现代英语语法第一章讲解 自考本科段
Chapter One---An Overview 第一章概述
Chapter Outline 章节大纲
1.0 Introduction 介绍
1.1 English Grammars 英语语法
1.2 Terminology 术语
1.3 Morphemes 词素
1.4 Words 单词
1.5 Phrase(NP,VP,AP,AdvP, PP) 短语
1.6 Clauses(Subject and Predicate; Clause patterns) 分句(主语和谓语；分句类型）
1.7 Sentences(Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences, Statements, Commands, Questions and Exclamations)
句子（简单句，复合句和复杂句，陈述句，祈使句，问句和感叹句）1.8 The Text 文章
1.9 Summary总结
1.0 Introduction
De Montaigne states” the greater part of this world’s troubles are due to the questions of grammar”德蒙田说：“世界上大部分的麻烦都是由于语法问题造成的。”
2 tasks in this Chapter: 本章任务
A.English grammar: a historically overview 英语语法：历史概述
B.Grammar terminologies: revision and explanation B、语法术语：修订与解释
1.1English grammars 英语语法
16th century: Starting 16世纪：起始
William Bullokar(1586) Bref Grammar for English 威廉布洛卡（1586）英语语法简介
19th century: Developing 19世纪：发展
900 related books published: 出版900本相关书籍
The People’s grammar: English Grammar Difficulties for the Million(Shelley, 1848)
《人民的语法：百万人的英语语法困难》（雪莱，1848）
A grammar of the English Language : In a series of Letters( Cobbett, 1948)
英语语法：在一系列字母中（科贝特，1948）
概念：The body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language.
描述英语表达结构的规则体。
Descriptive:描述性的：
Describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
描述和分析人们实际使用的语言。
Prescriptive:规定性的：
Aims to lay down rules for “correct behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should day and what they should not say. 旨在制定“正确行为”的规则，即告诉人们应该说什么，不应该说什么。
1.2Terminology 术语
Grammar: Morphology and Syntax 语法：词法和句法
Sentence: 句子：
Traditional view: the expression of a complete thought
传统观点：完整思想的表达
Modern view: the largest unit to which a grammatical structure can be assigned(internal structure)现代观点：一个语法结构能被指定的最大单位（内部结构）
From semantic point of view, morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements.从语义的角度看，语素是最小的有意义的成分。
For example: boys(2 morphemes: boy+s)例如：boys(2 个词素：boy+s)
From the macro-grammatical point of view: 从宏观语法角度：
A Sentence A sentence consist of one or more clauses
A Clause A clause consist of one or more phrases
A Phrase A phrase consist of one or more words
A Word A word consist of one or more morphemes
A Morpheme
1.3Morphemes 词素
Unmentionables
Un-- a meaning of negation（否定的意思）
mention various word forms（各种词形）
-able have the ability to （有能力做）
-s plurality（复数）
None of these segments can be further divided onto smaller segments function in the same way as they do. So: un-mention-able-s(4 morphemes total)这些片段中没有一个可以进一步划分为更小的片段，它们的功能与它们相同。所以，un-mention-able-s（总共4个词素）
From the semantic point of view, morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements.从语义的角度看，语素是最小的有意义的成分。
1.4 Words 词汇
Words are classified in terms of the environment where they occur, their internal structure and their meaning.词汇是根据它们出现的环境、它们的内部结构和意义来分类的。
Open class: lexical/form 开放性：词汇/形式
Determined by three criteria: meaning, form and function 由三个标准决定：意义、形式和功能
(1) I will book a ticket online.
(2)
I love this book .
Closed class: Grammatical/function 封闭类：语法/功能
1.5 Phrases 短语
1.5.1the noun phrase 名词短语
NP----(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S) 名词短语---（限定词）（形容词）名词（介词短语）（句子）Shakespeare wrote the play. N
The Indians spoke their own language. Det.+N
Real life is not a romantic comedy. Adj.+N
My neighbor is a noisy person. Det.+Adj.+N
She is too short to reach the book on the top shelf. Det.+N+PP
The girl sitting on my left is my sister. Det.+N+PP
This is the best film i have ever seen. Det.+Adj.+N+S
1.5.2the verb phrase 动词短语
VP--V(NP)(PP)(S) 动词短语--动词（名词短语）（介词短语）（句子）John runs. V
She bought a skirt yesterday.V+NP+PP
Even experts can make mistakes. V+NP
I have never been there. V+PP
1.5.3The adjective phrase 形容词短语
AP---A(PP)(S)形容词短语--形容词（介词短语）（句子）
She looks pale. Adj.
