牛津高中英语语法复习(模块3-4)

牛津高中英语语法复习(模块3-4)

名词性从句

名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句得主语、表语、宾语与同位语。因此,名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句与同位从句。

(一)引导名词性从句得连接词

1、连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。

2、连接副词:when, where, why, how。有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。

3、连接词:that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。

注意:连接代词与连接副词在句中不再就是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 与if(就是否),as if(好象)在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 与as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。

(二)主语从句

1、主语从句在复合句作主语。

e、g、 Who will go is not important、

2、用it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末。

e、g、 It doesn’t matter so much whether you will e or not、

3、that引导主语从句时,不能省略。

e、g、 That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised、

(三)表语从句

1、表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。

e、g、 The question was who could go there、

2、引导表语从句得连接词that有时可省去。

e、g、 My idea is (that) we can get more rades to help in the work、

(四)宾语从句

1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句得连词that一般可省略。

e、g、 I hope (that) everything is all right、

2、介词之后得宾语从句,不可用which或if连接,要分别用what或 whether。

e、g、 I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work、、

I’m interested in what you’ve said、

3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。

①宾语从句就是否定句时,只用if,不用whether。

e、g、 I wonder if it doesn’t rain、

②用if 会引起误解,就要用whether。

e、g、 Please let me know whether you want to go、(此句如果把whether改成if,容易当成条件句理解)

③宾语从句中得whether 与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。

e、g、 I don’t know whether or not the report is true、

I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not、

④介词后得宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether。

e、g、 It depends on whether we have enough time、

They don’t know whether to go there、

Please e to see me if you have time、

(五)同位语从句

同位语从句在句中作某一名词得同位语,一般位于该名词(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后,说明该名词得具体内容。

e、g、 I have no idea when he will be back、

The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody、

练习:

1、The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all、

A、 that

B、 what

C、 why

D、 which

2、The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability、

A、 that

B、 what

C、 which

D、 why

3、The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly、

A、 what

B、 that

C、 why

D、 when

4、His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down、

A、 which

B、 that

C、/

D、 it

5、I have no idea ____ he will start、

A、 when

B、 that

C、 what

D、/

6、I've e from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow、

A、 if

B、 that

C、 whether

D、 which

7、The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him、

A、 when

B、 which

C、 what

D、 that

8、The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late、

A、 which

B、 whether

C、 that

D、 what

9、The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease、

A、 that

B、 as

C、 of which

D、 which

10、He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing、

A、 whether

B、 where

C、 that

D、 when

11、 Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this ing Christmas、

A、 which

B、 that

C、 what

D、 whether

12、 The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed、

A、 as

B、 which

C、 what

D、 that

13、 Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ____ we would have lost our way、

A、 it

B、 that

C、 this

D、 which

14、There are signs ____ restaurants are being more popular with families、

A、 that

B、 which

C、 in which

D、 whose

15、 We can see the same signs ____ stand out throughout the city、

A、 that

B、 which

C、 in which

D、 whose

Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA 11-15 BBDAA

主谓一致

在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须与主语在人称与数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致与就近一致原则。

(一)语法一致原则:语法上一致就就是谓语动词与主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm、 / To study English well

is not easy、 / What he said is very important for us all、 / The children were in the classroom two hours ago、 / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes、

注意:由what引导得主语从句,后面得谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语就是复数或what从句就是一个带有复数意义得并列结构时,主句得谓语动词用复数形式。如:What I bought were three English books、 / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you、

2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来得合成主语后面,要用复数形式得谓语动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins、 / She and I are classmates、 / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news、 / Both she and he are Young Pioneers、

注意:①若and所连接得两个词就是指同一个人或物时,它后面得谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:The writer and artist has e、; / ②由and连接得并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room、、 / No boy and no girl likes it、

3、主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起得短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has e to China、/ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground、 / She, like you and Tom, is very tall、

