他们的需求，并在此基础上为顾客服务，这样才能作到事半功倍，提高客户忠诚度。
8、如果你不愿意相信，你怎么能希望你的顾客愿意相信？企业在向顾客推荐新产品或是要求顾客配合进行一项合作时，必须站在顾客的角度，设身处地考虑。如果自己觉得不合理，就绝对不要轻易尝试。你的强迫永远和顾客的抵
触在一起。
9、如果你不去照顾你的顾客，那么别人就会去照顾。市场竞争是激烈的，竞争对手对彼此的顾客都时刻关注。企业必须对自己的顾客定期沟通了解，解决顾客提出的问题。忽视你的顾客等于拱手将顾客送给竞争对手。
服务营销的管理
为了有效地利用服务营销实现企业竞争的目的，企业应针对自己固有的特点注重服务市场的细分、服务差异化、有形化、标准化等问题的研究，以制定和实施科学的服务营销战略，保证企业竞争目标的实现。
1．服务市场细分
任何一种服务市场都有为数众多、分布广泛的服务需求者，由于影响人们需求的因素是多种多样的，服务需求具有明显的个性化和多样化特征。任何一个企业，无论其能力多大，都无法全面满足不同市场服务需求，都不可能对所有的服务购买者提供有效的服务。因此，每个企业在实施其服务营销战略时都需要把其服务市场或对象进行细分，在市场细分的基础上选定自己服务的目标市场，有针对性地开展营销组合策略，才能取得良好的营销效益。
2．服务的差异化
服务差异化是服务企业面对较强的竞争对手而在服务内容、服务渠道和服务形象等方面采取有别于竞争对手而又突出自己特征，以战胜竞争对手，在服务市场立住脚跟的一种做法。可从以下三个方面着手：
①调查、了解和分清服务市场上现有的服务种类、竞争对手的劣势和自己的优势，有针对性、创造性地开发服务项目，满足目标顾客的需要。
②采取有别于他人的传递手段，迅速而有效地把企业的服务运送给服务接受者。
③注意运用象征物或特殊的符号、名称或标志来树立企业的独特形象。
3．服务的有形化
服务有形化是指企业借助服务过程中的各种有形要素，把看不见摸不着的服务产品尽可能地实体化、有形化，让消费者感知到服务产品的存在、提高享用服务产品的利益过程。服务有形化包括三个方面的内容：
①服务产品有形化。即通过服务设施等硬件技术，保证服务行业的前后一致和服务质量的始终如一；通过能显示服务的某种证据，增强消费者对服务的感知能力。
②服务环境的有形化。服务环境是企业提供服务和消费者享受服务的具体场所和气氛，它虽不构成服务产品的核心内容，但它能给企业带来"先入为主"的效应，是服务产品存在的不可缺少的条件。
③服务提供者的“有形化”。服务提供者是指直接与消费者接触的企业员工，其所具备的服务素质和性格、言行以及与消费者接触的方式、方法、态度等如何，会直接影响到服务营销的实现，为了保证服务营销的有效性，企业应对员工进行服务标准化的培训，让他们了解企业所提供的服务内容和要求，掌握进行服务的必备技术和技巧，以保证他们所提供的服务与企业的服务目标相一致。
4．服务的标准化
由于服务产品不仅是靠服务人员，还要借助一定的技术设施和技术条件，因此这为企业服务质量管理和服务的标准化生产提供了条件，企业可以把这部分技术性的常规工作标准化，可以从以下五点来考虑：
①从方便消费者出发，改进设计质量，使服务程序合理化。
②制定要求消费者遵守的内容合理、语言文明的规章制度，以诱导、规范消费者接受服务的行为，使之与企业服务生产的规范相吻合。
③改善服务设施，美化服务环境，使消费者在等待期间过得充实舒服，如设置座椅，放置书报杂志，张贴有关材料等，为消费者等待和接受服务提供良好条件。
④使用价格杠杆，明码实价地标明不同档次、不同质量的服务水平，满足不同层次的消费者的需求
⑤规范服务提供者的言行举止，营造宾至如归的服务环境和气氛，使服务生产和消费能够在轻松、愉快的环境中完成。
原文：
Service marketing
" Service marketing" is a closely through the customer, and then provides a service, achieve beneficial exchange marketing. To implement service marketing must first clear the service object. " Who is the customer". Like the drinks industry customers are divided into two levels: Distributors and consumers. For the enterprise. Should take all the distributors and consumers as God, to provide quality services.To improve customer satisfaction and customer loyalty though the service. The general characteristics of the service marketing:
(1)supply and demand dispersion
Service marketing activities, services of supply and demand of the product with dispersion. Not only the cover of various departments and the industry to the tertiary industry, enterprise services are widely dispersed, but the need for supplier is involved in various types of enterprises, social groups.
