外研版初一(下)英语语法

外研版初一(下)英语语法
外研版初一(下)英语语法

初一(下)语法

M1.

代词包括人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词、it用法。

其中人称代词的用法是重中之重,它包括主格和宾格,人称代词主格在句子充当主语;人称代词的宾格在句中充当动词、介词的宾语或表语。

第一人称第二人称第三人称主格I we you you he she they 宾格me us you you him her them

如:--Who is that boy?

--He is Tom.

物主代词的用法(表示所属关系,包括形容词性物主代词的用法和名词性物主代词的用法):

1.形容词性物主代词在句子中作定语修饰名词,不单独使用。

2.名词性物主代词常用来代替前面已提及的名词,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。

3.名词性物主代词可用在of后面作宾语,相当于“of+名词所有格”,表示带有部分概念或者

有一定的感情色彩。

物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称

形容词性物主代词my our your your her his its their

名词性物主代词mine ours yours yours hers his its theirs

如:--Whose bag is that?

--It is mine.

M2.

情态动词的特征:

(1)有一定的词义但不能单独作谓语,必须和行为动词或系动词连用,构成谓语。

(2)无人称和数的变化(have to例外,其第三人称单数形式为has to)。

如:We must stay here.

后接动词原形,即不带to的不定式。

如|:He may lose her way.

(4)具有助动词的作用,可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。

如:--Can you sing an English song?

--Yes,I can.

情态动词can 的用法:情态动词can 后面跟动词原形。它可以表示能力,译为“能,会”;可以表示怀疑、推测,译为“可能”;表示请求、允许,译为“可以”。本单元主语集中讲述can 的肯定、否定和疑问形式。

表示能力,译为“能,会”。

如:Can you play basketball?

表示怀疑、推测,译为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中。

如:Lucy can’t

be in the room.

表示请求、允许,译为“可以”,相当于may。

如:You can go now.

含有情态动词can 的肯定句变否定句时,直接在它后面加not;肯定句变一般疑问句时,把can提前即可。见下表:

肯定句主语+can+动词原形。。。

+动词原形。。。

否定句主语can’t

一般疑问句Can+主语+动词原形。。。?

肯定回答Yes,主语+can.

否定回答No,主语+can\t.

如:

My sister can sing.

sing.

My sister can’t

--Can your sister sing?

--Yes ,she can.

--No ,she can’t.

M3.

一般将来时:be gong to +动词原形

一、“be gong to +动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定的、很可能发生的事,或有

某种迹象表明要发生的事。如:

What are you going to do next week?

下周日你打算干什么?

Look at the dark clouds.There is gong to be a storm.

看那乌云,暴风雨就要来临了。

注意:在下面几种情况下只可用shall\will 表示将来,而不可用be going to 结构。

表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气地邀请或命令时。如:

Will you please lend me your bike?

请你把自行车借给我用一下好吗?

表示意愿时。如:

I’ll check this letter for you,if you want.

你要愿意,我会给你查查这封信的。

表示单纯的将来,与人的主管愿望和判断无关时。如:

The sun will rise at half past six tomorrow morning.

明天早上太阳将在6:30升起。

二、be going to 在句中一般用在其他动词之前。be 包括am\is\are。根据be 的句法要求,可以推断出be going to do sth 的否定形式和疑问形式,

见下表:

肯定否定一般疑问回答

I’mgoing to visit Beijing.I’mnot going to visit

Beijing.

Are you going to visit

Beijing?

Yes, I am.

No,I’m

not.

You are going to the park tomorrow.You are not going to the

park tomorrow.

Are you going to the park

tomorrow?

Yes,you are.

No,I’m

not.

He\She is going to buy some clothes.He\She is not going to buy

some clothes.

Is he\she going to buy

some clothes?

Yes,he\she is.

No,he\she isn’t.

It is going to rain.It is not going to rain.Is it going to rain?Yes,it is.

No,it isn’t.

We are going to have a picnic.We are not going to have a

picnic.

Are we going to have a

picnic?

Yes,we are.

No,we aren’t.

They are going to have a party.They are not going to have a

party.

Are they going to have a

party?

Yes,they are.

No,they aren’t.

其特殊疑问句形式是由特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成。如:--What are they going to do this evening?

--They are going to see a film.

--Where is he going to have his birthday party?

--At home.

M4.

一般将来时:will+do

表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,其结构是will+动词原形,常与表示将来的时间状语连

用,如tomorrow,next...,in a few days,in+一段时间,in+将来的年份等。如:

Will you be back in two days?