4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词与由some, any, no, every构成得复合不定代词,都作单数瞧待。如:Each of us has a new book、 / Everything around us is matter、注意:①在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting、②若none of后面得名词就是不可数名词,它得谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面得名词就是复数,它得谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America、

5、在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词得数应与句中先行词得数一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard、 / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard、

6、如果集体名词指得就是整个集体,它得谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体得成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, mittee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor、 / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor、

注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police are looking for the lost child、

7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成得短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成得短语作主语,其谓语动词得数要根据短语中后面名词得数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom、 / The rest of the lecture is wonderful、 / 50% of the students in our class are girls、

注意: a number of“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the number of“…得数量”,主语就是number,谓语用单数。

8、在倒装句中,谓语动词得数应与其后得主语一致。如:There es the bus、/ On the wall are many pictures、 / Such is the result、 / Such are the facts、

(二)逻辑意义一致原则:逻辑意义一致就就是谓语动词得数必须与主语得意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。

1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以就是单数,也可就是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well、 / All have gone to Beijing、

2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等得名词得复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式, 这就是由于作主语得名词在概念上就是一个整体,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work、

3、若英语就是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等得复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如: “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book、

4、表数量得短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table、

5、算式中表示数目(字)得主语通常作单数瞧待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty、 / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven、

6、一些学科名词就是以–ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上就是复数得名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990、 / I think physics isn’t easy to study、

7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken、 / The pair of shoes under the bed is his、

8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。

(三)就近一致原则:在英语句子中,有时谓语动词得人称与数与最近得主语保持一致。

1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时,谓语动词与邻近得主语一致。如:Either the teacher or the students are our friends、 / Neither they nor he is wholly right、 / Is neither he nor they wholly right?

2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后得主语。如果其后就是由and连接得两个主语,则应与靠近得那个主语保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room、、

注意:Here引导得句子用法同上。

练习:

1、I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English、

A、am

B、is

C、are

D、be

2、 The rich ____ not always happy、

A、are

B、is

C、has

D、have

3、 Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students、

A、are

B、am

C、is

D、was

4、 Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China、

A、 are studying

B、 have studied

C、 studies

D、 study

5、 Neither my father nor I ____ at home、

A、am

B、is

C、are

D、be

6、 Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting、 Both of us ____ good painters、,

A、are;are

B、am;am

C、ani;are

D、is;is

7、 Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party、

A、wish

B、wishes

C、is like

D、like

8、 Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants、

A、was

B、is

C、 would be

D、are

9、 The population of China ____ larger than that of 、any other country in the world、

A、is

B、are

C、has

D、have

10、 Every means ____ tried but without any result、

A、 have been

B、is to be

C、are to be

D、 has been

11、 Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule、

A、 was punished

B、 punished

C、 were punished

D、 being punished

12、 The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the 、meeting this afternoon、

A、is

B、was

C、are

D、is being

13、 The great writer and professor____、

A、 is an old man

B、 are both old men

C、 is an old man and a young man

D、 were two Chinese

14、 There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk、

A、are

B、is

C、has

D、have

15、 A large number of students in our class____ girls、

A、 are

B、 was

C、 is

D、 be

16、 The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are、

A、 doesn' t change

B、don't change

C、change

D、changed

17、 The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English、

A、 is

B、 are

C、 was

D、 were

18、 Chairman Mao' s works ____ published、

A、 has been

B、have been

C、was

D、is

19、 A chemical works____ built there、

A、 is to being

B、have been

C、 were to

D、has been

20、 The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years、

A、is;four

B、are;four

C、is;five

D、are;five

21 、The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world、

A、is

B、are

C、was

D、were

22、He is the only one of die students who ____ elected、

A、 are

B、have

C、has

D、is

23、Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked、

A、have

B、has

C、 have been

D、has been

24、Many a man ____ e to help us、

A、have

B、has

C、is

D、are

25、"All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said、

A、is;is

B、are;are

C、are;is

D、is;are

26、 The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre、

A、 is searching for

B、 were searching for

C、 are searching for

D、 were searching

27、Your trousers____ dirty、You must have____ washed、

A、is;il

B、are;it

C、are;them

D、is;them

28、This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him、

A、is

B、be

C、are

D、were

29、 One and a half bananas ____ left on the table、

A、is

B、are

C、has

D、have

30、 Eight times eight ____ sixty - four、

A、is

B、are

C、get

D、equal

Keys:

