增词译法

第三章词法翻译

四、增词译法(Amplification)

?英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时有可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容。

?不是无中生有的随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词。

一、根据句法上的需要增词

?（一）增补原文答句中的省略部分

1. Is this your book? Yes, it is.

这是你的书吗？是我的。

(Yes, it is. = Yes, it is mine.)

2. Do you love him? Yes, of course I do.

你爱他吗？我当然爱他。

(Yes, of course I do. = Yes, of course I love him.)

?（二）增补原文句子中所省略的动词

1. He remembered the incident, as had his wife.

他记得这件事，他的妻子早就记起来了。

2. I believed it too. But I don’t now.

过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不相信了。

3. We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.

我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，将来也决不后退。

4. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.

我狂热地爱上了她，她也狂热地爱上了我。

5. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。

6. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it.

一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好的住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。

7. Many people can bear adversity, but few contempt.

很多人能够忍受逆境，但很少人能忍受被人轻视。

?（三）增补原文比较句中的省略部分

1. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.

仆人们愿意服侍她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。

2. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.

从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。

3. The Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive than others.

中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色。

?（四）增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分

1. We didn’t admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.

我们并不认为越狱是不可能的。如果承认越狱不可能，那就等于把仅存的一点希望也放弃了。

2. At the tim e of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.

肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是闯大祸。

3. In agreeing to what was already the status quo, he would have had far more to gain than to lose.

假如他已经同意接受现状的话，对他来说就会是得多失少了。

4. He could accept a passive opposition from his loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences.

忠于他的那些人在消极反对他，这点他可以接受。但是如果他们公然反对，那后果就可怕了。

二、根据意义上、修辞上或逻辑上的需要增词

?（一）增加动词

1. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he still had to work on the drafting of the final communique.

晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

2. In spite of yesterday’s rainstorm the crops lay lush and green in the early light.

尽管昨天遭受了暴风雨的袭击，庄稼在晨曦中还是显得郁郁葱葱。

?（二）增加形容词

1. With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!

中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！

2. There are friends and friends.

朋友有多种。有益友，有损友。

3. All one needed was one lucky break and the doors would open.

一个人只要交上一次好运，从此幸运的大门就会打开。

?（三）增加副词

1. The crowds melted away.

人群渐渐散开了。

2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.

他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

3. In the fairy tales, all too often it was the same one: the prince meets the princess; they fall in love; marry each other and live happily together.

在童话故事里，总是老一套：王子和公主始而相遇，继而相爱，最后结婚并幸福的生活在一起。

4. Poor people, when they are suffering from acute hunger and severe cold, are not more unhappy than rich people: they are often much happier.

当穷人受着饥饿与严寒，他们并不见得比富人更不快乐。相反地，他们通常比富人快乐得多。

5. But they still came, by car, by donkey and on foot. Thousands came from other Arab countries.

但是他们仍然源源不断前来，有的乘汽车，有的骑毛驴，有的步行。成千的人丛别的阿拉伯国家赶来。

6. They lingered long over his letter.

他们久久地反复玩味着他的来信。

?（四）增加名词

?I. 在不及物动词后面增加名词

1. to wash before meal / to wash after getting up / to wash before going to bed

饭前洗手/ 起床后洗脸/ 睡前洗脚

2. Mary washed for a living after her husband died.

玛丽在丈夫去世后靠给人洗衣服维持生活。

3. Day after day he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.

他每天来干活—扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。

4. The n Lieutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting routine, “See, save and serve! …”

于是，格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套了：“见见世面，攒点钱，为国家出点力。…”

?II. 在形容词前增加名词

1. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.

这部打字机真是价廉物美。

2. A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention.

一种新型飞机正越来越引起人们的注意—这种飞机体积小，价格便宜，无人驾驶。3. He is a complicated man---moody, with a melancholy streak.

他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常，忧郁寡欢。

?III. 在抽象名词后增加名词

1. The government was taking measures to improve the backwardness in that area.

政府正在采取措施改善那个地区的落后状态。

2. The teacher was trying hard to ease the students’ dissatisfaction.

那个老师正在努力安抚学生的不满情绪。

3. In the summer of that year, the administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.

那年夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。

4. His arrogance made everyone dislike him.

他的傲慢态度使谁都不喜欢他。

5. The vague restlessness since boyhood remained.

从小就有的那种模糊的不安定的感觉依然还存在。

6. There had been an ease of international tension.

国际紧张局势过去曾有所缓和。

7. Preparations for the conference were plagued by many problems.

会议的筹备工作受到许多问题的干扰。

?IV. 在具体名词后增加名词

1. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.

他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

2. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and finally declared his own son guilty.

他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情，最终判决他儿子有罪。

?（五）增加表示名词复数的词

1. Flowers bloom all over the yard.

朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

2. The lion is the king of animals.

狮是百兽之王。

3. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.

群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。

?（六）增加概括词

1. The heads of the Soviet Union, the United States, England and France had a secret meeting last month.

苏、美、英、法四国首脑上个月进行了一次秘密会晤。

2. The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.

论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。

3. We have achieved rapid progress in industry, agriculture, commerce, education and culture.

我们在工业、农业、商业、教育文化等各方面都取得了迅速发展。

?（七）增加解释性或修饰性的词语，使符合汉语表达习惯

1. Condit came out with his political smile.

康迪特走出来时，脸上带着政客惯有的笑容。

2. She is thirty-two and mother of two.

她今年三十二岁，已经有了两个孩子。

3. Facts are to the scientists as words are to the poets.

事实之于科学家，就如同文字对于诗人一般重要。

4. Ideally, we can have twice as much office space as we have now.

最理想的情况是，我们能有比现在大两倍的办公室空间。

5. I believe the eight dead juornalists are policy.

我相信那八个新闻记者的死亡是有计划的谋杀。

?（八）增加反映背景情况或信息的词

1. He won the men’s singles at Wimbledon.

他赢得了温布尔登网球锦标赛的男子单打冠军。

2. A car stopped in front of the Hilton.

一辆小汽车停在希尔顿酒店门前。

3. They bought a new Ford last week.

上星期他们买了一辆新的福特汽车。

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