你将在两天之后回来吗?

They will leave for Shanghai next week.

他们下周将去上海。

当主语是I或we时,疑问句中一般使用shall,表示征求对方意见。如?

Where shall we meet tomorrow?

明天我们在哪里见面?

will表示的是一般将来时,本身没有人称和数的变化。下面将will的句式总结如下:肯定否定一般疑问回答

I will have many books.I will not (won’t)have

many books.Will I have many books?Yes,I will.

No,I won’t.

You will write a book.You will not (won’t)

write a book.Will you write a book?Yes,you will.

No,you won’t.

He\She will fly kites.He\She will not (won’t)

fly kites.Will he\she fly kites?Yes,he\she will.

No,he\she won’t.

It will happen.It will not (won’t)

happen.Will it happen?Yes,it will.

No,it won’t.

We will win.We will not (won’t) win.Will we win?Yes,we will.

No,we won’t. They will clean the room.They will not Will they clean the Yes,they will.

(won’t)clean the room.room?No,they won’t.

There will be a party.There will not (won’t) be

a party.Will there be a party?Yes,there will.

No,there won’t.

即:肯定句是:主语+will +动词原形

否定句是:主语+will not (won’t)+动词原形

一般疑问句是:Will +主语+动词原形?

M5.

特殊疑问句的用法

疑问句主要包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。单词意思用法

when什么时间问时间

who谁问人

whose谁的问主人

where在哪里问地点

which哪一个问选择

why为什么问原因

what什么问东西

what time什么时间问时间

what color什么颜色问颜色

what about…怎么样问意见

what day星期几问星期

what date什么日期问具体日期

what for为何目的问目的

how…怎么样问情况

how old多大问年龄

how many多少问数量

how much多少问价钱

how about…怎么样问意见

how far多远问路程

What can I do for you?

我能为你做什么?

What color does he like?

他喜欢什么颜色?

How much are they?

他们多少钱?

M6.

常用介词的基本用法

表示时间的常用介词

at多用于具体钟点前,如:at seven, at ten to nine;也可用于固定搭配中,如:at noon,at night。In表示一段时间,用于年、月、季节、或泛指的一天的上午、下午、晚上等前。如:in the morning,in summer,in 2016;还可用于表示“从现在起,多长时间以后或多久之后”的短语中。On主语用在星期几、具体某一天的早、中、晚或节日前。如:on June 1st, on Monday。after表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,用于过去时。如:

They finished the work after two years.

after 还可与时间点连用表示将来某个时间之后。如:

I’ll ring you up after two o’clock.

until与否定词连用,译为“直到。。。。。。才”,其前的谓语动词多用瞬间性动词;until用在肯定句中,译为“直到。。。。。。为止”,其前的谓语动词需用延续性动词。如:

I didn’t

leave until my mother came home.

before和after表示时间,分别译为“在。。。。。。之前”和“在。。。。。。之后”。如:

Please bring your homework before ten o’clock.

表示地点的介词

1.表示方位的in, on,to

in表示在某一地区之内;to表示在某一地区之外;on表示与某地的毗邻关系。如:

China is to the west of Japan.

over,above,on的用法

越过”“覆盖在上面”之意。

over有“正上方”“

above指在上方,不一定表示正上方。

on指在上面,表示两物体接触。

at,in,on的用法

at与较小的地点连用。如:at home

in与较大的地点连用。如:in the world

on表示在一个平面上。如:on the farm

in front of ,in the front of,before

in front of 表示“在。。。。。。的前部”(范围外)。如:

There are some trees in front of the classroom.

in the front of 表示“在。。。。。。的前部”(范围内)。如:

He stood in the front of the classroom.

before所表示的位置关系和in front of 相同,表示“在。。。。。。前面”。如:

He sits before me.

across,through

across和through都表示“穿过”。across着重指从一条直线或一物体表面的一边到另一边,表示游渡、乘船过海或过河时用across;through含有“从。。。。。。中间穿过”之意。如:

He can swim across the river.

She had to push her way through the crowed to get to her son.

on the left\right在左边右边

next to与。。。。。紧挨着

opposite在。。。。。。的对面

on the corner 在拐角处

between...and...在。。。和。。。之间

问路与指路

常见的相关表达方式有很多,例如:

Where is ......?

How can I get/go to ......?

Can you tell me the way to.....?

Can you show me the way to......?

Is there a ......near here?