1~5 AAACA 6~10 CBDAD 11~15 ACABA 16~20 AABDB 21~25 ADCBC

26~30 BCAAA 31~35 ACAAB 36~40 CABBA 41~45 BCCCA 46~50 ADBBC

情态动词

1 情态动词得语法特征

1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生得事情,只表示期待或估计某事得发生。

2) 情态动词除ought 与have 外,后面只能接不带to 得不定式。

3) 情态动词没有人称,数得变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。

2 比较can 与be able to

1)can could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could),

只用于现在式与过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。

They will be able to tell you the news soon、她很快就能告诉您消息了。

2)只用be able to

a、位于助动词后。

b、情态动词后。

c、表示过去某时刻动作时。

d、用于句首表示条件。

e、表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out、

= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out、

注意:could不表示时态

1)提出委婉得请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。

--- Could I have the television on?

--- Yes, you can、 / No, you can't、

2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

He couldn't be a bad man、

她不大可能就是坏人。

3 比较may与might

1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握得推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。

May God bless you!

He might be at home、

注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只就是可能性比may 小。

2) 成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 得不定式,意为"不妨"。

If that is the case, we may as well try、

典型例题

Peter ___e with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet、

A、 must

B、 may

C、 can

D、 will

答案B、表可能性只能用may、此句意可从后半句推出。

4 比较have to与must

1) 两词都就是'必须'得意思,have to 表示客观得需要, must 表示说话人主观上得瞧法,既主观上得必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night、我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)

He said that they must work hard、她说她们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)

2) have to有人称、数、时态得变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去得必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday、

3) 在否定结构中: don't have to 表示"不必"

mustn't 表示"禁止",

You don't have to tell him about it、您不一定要把此事告诉她。

You mustn't tell him about it、您一定不要把这件事告诉她。

5 must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握得推测,意为"一定"。

2) must表对现在得状态或现在正发生得事情得推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 得原形或行为动词得进行式。

You have worked hard all day、You must be tired、您辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况得推测判断)

He must be working in his office、她一定在办公室工作呢。

比较:

He must be staying there、

她现在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there、

她必须呆在那。

3) must 表示对已发生得事情得推测时,must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone、 I must have been asleep、我刚才没有听到xx,我想必就是睡着了。

4) must表示对过去某时正发生得事情得推测,must 后面要接不定式得完成进行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call?

---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it、

5) 否定推测用 can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet、如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,她此时一定还未到家。

6 表示推测得用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:

1)情态动词+动词原形。

表示对现在或将来得情况得推测,此时动词通常为系动词。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan、

2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。

表示对现在或将来正在进行得情况进行推测。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers、

这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。

3)情态动词+动词完成时。

表示对过去情况得推测。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December、

明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。

The road is wet、 It must have rained last night、

地就是湿得,昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情态动词+动词得现在完成进行时。

表示对过去正在发生事情得推测。

Your mother must have been looking for you、

您妈妈一定一直在找您。

5)推测得否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning、

迈克一定还没有找回她得车,因为早上她就是坐公共汽车来上班得。

注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测得程度不如 can, may。

7 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生得事情。

Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident、

Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident、

2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生得事情得推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"得意思。

--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here、

---She must have gone by bus、

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth

本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。

You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment、

He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away、(事实上已扔了。)

ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so、 The weather was hot、

5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then、

8 should 与ought to

should 与ought to 都为"应该"得意思,可用于各种人称。

---Ought he to go?