I am curious. Adj.
I am curious of the results. Adj.+PP
I am curious that no one was there. Adj.+S
The game was very exciting. Adv.+Adj.
I do not find the language difficult to learn. Adj.+infinitive
I was a bsolutely desperate to see her.
1.5.4the adverb phrase 副词短语
AdvP----(Pre M) Adv(PostM) 副词短语--（前修饰词）副词（后修饰词）He does not work hard.
He does not work very hard.
He does not work hard enough.
He does not work very hard indeed.
1.5.5the prepositional phrase 介词短语
PP--P+NP 介词短语---介词+名词短语
I went home after the English class.
There are a lot of people in the office.
You can not go on well in life until you let go of your past failure and heartaches.
Fixed collocations: 固定搭配
Before long, until now, since then, at last, at once, at worst, by far. Another PP 其它介词短语
He did not come back until after three.
He drew out a sword from under the bed.
1.6Clauses 分句
A clause consists of one or more phrases. 分句由一个或多个短语构成Logical: subject and predicate 逻辑：主语和谓语
Grammatical: the main clause and the subordinate (nominal, relative, adverbial)语法：主句和从句（名词性从句、关系从句、状语从句）
1.6.1 subject and predicate 主语和谓语
Subject: what is being discussed/ the theme/ something new主题: 正在讨论的/主题/新的东西
Predicate: being said about a subject.谓语：关于主语的陈述
For instance:例如：
The dog chased the boy.
It is raining.
1.6.2 Clause patterns 分句类型
5 clause elements:5种要素
Subject(S)主语
Verb(V) 谓语
Object(O)宾语
Complement(C) 补语
Adverbial(A) 状语
Turning into 7 basic clause patterns 转化为7种基本句型1.SV 主+谓
The baby is crying.
Children do not bully.
2. SVC 主+谓+补
He is innocent.
The result was disappointing.
3 SVO 主+谓+宾
She bought a book.
Pop star Lady Gaga has revealed her new album.
4 SVOO主+谓+间宾+直宾
He gave her a rose. He gave a rose to her.
You have rendered me a service.
5 SVOC主+谓+宾+宾补
All of us believed him innocent.
Her fatness rendered him unable to touch his toes.
6 SVA 主+谓+状语
They live in Los Angles.
The famous couple is laughing all the way to the bank.
7 SVOA 主+谓+宾状
He put the coin in his mouth.
T hey will expand the business somewhere down the road.
1.7Sentences 句子
A sentences consist of one or more clauses. 句子包含一个或多个分句。Simple, compound, complex 简单句，并列句，复合句
Different function:不同功能
Statement 陈述句
Question疑问句
Command祈使句
Exclamation感叹句
1.7.1simple, compound and complex sentences简单句，并列句，复合句Simple sentence: consist of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentences.简单句：由一个包含主语和谓语的小句组成，独立成句子。
They can structurally dependently as complete statements.它们在结构上可以依赖于完整的语句。
Compound sentence: contains two clauses jointed by a linking work
called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. So it is also called coordinate sentence.并列句：包含两个由连词连接的分句，称为并列连词，如and，but，or。所以也叫并列句。
For examples:
John is reading a linguistics book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam.
Each clause is separable from the other and can stand on its own as a structurally independent sentence.每一个从句都是可分离的，可以作为一个结构独立的句子独立存在。
Complex sentence: contains two, or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. That is, the two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.复合句：包含两个或多个从句，其中一个从句并入另一个从句。也就是说，复句中的两个从句处于不同的地位，一个从句从属于另一个从句。
The incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause.包含或从属子句通常称为嵌入子句，嵌入它的子句称为矩阵子句。For example:
Mary told Jane that John liked linguistics.
For complex sentences:针对复合句
1 an embedded clause factions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause. 从句作为主句的一个语法单位
2 most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a subordinator, such as that, if, for, until, after, before.大多数从句都需要一个称为从属词的引导词，例如if、for、until、after、before。
3 an embedded clause may not function as a grammatical well-formed sentence if it stands independently as a simple sentence unless its form changes.如果一个从句不改变其形式，它就不能作为一个语法结构良好的句子独立地作为一个简单的句子。
Social role of language and communicative functions:语言的社会作用和交际功能：
1 statement 陈述句
John is taller than any other student in the class.