(2)a single marketing
Tangible products marketing distribution, agents and direct sales to a variety of marketing methods. Service marketing is due to the production and consumption of unity, decide its can take direct way, the middleman's involvement is impossible, impossible also stored for sale.
(3)marketing objects are complex
Service market buyers is multiple, extensive, complex. Buying service consumer purchasing motivation and different purposes, A service purchasers of products may be involved in the community all the various types of family and individual identity, even to buy the same product or service for life, while others used in the production of consumption, such as information, such as communication of post and telecommunications.
(4)the service consumer demand elasticity
According to Maslow hierarchy of needs theory, people's basic material needs is a primary demand, this demand is easy to produce common people, but the people to the spiritual and cultural consumption demand is secondary to demand, the demand for the social environment and each having the condition caused greater elasticity of demand. At the same time, the demand for services and to tangible products demand in certain organization and the total amount of spending in the mutual and diversionary, is one of the causes of formation of elasticity of demand.
(5)service personnel, technology skills, high art requirement
Service technical, skills, skills directly related with the quality of service. Of a variety of consumer service product quality requirements is the service personnel on the technology, skills, technical requirements. Service services quality may not be the only, unified standards, but only a relatively standard and with the purchaser's sensory experience.
Service marketing principles:" customer focus" nine principles
1, get a new customer than to keep an existing customer to spend more. Companies to expand their markets, expand the market share of the time, tend to put more energy on the development of new customers, but the development of new customers and retain existing customers will cost more than. In addition, according to the survey data show, new customer expectations is generally higher than the old customer. This make the development of new customer success rate greatly affected.
2, unless you can compensate for the loss of soon, or lose customers will lose forever. Each enterprise to their customer base that division, customers and enjoy the different customer policy. But the business must clearly recognize a little, that each customer is God to us, no matter what they are doing for the company is large or small, we should avoid customer discrimination policy.
3, dissatisfied customers than satisfied customers have more " friends". Competitors may use customer dissatisfaction, gradually eroded their loyalty, and in your customer base expanding adverse effects. This is why unhappy customers than
satisfied customers have more " friends".
4, open communication channels, welcomed the complaints. There are complaints have to work on improving the power, the timely processing of complaints can improve the customer satisfaction customer loyalty, to avoid falling. Open communication channels, for enterprises to collect all the feedback information, facilitates the marketing work..
5, the customer is not always right, but how to tell them that they are wrong will produce different results. The customer is not always right. " The customer is always right" is left to the customer, not the enterprise. Enterprises must be found and clear understanding of customer and the position of different reasons, to inform and guide them. Of course, this requires some marketing art and technique, different methods will produce different results.
6, the customer has full power of choice. No matter what industry and what products, even the monopoly, we cannot neglect the consumer choice. Market demand is the embodiment of customer demand, is the source of.
7, you must listen to the views of customers to understand their needs. Customer service can not be blind, have targeted. The enterprise must listen to the views of customers, understand their needs, and on this basis for customer service, so as to achieve twice the result with half the effort, to improve customer loyalty.
8, if you do not believe, how can you hope your customers would like to believe? Enterprises to customers recommend new products or requirements of customers with a cooperation, customers must stand in the perspective, place oneself in others' position to consider. If you think it is reasonable, do not try. Your force forever and customer conflict together.