---Yes、 I think he ought to、

表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。

9 had better表示"最好"

had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。

had better do sth

had better not do sth

It is pretty cold、 You'd better put on my coat、

She'd better not play with the dog、

had better have done sth表示与事实相反得结果,意为"本来最好"。

You had better have e earlier、

10 would rather表示"宁愿"

would rather do

would rather not do

would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。

还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"得意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school、

I would rather stay here than go home、 = I would stay here rather than go home、

典型例题

---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?

----Which ___ do?

A、 do you rather

B、 would you rather

C、 will you rather

D、 should you rather

答案B。本题考查情态动词rather得用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句, would 提前,所以选B。

11 will与would

注意:

1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。

Would you like to go with me?

2)Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义得请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不就是any。

Would you like some cake?

3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you就是一种委婉语气。

Won't you sit down?

12 情态动词得回答方式

问句肯定回答否定回答

Need you…? Yes, I must、No,I needn't

Must you…? /don't have to、

典型例题

1)---Could I borrow your dictionary?

---Yes, of course, you____、

A、 might

B、 will

C、 can

D、 should

答案C、could表示委婉得语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定得语气,允许某人做某事时,用can与 may来表达,不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should 与you 连用,用来提出劝告。

2)---Shall I tell John about it?

---No, you ___、 I've told him already、

A、 needn't

B、 wouldn't

C、 mustn't

D、 shouldn't

答案A。needn't 不必,不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会得。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要,不必得意思,应用needn't。

3)---Don't forget to e to my birthday party tomorrow、

---______、

A、 I don't

B、I won't

C、 I can't

D、 I haven't

答案B、will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。

13 带to 得情态动词

带to 得情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。它们得疑问,否定形式应予以注意:

Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?

She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen、

You ought not to have told her all about it、

Ought he to see a heart specialist at once、?

ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其她得词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。

典型例题

Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm、

A、have told

B、tell

C、be telling

D、 having told

答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密得动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词ought to 后,所以用 have。

14 比较need与dare

这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句与条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面得不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面得to 时常可以被省略。

1) 实义动词: need (需要, 要求)

need + n、 / to do sth

2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。

Need you go yet?

Yes, I must、 / No, I needn't、

3) need 得被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动:

need doing = need to be done

练习:

1、 He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy、

A、 might have given

B、 might give

C、 may have given

D、 may give

2、 Jenny______ have kept her word、 I wonder why she changed her mind、

A、 must

B、 should

C、 need

D、 would

3、、 -Could I borrow your dictionary?

-Yes, of course you_________

A、 might

B、 will

C、 can

D、 should

4、 I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her、

A、 had to write it out

B、 must have written it out

C、 should have written it out

D、 ought to write it out

5、—Shall I tell John about it?

—No, you ______ 、 I've told him already、

A、 needn't

B、 wouldn't

C、 mustn't

D、 shouldn't

6、─There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well、

─ It______ a fortable journey、

A、 can't be

B、 shouldn't be

C、 mustn't have been

D、 couldn't have been

7、 It's nearly seven o'clock、 Jack______ be here at any moment、

A、 must

B、 need

C、 should

D、 can

8、、When he was there, he______ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work

every day、

A、 would

B、 should

C、 had better

D、 might

9、、Sir, you _____ be sitting in this waiting room、 It is for women and children only、

A、 oughtn't to

B、 can't

C、 won't

D、 needn't

10、 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out、

A、 had to

B、 would

C、 could

D、 was able to

11、 --When can I e for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon、

--They _____be ready by 12:00、

A、 can

B、 should

C、 might

D、 need

12、、--I stayed at a hotel while in New York、

--Oh, did you? You_ ____with Barbara、

A、 could have stayed

B、 could stay

C、 would stay

D、 must have stayed

13、－Will you stay for lunch?