Take the bus\underground.....

Go along ......and turn left\right

Go across......on the left\right.....opposite......

如:

--Excuse me ,can you tell me the way to Wangfujing Dajie?

--Certainly.Go across Dong Chang’an Jie,go along the street and turn left at the third street on the

left.

M7.

一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态、过去的特征、过去的行为等。和一

般过去时连用的时间状语有:last...\yesterday\....ago\in the past\the other day\at that time\just now\in 1990等。

如:I was born in 2000.

He went to the museum yesterday.

We climbed the mountain last week.

be动词在一般过去时中的变化:

am 和is在一般过去时中变为was;

are在一般过去时中变为were。

带有was或were的句子,其肯定、否定、疑问和回答方式的变化如下:

肯定否定一般疑问句回答

I was born in China.I was not (wasn’t)born in China Was I born in China?Yes,I was.

No,I was n’t.

You were busy last week.You were not(weren’t)busy

last

week.

Were you busy last

week?

Yes,you were.

No,you weren’t.

He\She was born in 1990.He\She was not born in 1990.Was he\she born in

1990?

Yes,he\she was.

No,he\she wasn’t.

It was a small school years ago.It was not(wasn’t)a small

school years ago.

Was it a small school

years ago?

Yes,it was.

No,it wasn’t.

We were good friends then.We were not(weren’t)good

friends then.

Were we good friends

then?

Yes,we were.

No,we weren’t.

They were in the city in 2000.They were not(weren’t)in the

city in 2000.

Were they in the city in

2000?

Yes,they were.

No,they weren’t.

M8.

一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态、过去的特征、过去的行为等。和一般过去时连用的时间状语有:last...\yesterday\....ago\in the past\the other day\at that time\just now\in 1990等。

如:I was born in 2000.

He went to the museum yesterday.

We climbed the mountain last week.

规则动词过去式的变化规则

变化规则原形过去式

一般动词词尾加-ed walk look walked looked

以“元音字母+一个辅音字母结

尾”的重读闭音节动词,双写辅

音字母再加-ed

stop step stopped stepped 以“辅音字母+y结尾”的动词,

y变为i,再加-ed

hurry marry hurried married

一般过去时的肯定、否定、疑问和回答方式的变化如下:

肯定否定一般疑问句回答

I started school at five.I didn’t(didn’t)start school at

five.Did I start school at five?Yes, I did.

No, I didn’t.

You took a walk this morning.You didn’t

(didn’t)take a walk

this morning.

Did you take a walk this

morning?

Yes, you did.

No, you didn’t.

He\She moved to He\She didn’t

(didn’t)move to Did he\she move to Yes, he\she did.

London.London.London?No, he\she didn’t. It rained heavily.It didn’t

(didn’t)rain

heavily.Did it rain heavily?Yes, it did.

No, it didn’t.

We played football yesterday.We didn’t

(didn’t)

play football

yesterday.

Did we play football

yesterday?

Yes, we did .

No, we didn’t.

They played basketball last week.They didn’t(didn’t)play

basketball last week.

Did they play basketball

last week?

Yes, they did.

No, they didn’t.

M9.

在前两个模块中我们主要学习了一般过去时的判定,be动词的用法和规则动词过去式的变化规则,本讲主要学习不规则动词的一般过去时用法。不规则动词过去式构成方式独特,因此需要特殊记忆。以下列举一些常用的不规则动词及其过去式。

be--was\were leave--left

buy--bought meet--met

come--came read--read

do--did see--saw

get--got spend--spent

go--went swim--swam

have--had write--wrote

take--took send--sent

bring--brought put--put

除了过去式的变化规则不同以外,不规则动词在肯定句、否定句、疑问句等各种句型中的使

用与规则动词相同。下面我们以spend,come,go,take,see,swim为例具体说明:肯定否定一般疑问句回答

I spent two days here.I didn’t

(didn’t)spend two days

here.Did you spend two days

here?

Yes,I did.

No,I didn’t.

You came here yesterday.You didn’t

(didn’t)come here

yesterday.

Did you come here

yesterday?

Yes,you did.

No,you didn’t.

He\She went to work He\She didn’t(didn’t)go to Did he\she go to work by Yes,he\she did.

by bus.work by bus.bus?No,he\she didn’t.

It took two hours to go there.It didn’t

(didn’t)take two hours

to go there.

Did it take two hours to

go there?

Yes,it did.

No,it didn’t.