9, if you do not take care of your customers, then people will take care of. The market competition is fierce, competition to each other's customers are always concerned about the. The enterprise must own the customer regular communication and understanding, to solve customer problems. Ignore your customer to customer to competitors relinquished.
Service marketing management
In order to effectively use the service marketing for enterprise purposes, enterprises should according to their own inherent characteristics of service-oriented market segmentation, service differentiation, materiality is changed, standardization and so on, to formulate and implement the scientific marketing strategy, ensure to achieve the goal of enterprise competition.
1,service marketing segmentation
Any kind of service market, a large number of widely distributed service demand, due to the influence of demand factors are diverse, service demand has obvious personalized and diversified characteristics. Any company, regardless of its ability to much, cannot fully satisfy different market demands for service, it is not possible for all buyers to provide effective services for the service. Therefore, every enterprise in the implementation of the service marketing strategy when they need to its service market or object segmentation, based on market subdivision selected their own services to target markets, conduct targeted marketing combination strategy, in order to obtain good marketing effectiveness.
2,service differentiation
Differentiated service is a service business in the face of strong competition in the service content, service channels and service image and adopt different from competitors and highlight their own characteristics, to defeat the competitor, in the service market stand the heel of a practice. From the following three aspects:
①Product of service tangibility. Through the service facilities such as hardware technology, assurance services consistent service quality and service through be consistent from beginning to end; can show some evidence of service to consumers, enhances the perception ability.
②Take different from others' transmission means, quickly and effectively to the enterprise service operation to service recipients.
③Pay attention to the use of symbols or special symbols, name or logo to establish the unique image of enterprises.
3,service tangibility
Tangibility of service is refers to the enterprise with the aid of a variety of
services in the process of material factors, the invisible service product as far as possible entity, tangible, let consumer perception to service products, improve the existing product interests enjoy the service process. Tangibility of service includes the content of three respects:
①Product service tangibility. Through the service facilities such as hardware technology, assurance services consistent service quality and service through be consistent from beginning to end; can show some evidence of service to consumers, enhances the perception ability.
②Service environment tangible. Service business environment is to provide services and consumers to enjoy the services of specific sites and atmosphere, although it does not constitute the core content of service product, but it can bring to the enterprise" first impressions are strongest " effect, is the indispensable conditions of service products.
③Service provider "tangible". The service provider is the direct contact with the consumer enterprise staff, the service quality and character, behavior and consumer engagement means, method, attitude, will directly affect the realization of service marketing, service marketing in order to ensure the validity, enterprises staff services standardized training, let them understanding of enterprise services content and requirement, master of essential service technology and techniques, to ensure that the services they provide and enterprise service goals.
4,service standardization
As service products is not only by service personnel, but also with certain technical facilities and technical conditions, so the service for the enterprise quality management and standardization of services production provided conditions, enterprises can take the technical routine work standardization, can from the following five points to consider:
①Starting from the convenience of consumers, improve design quality, make the service process rationalization.