－Sorry,＿＿＿＿＿ ,My brother is ing to see me、

A、 I mustn't

B、I can't

C、 I needn't

D、I won't

14、 Sorry I'm late、 I ______ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again、

A、 might

B、 should

C、 can

D、 will

15、 I should have been there, but I _______ not find the time、

A、 would

B、 could

C、 might

D、 should

16、 My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he ___ your lecture、

A、 couldn't have attended

B、 needn't have attended

C、 mustn't have attended

D、 shouldn't have attended

17、 --- Are you ing to Jeff's party?

--- I'm not sure、 I ________go to the concert instead、

A.must

B.would

C.should

D.might

18、 Mr、 Bush is on time for everything、 How _________ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?

A.can

B.should

C.may

D.must

19 He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ________ a goal、

A.had scored

B.scored

C.would score

D.would have scored

20、—Write to me when you get home、

—_________

A.I must

B.I should

C.I will

D.I can

21、 I was really anxious about you、 You _____ home without a word、

A、 mustn't leave

B、 Shouldn't have left

C、 Couldn't have left

D、 needn't leave

22、 Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I______ so much fried chicken just now、

A、 shouldn’t cut

B、 mustn’t have eaten

C、 shouldn’t have eaten

D、 mustn’t eat

23、 --I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter、

--It _____ be true because there was little snow there、

A may not be

B won’t be

C couldn’t be

D mustn’t be

24、 It has been announced that candidates_____ remain in their seats until all the papers have

been collected、

A can

B will

C may

D shall

25、 A left-luggage office is a place where bags ______ be lefe for a short time, especially

in a railway station、

A、 should

B、 can

C、 must

D、 will

26、 --- I don't mind telling you what I know、

--- You 、 I'm not asking you for it、

A.mustn't B、 may not C、 can't D、 needn’t

27、 I often see lights in that empty house、 Do you think I _____ report it to the police?

A、 should

B、 may

C、 will

D、 can

28、 Mr、White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up、

A、 should have arrived

B、 should arrive

C、 should have had arrived

D、 should be arriving

29、 You ______ be tired - you've only been working for an hour、

A、 must not

B、 won' t

C、 can' t

D、 may not

30、— Who is the girl standing over there ?

— Well , if you know , her name is Mabel、

A、 may

B、 can

C、 must

D、 shall

Keys:

1-5 ABCCA 6-10 DCAAD

11-15 BABAB 16-20 ADADC

21-25 BCCDB 26-30 DAACC

被动语态

语态(Voice),作为一个语法范畴,就是表示主语与动词之间得主动或被动关系得动词行式。英语动词有两种语态:主动语态(Active Voice)与被动语态(Passive Voice)。当主语为动作执行者即施动者时,动词用主动态;如果主语就是动作得承受者即受动者时,动词便用被动态。例如:

(1) John helped Peter、

(2) Peter was helped by John、

句(1) helped就是主动态;句(2)was helped就是被动态,可见主动态就是无标记得,而被动态就是有标记得。

构成

被动语态由助动词be得时态之一与及物动词得过去分词构成。被动语态可用于各种时态,其时态变化通过助动词be得不同形式来体现。如:一般现在时得被动态构成形式为助动词am/is/are + 过去分词;而一般过去时得被动态构成形式为was/were + 过去分词。本册要掌握得被动语态形式有:

一般现在时:am/is/are + 过去分词

e、g、 Football is played all over the world、

I’m often asked to do this work、

我常常被派做这项工作。

一般过去时:was/were +过去分词

e、g、 The terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near Xi’an、

They were discovered by workers in a field outside the city、

When was the building pleted?