2 command祈使句
Keep your moth closed.
3 question 疑问句
What is your name?
4 exclamation感叹句
What a fine day!
Sentence grammar: sentence is the largest linguistic unit and morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements.句子语法：句子是最大的语言单位，语素是最小的有意义成分
1.8the text 文章
Look at this two sentences, which one is making more sense to you?
1 English has a lot of words borrowed from French. I have not heard from my brother for a long time. My dog barks a lot at night.
2 English has a lot of word borrowed from French. But i do no t think it has a larger vocabulary. Nor do I believe it is a more difficult language. (1but is a transitional word presupposing a contrasting preceding sentence.
(2 it derives its interpretation from English.
(3 Vocabulary is a synonym for words.
(4it has a larger vocabulary is an elliptical sentence that presupposes French in the preceding sentence as the compared item.
(5 nor is a transitional word indication parallel structure.
(6 language refers to English to avoid verbatim repetition.
(7...it is a more difficult language is also an elliptical sentence presupposing French in the first sentence as the compared item. Cohesive ties:help to put them together in a coherent sequence.
When sentences come together in a coherent way to convey a complete message, we have a text. 衔接词：帮助把它们按连贯的顺序放在一起。当句子以连贯的方式表达一个完整的信息时，我们就有了文本。
1.9Summary 总结
1)Bref Grammar for English, the first English grammar was written by William Bullokar in 16th century.《英语语法简介》，第一部英语语法是由威廉·布洛卡在16世纪写的。
2)Grammar can be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or else it may cover certain parts of a description.语法可以是对语言句子的形式和意义的完整描述，也可以包括描述的某些部分。
3)Syntax is concerned with the way words combine to form sentences while morphology is related to the form of words. 句法关系到词组合成句子的方式，而词法关系到词的形式。
4)Morphemes, word, phrases, clauses are the basic grammatical units of the English sentence.4）语素、词、短语、从句是英语句子的基本语法单位。
5)Syntactically, there are four sentence types: statements, commands, questions and exclamations in relation to their communicative functions. 5）在句法上，有四种句子类型：陈述句、命令句、疑问句和感叹句。
2007年4月全国自考现代英语语法试题和答案
2007年4月全国自考现代英语语法试题和答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共21小题，每小题1分，共21分） to bed until 1. The general sent out word that no one in the bunker further orders.【】 A. will go B. would go C. was about to go D. was to go 答案：D 2. He violin when I want to sleep.【】 A. always plays B. play always C. is always playing D. always is playing 答案：C until yesterday.【】 3. James has just arrived,but I didn＇t know he A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes 答案：B everything else.【】 4. I only called the police when I A. tried B. was trying C. had tried D. had been trying 答案：C .【】 5. Mother wished I you what she A. didn＇t tell; said B. didn＇t tell; has said C. didn＇t tell; had said D. hadn＇t told; said 答案：D 6. Jean Wagner＇s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.【】
完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
现代英语语法 历年真题汇总2(打印版)
动词部分（第5,6,7,8章） 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1.2010040 2. My train is going to arrive at Shanghai at about eight o’clock tonight. The plane I’d like to take from there ______ by then. ( ) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2.2010040 3. The young man who has applied for the post ______ in the general manager’s office.( ) A. is interviewing B. is being interviewed C. to be interviewed D. had been interviewed 3.2010040 4. It is essential that all the exam papers ______ back before the end of the term. ( ) A. must be sent B. are sent C. will be sent D. be sent 4.2010040 5. ______ for my illness, I would have got the job in the Disneyland. ( ) A. Not being B. Without being C. Had it not been D. Not having been 5.2010040 6. The car ahead of me suddenly stopped by the roadside. I think it ______ out of gas.( ) A. may run B. may have run C. must run D. should have run 6.2010040 7. The teacher won’t mind ______ the term paper. ( ) A. us to delay handing in B. our delaying handing in C. our delaying to hand in D. us delay to hand in 7.20100408. All the tasks ______ ahead of time, they decided to have a dinner party to celebrate.( ) A. have been finished B. had been finished C. having been finished D. were finished. 8.20100702. It seems that oil ____ from the tank for some time. We’ll have to take the oil tank apart to see what's wrong. （） A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking 9.20100703. A great deal of research _____ into the possible cures to AIDS in recent years.