②Formulate requirements for consumers to observe the contents of
国际营销英文文献
International private enterprises external constraints and the Government Service Innovation Abstract: In the opening to the outside world situation growing, private enterprises can not be separated from the internationalization of the rational power of the Government. This paper analyzes the internationalization of private enterprises of the external constraints, a private enterprise internationalization of innovation need to government services. Keywords: private enterprises of the external factors of international service innovation With the world economy, increasing globalization, China has become the world's fourth-largest economy, including private enterprises in economic development by increasing the role. Private enterprises are faced with not only the competitiveness of domestic firms and foreign multinational companies are faced with challenges. Therefore, expanding the opening up of the situation, the private enterprises to develop and grow, not only to make use of domestic markets and resources, but also going out to implement the strategy and the internationalization of private enterprises, in a broader competitive environment to meet the challenge. Towards world-class enterprise can not be separated from the support of the Government, the Government should be private enterprise to provide a good environment, strengthening innovation services. International private enterprises external constraints At present, the development of private enterprises in China has made great achievements, but our small and medium-sized private enterprises still dominated the majority of private enterprises through the first start of the primitive accumulation period, being the second business, the implementation of international strategy, international operations, enterprises must create a certain degree of accumulation and the capacity and conditions. However, the internationalization of private enterprises of the potential hindering the external environment, so that many companies fall into the plight of the development. (A) financial bottlenecks encountered At present, private enterprises, especially those in the survival of small and medium-sized financial institutions from the public it is difficult to obtain adequate financing for development. These enterprises can apply for loans to small, low visibility due to take the way of external financing is very difficult. Most of them only through self-financing and non-formal channels of access to capital financing. High-risk and cost of financing and financial situation of the shortage of channels for private enterprises has seriously hampered the pace of foreign trade, and even lead to business in the international competition of mortality. Small and medium-sized private
网络营销外文翻译
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.360docs.net/doc/9216821300.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
市场营销_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_顾客满意策略与顾客满意
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市场营销价格策略外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
DESIGNING PRICING STRATEGIES All for-profit organizations and many nonprofit organizations set prices on their goods or services. Whether the price is called rent (for an apartment), tuition (for education), fare (for travel), or interest (for borrowed money), the concept is the same. Throughout most of history, prices were set by negotiation between buyers and sellers. Setting one price for all buyers arose with the development of large-scale retailing at the en d of the nineteenth century, when Woolworth’s and other stores followed a “strictly one-price policy” because they carried so many items and had so many employees. Now, 100 years later, technology is taking us back to an era of negotiated pricing. The Internet, corporate networks, and wireless setups are linking people, machines, and companies around the globe, connecting sellers and buyers as never before. Web sites like https://www.360docs.net/doc/9216821300.html, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/9216821300.html, allow buyers to compare products and prices quickly and easily. On-line auction sites like https://www.360docs.net/doc/9216821300.html, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/9216821300.html, make it easy for buyers and sellers to negotiate prices on thousands of items. At the same time, new tech- nologies are allowing sellers to collect detailed data about customers’ buying habits, preferences—even spending limits—so they can tailor their products and prices. 1 In the entire marketing mix, price is the one element that produces revenue; the others produce costs. Price is also one of the most ?exible elements: It can be changed quickly, unlike product features and channel commitments. Although price competi- tion is a major problem facing companies, many do not handle pricing well. The most common mistakes are these: Pricing is too cost-oriented; price is not revised often