这座大楼什么时候建成得？

一般将来时:will (shall) + be +过去分词

be going to + be + 过去分词

e、g、 The result of the exam will be known soon、

They are going to be given a difficult test、

一般过去将来时:should(would) be+过去分词

e、g、 The teacher said the results would be published soon、

He told me that the film would be shown the next week、

现在进行时:am/is/are + being +过去分词

e、g、 The new airport is being built by a foreign pany、

一家外国公司正在承建这座新机场。

The song is being sung by the girls now、

过去进行时:was/were being+过去分词

e、g、 The song was being sung by the girls when I got there、

The student was being criticized when I went into the

teacher’s office、

将来完成时:will have been+过去分词

e、g、 By the end of next term 2000 English words will

have been learned、

The building will have been built by next year、

现在完成时:has/have + bee n +过去分词

e、g、 All the tickets have been sold 、

The book has been translated into many languages、

这本书已被译成多种语言。

过去完成时:had been+过去分词

e、g、 Forty schools had been visited by last year、

All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema、

过去将来完成时:would have been+过去分词

e、g、 He said many words would have been learned by 2001、

They promised that ten books would have been published

by the next month、

情态动词:情态动词 + be + 过去分词

e、g、 This road must be mended、

The machine parts may be needed in our work、

工作中可能需要这些机器零部件。

动词不定式:to be + 过去分词

e、g、 I’m glad to be asked questions、

It is impossible for lost time to be made up、

失去得时间不可弥补。

主要用法

被动态常用于下列几种场合:

1.当不知道或不必提出动作得执行者时(这时都不带由by引起得短语);

Printing was introduced into Europe from China、

印刷术就是从中国引入欧洲得。

The airplane was made in U、S、

Such books are written for children、这种书就是为儿童写得。

2、动作得承受者就是谈话得中心(这时可带有由by引起得短语);

The song was posed by a student、

这首歌曲就是一个学生谱写得。

Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country、

3、出于礼貌措词等原因而不愿说出动作执行者就是谁。

You are requested to get here in time、

请您准时来这儿。

带行为主体得被动态

行为主体就就是动作得执行者,即执行动词所表达得动作得人或物。在被动句中,往往不提及行为主体;但当强调动作得执行者时,可用介词by引出行为( by +主体行为主体),置于被动态句得末尾,说明就是什么人或物应对有关事件负责。

e、g、 The village was destroyed by a bomb、

这个村庄毁于炸弹。

The painting is very valuable、 It was painted by Van Gogh、

这幅画很值钱,它就是梵·高画得。

其它用法补充

1、“It + 被动语态+ that 从句”。表示谨慎或不太肯定得语气。常用于该结构得动词有:say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。

e、g、 It is said that prices will rise again this month、

据说本月物价还将上涨。

It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year、

据认为每年约有一百条狗出生。

It is reported that all the passengers died in the crash、

据报导所有乘客在那次飞机坠毁中遇难。

It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year、

2、用于通告标题广告等得被动态往往省去助动词be。

e、g、 No Chinese spoken here、

Shoes repaired、

Famous Painting Stolen、名画被盗。

练习:

1、_____ a new library _____ in our school last year?

A、Is; built

B、Was; bulit

C、Does; build

D、Did; build

2、An accident ____ on this road last week、

A、has been happened

B、was happened

C、is happened

D、happened

3、Cotton ____ in the southeast of China、

A、is grown

B、are grown

C、grows

D、grow

4、So far,the moon ____ by man already、

A、is visited

B、will be visited

C、has been visited

D、was visited

5、A talk on Chinese history _____ in th school hall next week、

A、is given

B、has been given

C、will be given

D、gives

6、A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now、

A、are doing

B、are being done

C、has been done

D、will be done

7、The doctor _____ for yet、

A、isn't sent

B、hasn't been sent

C、won't be sent

D、wasn't sent

8、--When ___ this kind of puters______? --Last year、

A、did; use

B、was; used

C、is; used

D、are; used

9、Who _____ this book _____?