（） A. is done B. was done C. has been done D. will be done 10.20100704. Gone ____ when the Chinese people had to struggle to make a living and to worry about lack of food all day. （） A. the days B. are the days C. have the days D. the days have 11.20100705. Sometimes I wish I ____ extraordinary power to make all the impossible possible.（） A. have B. had C. have had D. am having 12.20100706. I've tried several times today, but the line is always busy; someone ____ the telephone. （） A. should be using B. must have been using C. must have used D. must be using 13.20100707. It's no use ______ the result of the exam; it's already finished. （） A. worrying about B. to worry about C. to worrying about D. having worried about 14.20100708. With so much noise outside, the speaker had to raise his voice to have himself____.（） A. hear B. heard C. to be heard D. to hear 15.20110402. The child ought to have a rest; she ______ the piano for nearly three hours. ( ) A. had practiced B. is practicing C. has been practicing D. practices
英语语法基本基础知识——时态
英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为：“时”(time) 和“体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来 体分为：一般（在某个时间点）， 进行（延续某个时间段）， 完成（完成某个时间段） 完成进行（延续某个完成的时间段） 如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。 注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。 下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。 一．一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时 间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格，特征，能力。 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。
The sun rises in the east. 二．一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用 She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三．一般将来时 表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。 The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomorrow. 四．过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五．现在进行时 表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。 I’m doing some washing. What are you doing? 六．过去进行时 在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。 I was working in my office at eight o’clock yesterday evening. He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七．将来进行时 在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon? （明天下午三点你将在做什么哪） 八．现在完成时 表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语since 1987，for 10 hours , by the last year相连。 My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have not seen her since 1991. 九．过去完成时 在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。 He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.
2010年4月全国自考现代英语语法真题与答案
2010年4月全国自考现代英语语法真题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1:参考答案：A 试题内容：That definition leaves___for disagreement. A:much roomB:a small roomC:many roomsD:a big room 2:参考答案：B 试题内容：My train is going to arrive at Shanghai at about eight o’clock tonight. The plane Id like to take from there___by then. A:would leaveB:will have leftC:has leftD:had left 3:参考答案：B 试题内容：The young man who has applied for the post___in the general managers office. A:is interviewingB:is being interviewedC:to be interviewedD:had been Interviewed 4:参考答案：D 试题内容：It is essential that all the exam papers ______ back before the end of the term. A:must be sentB:are sentC:will be sentD:be sent 5:参考答案：C 试题内容：___for my illness, I would have got the job in the Disneyland. A:Not beingB:Without beingC:Had it not beenD:Not having been 6:参考答案：B 试题内容：The car ahead of me suddenly stopped by the roadside. I think it___out of gas. A:may runB:may have runC:must runD:should have run 7:参考答案：B 试题内容：The teacher won’t mind___the term paper. A:us to delay handing inB:our delaying handing inC:our delaying to hand inD:us delay to hand in 8:参考答案：C 试题内容：All the tasks___ahead of time, they decided to have a dinner party to celebrate. A:have been finishedB:had been finishedC:having been finishedD:were Finished 9:参考答案：A 试题内容：What he has done is___what I have done. A:superior toB:more superior toC:superior thanD:more superior than 10:参考答案：B 试题内容：Mary earns___as Jane does, but she spends less money on cosmetics than Jane. A:twice so muchB:twice as muchC:as much twiceD:so much twice 11:参考答案：C 试题内容：We’ll discuss a___issue before we move on to the problem of our major concern. A:lessB:moreC:lesserD:most12:参考答案：A
自考现代英语语法第三章翻译