外文文献(市场营销策略)
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:
营销-外文翻译
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is
外文翻译--关系营销和服务营销：文化部门价值创造的会聚性观点
Relationship marketing and service marketing: convergence point of Culture Department of value creation ABSTRACT Using the relationship paradigm as a theoretical framework, a management model for cultural services (relationship marketing of cultural organizations) is proposed, what is an unprecedented contribution in the marketing field. By combining two convergent perspectives–as relationship marketing and services marketing–, the model is structured on the basis of two large types of relationships in the management of a cultural organization: instrumental relationships and group relationships. The paper is an in-depth study of relationships regarding performing arts audience. A theoretical/empirical approach was applied, including face to face interviews to 1005 performing arts consumers and telephone interviews to a sample of 2005 individuals in Spain. Keywords: Cultural marketing erforming arts services relationship marketing 1. INTRODUCTION: The most recent literature on marketing management is demonstrating a revolutionary change in both form and content, which, undoubtedly, will result in several research projects in the short term aimed at shedding some light on this dilemma. Traditional management models and paradigms do not adapt to the requirements of new products, as there are more and more exceptions and questions on the models developed so far (Lovelock and Gummesson, 2004; Vargo and Lush, 2004). In this complex context, this paper aims to make an in-depth study of the field of cultural services management by using two concurrent perspectives –relationship marketing and services marketing–, in order to contribute to the development of the new marketing domain: cultural marketing (Kotler, 2005). This is a field still in its development phase, but has probably found, with these new trends, the right moment to grow and develop management structures and models that meet its particular requirements. From the very beginning, contributions made to the cultural sector by the marketing discipline have been very diverse. However, although they seem to have come to a consensus
市场营销英文文献
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营销策略外文翻译
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新媒体营销外文翻译文献
新媒体营销外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 研究微博中承诺和信用对消费者行为倾向的影响 ——基于关系营销的角度 摘要：本研究的目的是探索消费者对企业通过微博进行关系营销的观点。这项研究是以承诺-信用理论以及消费者对企业微博形象、承诺、信用、满意度和社群意识对消费者的行为倾向的研究为基础的。这项研究的成果可以成为企业利用微博进行关系营销的准则。这项研究显示消费者的满意度对承诺、信用、社群意识和消费者的行为倾向具有积极影响。企业形象对承诺和信用的影响是成立的，但对行为倾向的影响需须经由承诺和信用产生中介效果。信用对承诺和社群意识的影响是存在的，但是对行为倾向的影响须经由承诺和社群意识产生中介效果。最后，承诺和社群意识对行为倾向的影响是成立的。 关键词：微博、关系营销、满意度、企业形象、承诺、信用、社群意识、行为倾向 1、引言 当我们在新的经济时代面临着现今的商业环境时，许多企业在短时间内就变成了一个以顾客为中心的企业。为了提高竞争力，企业必须了解他们的顾客，了解顾客的需求，并且通过专项服务满足顾客的需求。随着技术时代环境的改变，企业已经通过信息系统与客
户建立了关系。随着顾客上网历史的增加，企业可以提供给他们更多的产品信息并且在第一时间获得顾客的回复。通过这种方法，客户服务的成本可以降低；企业与客户的关系可以变得稳定；企业与客户之间可以建立更多的联系；企业与客户之间的沟通可以个性化。 基于格朗鲁斯的研究，他认为关系营销意味着企业通过发展、维护和提高与顾客的关系来达到企业的目的。越来越多的企业发展其吸引力来构建自己的形象以留住和吸引新的顾客。因此，一个企业的专业性和企业形象的构建对企业来说是很重要的。一个公司是否可以提供服务或产品以满足客户的需求影响着客户对企业的信任和忠诚度。 基于Web2.0大流行，大众媒体已经覆盖了许多拥有新颖、有趣故事的网站，吸引了更多的公众关注互联网。这些问题对因特网的常用用户来说都不是问题。因特网发展很迅速。近来微博服务供应商例如Facebook、Twitter和Plurk是新闻的热点话题，已经聚集了大量用户。根据市场研究公司的成员尼尔森最近的一份报告，在2008年二月到2009年二月间，Twitter是用户增长速度最快的一个社交网站（从475000个用户到17600000个用户）。它的绝对访客增长率在美国是1382%。在2009年五月，全国用户数量达到37300000，这是一个令人吃惊的数据。博客用户一直在讨论是否微博可以取代博客。因特网用户最关注的是微博是否可以缩短他们与朋友们之间的距离，是否可以帮助他们交到新朋友。然而，商人们最关注的是微博是否可以替代博客变为一个新的营销武器。 博客营销是指不仅让因特网用户变的亲密，也是指需要“可信的”网络发言人的赞语。博客成为值得信赖的网络发言人是由于他们长时间在某些话题上努力花费时间。通过写文章，他们在互联网用户的心中构建了“大师”的形象。结果，即使他们的一个“好”字也对有科技非常强大的影响力。这就是博客营销的有效性。博客的权利：检查实际操作者在博客上的使用对公共关系产生的影响。 对于微博，我们可以在Twitter上看到谷歌。在谷歌在Twitter上的账户建立后，立马就有16000个追随者。现在谷歌在Twitter上的追随者有1670000人。这意味着谷歌每在Twitter上发表一条新闻，1760000个人在下一秒将在互联网或手机短信上被通知。这种传播新闻的速度和范围是令人吃惊的。 再来说说戴尔，一个主要的国际电脑制造商，例如，通过微博的能力来提供信息，特别提供了可以通过短信迅速传递给所有微博用户信息的功能。因为价钱很合理，许多用户已经立即决定变成戴尔的追随者。并且戴尔继续提供给追随者们更多的第一手优惠券。结果，通过微博达到的总订单金额已经达到了新台币100000000元。通过微博，消息可以更加迅速地传递给互联网用户。然而，这并不意味着任何一种营销信息都可以通过微博随意