A、did; written

B、was; written by

C、did; written

D、was;written

10、Mary ____ show me her new dictionary、

A、has asked to

B、was asked to

C、is asked

D、asks to

11、A story _____ by Granny yesterday、

A、was told us

B、was told to us

C、is told us

D、told us

12、The monkey was seen _____ off the tree、

A、jump

B、jumps

C、jumped

D、to jump

13、Older people ____ well、

A、looks after

B、must be looked after

C、must look after

D、looked after

14、Our teacher ______ carefully、

A、should be listened to

B、should be listen

C、be listened

D、is listened

15、 In some part of the world, tea _______ with milk and sugar、

A、 is serving

B、 is served

C、 serves

D、 served

16、 It was reported that the murderer _______ arrested、

A、 has been

B、 had been

C、 has

D、 had

17、 Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year?

A、 would be pleted

B、 will be pleted

C、 had been pleted

D、 is being pleted

18、 Great changes _______ in China since the People’s Republic of China _______ in 1949、

A、 have taken place; was founded

B、 has taken place; was founded

C、 have been taken place; founded

D、 took place; founded

19、—Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy? —She has _______ by her classmates、

A、 laughed

B、 laughed at

C、 been laughed

D、 been laughed at

20、 Doctors _______ in every part of the world、

A、 need

B、 are needing

C、 are needed

D、 will need

21、 I promise that matter will _______、

A、 be taken care

B、 be taken care of

C、 take care

D、 take care of

22、 No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building、

A、 been given

B、 given

C、 to give

D、 be given

23、 I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer、

A、 gave

B、 was given

C、 was giving

D、 had given

24、 Can such a thing _____ happening again?

A、 prevent from

B、 prevented from

C、 be prevented from

D、 to prevent from

25、 A new house ________ at the corner of the road、

A、 is building

B、 is being built

C、 been built

D、 be building

26、 This bike ________ last year、

A、 bought

B、 has been bought

C、 was bought

D、 had been bought

27、 Did you see the house that _______ by fire last year?

A、 was destroying

B、 destroyed

C、 would destroy

D、 was destroyed

28、 It _______ whether she will get her work in the hospital、

A、 hasn’t been decided

B、 isn’t deciding

C、 doesn’t decide

D、hasn’t decided

29、 The pen _______ me、 It is hers、

A、 isn’t belong to

B、 wasn’t belong to

C、 doesn’t belong to

D、didn’t belong to

30、 I can’t use my bike because it _______、

A、 is repairing

B、 is being repaired

C、 will repair

D、 was repairing

31、 The chairman told the speaker that she ______ to speak a little louder so as to make herself _____、

A、 was expected; heard

B、 had expected; hear 、 had hoped; hear D、was hoped; heard

32.— The window is dirty、

— I know、 It _____ for weeks、

A、 hasn’t cleaned

B、 didn’t clean

C、 wasn’t cleaned

D、 hasn’t been cleaned

33、 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _______ in Beijing、 (2003上海春季, 27)

A、would be pleted

B、was being pleted

C、has been pleted

D、had been pleted

34、—How long _______ at this job?

—Since 1990、

A、were you employed

B、 have you been employed

C、had you been employed

D、will you be employed

35、—What happened to the priceless works of art?

—_______、

A、They were destroyed in the earthquake

B、The earthquake was destroying them

C、They destroyed in the earthquake

D、The earthquake destroyed them

36、 This is Ted’s photo、We miss him a lot、He _______ trying to save a child in the earthquake、

A、killed

B、is killed

C、 was killed

D、was killing

37、 Rainforests and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in

the near future、

A、cut

B、are cut

C、are being cut

D、had been cut

38、 Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _______ so rapidly、

A、is changing

B、has changed 、will have changed D、will change

39、 Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes、

A、lose

B、will be lost

C、are lost

D、will lose

40、 A new cinema _______ here、They hope to finish it next month、

A、will be built

B、is built

C、has been built

D、is being built

Keys:

1-5 BDACC 6-10 BBBBB 11-15 BDBAB 16-20 BBADC

21-25BABCB 26-30CDACB 31-35ADDBA 36-40CCABD