现代英语语法 第三章名词、代词和数 3.0引言 简单来说，名词就是表示一个人地点事物事件或者想法的名字的词。名词是语言的重要组成部分，由名词作为主要构成要素的表达，比如a knockout,honesty和the possibility都叫做名词词组，每个名词词组有一个关键成分叫做中心词。（knockout,honesty,possibility），前面还有一个附属成分叫修饰语（a,the） 名词词组可根据外部功能和内部结构来进行分类。 典型的名词词组的结构如下，括号里的部分可能会出现，但并不是一定出现。 （前置修饰语+）中心词（+后置修饰词）。 名词词组的中心词很明显是名词或代词，可带有前置修饰语或后置修饰词，修饰语可为从字到句子的各种不同的层次，如： they people the people the old people people old and sick people in hospital all the sick people in hospital people to receive treatment people receiving treatment people who are receiving treatment etc. 在英语的实际应用中，名词词组结构的变化要受某些因素如中心词的词性、修饰词的结构及修饰词顺序的影响。 就功能而言，名词词组主要可以做主语，宾语，补语和修饰语，有的名词词组甚至可以做状语： The whole building is on fire.（主语）整个大楼都着火了。 I sold my car to my neighbour.（宾语）我把车卖给了我的邻居。 The lump in my chest has melted as I think about her display of love.（主语；宾语）一想到她的爱，我不再哽咽了。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.（主语补语）患难见真情。 You can call me John.（宾补）你可以叫我约翰。 I don't mind if you do it after school.（介词补语）我不介意你放学后是不是干这件事。 He rides a mountain bike.（修饰语）他骑了一辆山地自行车。 He was here yesterday,I'm sure.（状语）我肯定他昨天在这儿。 3.1名词分类 名词有各种各样的分类，可分为具体名词和抽象名词，也可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，还可以分为有生命的名词和无生命的名词。 名词可以根据意思和形式分类，根据意思，名词可以分为两类，专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是特定的人，地点或者事物的名称，拼写时首字母大写，普通名词则是一类人，事物或者抽象的想法的统称，普通名词又可以进一步的划分为个体名词，集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词。从形式上看，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数，并可以与数字连用，带有限定词，而不可数名词则是只有一种形式的名词，使用时可以不带限定词。
自考现代英语语法学习笔记--名词和名词短语
名词和名词短语（2） 限定词和属格 4.1 限定词 Determiner 在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。 Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification of a noun phrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word. 限定词和形容词区别 Difference between Determiner and Adjective 1.前置限定, 限定词在形容词前面.Determiner usually precede adj. in pre-modification. 2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。The choice of Determiner is determined by the head word but not that of adj. 3.形容词表明中心词的特征，而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。Adj. describe the head word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by identifying or quantifying. 4.形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。 Adj. can post-modify the head word but not Determiner. 5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few, little, many much 外) 。 Adj. has comparative form but not Determiner （except few, little, many much ）. 4.1.2 Co-occurrence of Determiners Determiner may co-occurrence in the pre-modification of a noun phrase: two or more determiner may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes a fixed position , we identify their relative positions in the case of co-occurrence. 定义 考点1 定义
初中英语语法知识—形容词的基础测试题及答案解析
一、选择题 1．Susan never gets upset when she has to wait in line. She is very ______ . A．shy B．honest C．funny D．patient 2．I looked at a few printers, and among them the one from China was ________ to use. A．easy B．easier C．easiest D．the easiest 3．- Do you like the western food, Li Li? - No, I think Chinese food is______ than that of western countries. A．more delicious B．the most delicious C．not as delicious D．much delicious 4．Mother’s Day ______ we are looking forward to is coming. We are going to write a lett er to our mothers in order to show our best love and thank for their_____ care for us. A．which, 15-year B．when, 15 years’C．that, 15-years 5．Choice is life’s ________ gift. It is the ability to choose some actions from a set of things to achieve a goal. A．greater B．greatest C．the greatest 6．All of us are ______ about the ______ news that Beijing will hold the Winter Olympics in 2022. A．excited; exciting B．exciting; excited C．excited; excite D．exciting; excite 7．—Sonia, do you think you are different from Linda? —Yes. I'm ______ at drawing than her. A．better B．good C．well D．best 8．—Judy, what do you think of your junior high school life? —I think it is one of ______ periods in my life. A．wonderful B．the most wonderful C．more wonderful 9．—I really like to watch the TV program I AM A SINGER. —Me, too. It’s one of the ________ TV programs I’ve ever seen. A．least boring B．least interesting C．most boring D．most interesting 10．A walk every day is enough to keep you healthy and in good shape． A．30-minute B．30-minutes C．30 minute's D．30-minutes' 11．Mr. Black’s memory is getting . As a result, he often leaves his keys at home. A．older B．poorer C．greater D．better 12．—How is your head teacher? —Our head teacher is _________ with us and we usually feel nervous in his lesson. A．kind B．pleased C．strict D．good 13．We've got a bedroom, if you'd like to stay.