We saw the famous film star.We didn’t(didn’t)s ee the

famous film star.

Did we see the famous

film star?

Yes,we did .

No,we didn’t.

They swam in the sea.They didn’t

(didn’t)swim in

the sea.Did they swim in the

sea?

Yes,they did.

No,they didn’t.

M10.

在前两个模块中我们主要学习了一般过去时的判定,一般过去时的肯定、否定、一般疑问句及其回答。本单元主要学习一般过去特殊疑问句的用法。

我们看下面的例句:

--When did he die?

--He died in 1900.

--How long did the rain last?

--It lasted four hours.

--Why did he come back late?

--Because he wanted to finished the work.

综上,我们发现一般过去时的特殊疑问句的用法与一般现在时的特殊疑问句在结构上没有太

大的差异,只是使用的助动词不同而已。

M11.

祈使句用来表达叮嘱、劝告、希望、禁止、请求或命令等。

祈使句的特点:

祈使句一般没有主语,说话的对象都是第二人称“你”或“你们”,所以也可以理解为省略了主语you。

以动词原形开头,无时态和数的变化。

祈使句的否定形式是在动词原形前加don’t

。有时可用never。

在表达请求时,可以加上please;表达比较强烈的语气时,可以用感叹号。

有时为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加上do,表示“务必,一定”。

例如:

Come in!

Be quiet!

worry.

Don’t

Sit down,please!

Do look out!

M12.

感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情色彩。感叹句

可以是一个单词、一个不定式短语、一个由短语构成的独立句,也可以是由what\how引导的句子,句末常用“!”。

1. what引导的感叹句

What+a\an+形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!

What a beautiful girl she is!

What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语!

What important jobs they have done!

What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!

What sweet water it is!

2. how引导的感叹句

How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!

How interesting the dog is!

How+形容词+a\an+可数名词单数形式+主语+谓语!

How useful a subject it is!

How+主语+谓语!

How time flies!

3. 一些特殊形式的感叹句

在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变为感叹句,表示某种强烈的感情。

He runs so fast!

用一个词或词组表达强烈感情的句子也是感叹句

Wonderful!

以there,here等副词开头的感叹句。

There he is!

选择疑问句

提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答时不能使用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。读选择疑问句时,语调一般是前升后降。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句

和特殊选择疑问句两种。

一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择部分?

--Do you like apples or bananas?

--I like apples.

特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句,+A or B?

--Which would you like better,tea or coffee?

--Coffee better.

2018-2019最新外研版七年级英语上册语法专题复习

外研版七年级英语(上)语法专题复习 一、一般现在时: 概念: 1.现在的状态,经常或习惯性的动作。 2.主语所具的性格和能力。 3.客观真理。 常用的时间状语:often(经常),usually(通常),sometimes(有时),always(总是),never(从不),on Sundays(在星期天),every day/month/year(每一天/月/年) 句型结构: (一)主语+连系动词be(am/is/are)+名词/形容词/数词/介词短语/副词等做表语表状态(包括There be +n.) 巩固练习 1.I______(be) a student. My name_____(be) Tom. 2. Where _____(be) my shoes? They___(be) here. 3.Who ____(be) the girl with long straight hair? I think she ___(be) Kate. 4. You and I ___(not be) in Class Six. 5.___(be) there a supermarket on the Fifth Avenue? Yes, there_____(be). 6. ____ her parents tall? No, they____. (二)主语(非第三人称单数)+行为动词原形+其他(用助动词do 帮助构成否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问)

主语(第三人称单数)+行为动词的第三人称单数+其他(用-助动词does 帮助构成否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句)行为动词第三人称单数的构成 1.在词尾加-s:speak-speaks, work-works 2.以“辅音+y”结尾,把y改为i,再加-es:study-studies 3.以s,x,ch,sh结尾,加-es:watch-watches teach-teaches 特殊情况:have-has do-does go—goes 巩固练习 .1.His parents _______(watch) TV every night. My brother _________(do) homework every day. 2.His parents _________(not watch) every night . My brother________(not do)homework every day. 3._____his parents_____(watch) TV every night ? ______ your brother _____ (do)homework every day? 4.He ____(have) two sisters. 5.Peter____(study) hard. 二.现在进行时: 表示说话瞬间或现阶段正在进行的动作。 常用的时间状语: now(现在),listen(看),look(听) at the moment(此刻), at this time(这个时候)。 结构:主语+助动词be(am/is/are)+行为动词的现在分词(v-ing)

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