自考英语语法
本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。 第一、方法篇 自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。 由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。 但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。 我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。 比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。 它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man. He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name. 你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。
2016年4月全国自考《现代英语语法》真题及详解
2016年4月全国自考《现代英语语法》真题 (总分100, 考试时间90分钟) 1. Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. The Niagara Falls_______long been a popular tourist destination, boosted by a number of movies. ( ) A have B having C had D haven't 答案:A 解析：山脉、瀑布、岛屿等地理名词常常被当作复数。这些名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，如the Alps，the highlands，the Himalayas，Niagara Falls等。答案为A。 2. There is nothing more wonderful in the world than swimming with a_______of fish around you. ( ) A sack B sheet C staff D school 答案:D 解析：本题考查单位名词。a school of fish一群(小)鱼，很多，a school of＝a lot of。答案为D。 3. There are stores on_______sides of the square. ( ) A both B every C each D all 答案:D 解析：the square(广场)是四面的，所以排除仅指两边的both。选项B和C后跟单数名词。答案为D。 4. You have not at all read my points carefully and_______the same mistakes. ( ) A continuously repeat B continuously repeated C are continuously repeating D continuously repeating 答案:C 解析：现在进行体和表示高频率的副词always，constantly，continually，continuously，all the time等连用时，失去了表示暂时性的语义含义，而经常被用来表示一种独特的习惯。答案为C。 5. Then you will come to a level plain, in which the Nile ____ round an island named Tachompso. ( ) A flows B flow C is flowing D flowing 答案:A 解析：表示客观事实用一般现在时。句意为：然后你会来到一个平坦的平原；在那里，尼罗河环绕一座名叫Tachompso的岛屿而流。答案为A。 6. He _______ hurt last year early in the playoffs and never came back. ( ) A got B were
英语语法知识详解
高中英语语法知识表解 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法：
三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上， 而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。 none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either
自考现代英语语法Chapter 4限定词和属格要点及翻译教学文稿
自考现代英语语法C h a p t e r4限定词和 属格要点及翻译
Chapter 4限定词和属格 Chapter 4限定词和属格 (2) 4限定词和属格.................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。 4.0引言 (2) 4.1.2限定词的同现 (4) 4.1.3限定词的用法 (4) 4.1.4冠词 (6) 4.2属格 (9) 4.2.1属格的形式 (9) 4.2.2属格与of词组 (10) 4.2.3集体属格 (10) 4.2.4地点属格 (11) 4.0引言 一个典型的名词词组的完整结构可以用教材的图4.1来分析。 在名词词组中，修饰语对中心词进行描述或者分类，而限定词和属格则在限定性、数量、所属等方面上进行了明确，二者有着同等的句法地位，都是名词词组的主要成分。 限定词介绍名词词组。大多数常见的限定词都是冠词（定冠词和不定冠词），名词所有格，指示代词，以及数词，等等。一些限定词也许会以特定的形式同时出现在一个名词词组中。限定词只出现在名词词组中，不会出现在其他任何类型的词组中。 's被定义为名词词组的属格。物主限定词都是曲折了's的属格形式，这里's应该要从更广泛的意义上来理解，而不仅仅是传统意义的所有格。 属格与of词组，或者双重属格都是用于区分事物，指示所属的。他们对名词词组的指示对象或功能进行分类。
我们首先会在4.1中解释限定词的用法和功能，然后在4.2中探讨属格。 4.1限定词 什么是限定词？限定词就是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。从功能上主要可分为两种，类指和特指限定词和数量限定词，它们都可以用作不定指和定指；限定词还可以根据出现的位置分为前位限定词，中位限定词和后位限定词。以前的语法不承认限定词，许多这方面的词都划分成形容词，但是限定词和形容词在许多方面不同； ⑴当限定词和形容词同时出现在名词词组中，通常的顺序是限定词在前，形容词在后。 ⑵限定词的选择受名词中心词类别的严格限制，而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制，但没有语法意义上的限制。 ⑶限定词对名词中心词表示确认或定量，而形容词作为前置修饰语则表示特征。 ⑷限定词通常只能前置，而形容词作为名词修饰语时，既可前置又可后置。 ⑸形容词有比较形式，如直接在形容词后加屈折词缀，或直接在词前加more而限定词没有。 4.1.1限定词的功能 限定词在名词词组中，主要起特指、类指或不定指数量的限定作用，都具有定指和不定指的意义。 一些限定词可根据上下文来决定，是表示类指、特指或数量。