【一轮复习】高考英语一轮复习语法专题(五)非谓语动词

【一轮复习】高考英语一轮复习语法专题(五)非谓语动词
【一轮复习】高考英语一轮复习语法专题(五)非谓语动词

高考英语一轮复习专题五

非谓语动词

定义及分类

1、定义:充当除谓语以外其它句子成分的动词形式称为非谓语动词

2、分类:动词不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词、过去分词)

一、非谓语动词作状语

NO. 1不定式作状语

①不定式在句中作目的状语,有时候为了强调,可以在不定式前加上in order或者so as,但是so as to do只能放在句中。

To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself.

想要成功,首先必须详细自己。

He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.

他起得很早为了赶上第一班公交车。

②不定式在句中作结果状语,往往表示出乎意料的结果,不定式前常加上only或者never。

He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.

他匆匆赶到火车站,结果发现火车已经离开了。

③不定式用在某些形容词后作状语,表示喜、怒、哀、乐等原因。

I am so sorry to hear about your failure in business.

听说你事业失败我很遗憾。

④不定式用于修饰整个句子,作评论性状语。

To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me .

说实话,我对此一窍不通。

NO.2 分词作状语

①分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、伴随等,分词作状语的逻辑主语通常是另外一个句子的主语。

Not knowing her address or phone number, we couldn’t get in touch with her.(原因)

不知道她的地址或电话,所以我们无法与她取得联系。

They cut off the electricity, preventing a fire in time.(结果,表示“自然而然”的结果)

他们切断了电源,及时地阻止了一场火灾。

Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in overcoming the

difficulties.(让步)

虽然受到父母的鼓励,他对于克服困难还是没有信心。

Given five more minutes, I will complete the task.(条件)

再给我五分钟,我就能完成任务。

The kids lay on the grass, staring at the blue sky.(伴随)

孩子们躺在草地上,凝视着蓝天。

②分词作状语的形式

Holding the rope with one hand, he stretches out the other to the boy in the water.

他一只手拉着绳子,把另一只手伸给水中的男孩。

Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak.

由于病了两周,她感到身体很虚弱。

Made of steel and glass, the bridge costs a lot.

这座桥都是由钢和玻璃建成,所以花费不菲。

Being painted by workers, the museum is not open to the public.

工人们正在粉刷博物馆,所以现在不对公众开放。

Having been painted inside and outside, the museum looks more attractive.

里外都粉刷了一遍,博物馆看起来更有吸引力了。

③分词作状语的基本原则:分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。即分词作状语必须和句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓和动宾关系,否则一般不能使用分词作状语。

二、非谓语动词作定语

NO.1 不定式作定语

①不定式表示将来

The car to be bought is for his sister.

要买的车是给他姐姐的。

②用来修饰被序数词或者最高级限定的中心词,且于中心词构成逻辑上的主动关系。

He was the best man to do the job.

他是担任这项工作的最佳人选。

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

她是第一位获奥运会金牌的女子。

③被修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式,常见的有:ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way, time等。

Do you have the ability to read and write in English?

你能用英语进行阅读和写作吗?

I have no chance to go sightseeing.

我没有机会去观光旅游。

④若不及物动词的不定式作定语,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面需要有相应的介词。

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

布朗一家有一栋舒适的房子可以居住。

注意:不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way时,习惯上省去

不定式后面的介词。

He had no money and no place to live (in).他没有钱也没有地方住。

NO.2 分词作定语

①及物动词的分词形式作定语

The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的房子是给老师们盖的。Things lost never come again.

失去的东西永远不会再回来。

I have never seen a more moving movie.

我从未看过比这更感人的电影了。

②不及物动词的分词形式作定语

不定式to be done,过去分词done和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别

Have you read the novel written by Dickens?

你读过狄更斯的这本小说吗?

Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

听!正在被演唱的那首歌很受学生欢迎。

The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

明天在会议上将要讨论的问题非常重要。

三.非谓语动词作补语

1、感官动词后接宾语补足语

2、leave(使……处于某种状态)后接宾语补足语

3、have, get(使、让)后接宾语补足语

4、某些动词后接不定式作宾语补足语,即“动词+sb.+to do sth.”

常见的动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, remind, require, teach, remind, tell, want, warn, wish等。

The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.

医生警告他不要吃太多肉。

5、某些句子结构用不定式作主语补足语

常见的结构有:sb./sth. be+said/ believed/ known/ reported/ considered/ found/ thought+to do/ to have done/ to have been done/to be done。

(1)He is said to have gone abroad.

(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)

据说他已经出国了。

(2)The plan is considered to be one of the best plans.

这个计划被认为是最好的计划之一。

四.非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语

NO.1 非谓语动词作主语

①不定式作主语,一般表示具体的、一次性的或者将来的动作。可用it作形式主语而将不定式短语后置。

To protect the environment is everyone’s duty.

=It is everyone’s duty to protect the environment.

保护环境是每个人的责任。

②动名词作主语,一般表示抽象的、习惯性的动作。

Walking after dinner is good for both the young and the old.

饭后散步对年轻人和老年人都有好处。

NO.2 非谓语动词作宾语

①大多数动词后接不定式作宾语,常见的有:decide, learn, want, expect, hope, wish, refuse, manage, pretend, offer, promise, choose, agree, plan, afford等。

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

我从她身边经过时她假装没有看到我。

We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

我们约定在这里见面,但是到现在为止她都还没露面。

②某些动词后接动名词作宾语,常见的有:consider, suggest/advise, excuse, pardon, admit, delay, fancy, avoid, miss, keep, practice, deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, mind, allow, permit, escape, give up, feel like, can’t help, can’t stand等。

He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the good opportunities.

他已经为面试做好了充分的准备,因为他不能冒失去工作的风险。

NO.3 非谓语动词作表语

①不定式作表语

What I can do is to five you some reasonable advice.

我能做的就是给你一些合理的建议。

②动名词作表语

His job is teaching. 他的工作是教书。

③分词作表语

The film is interesting.

电影很有趣。

难点突破

一、不定式的主动形式和被动形式

1、不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。

Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?

你有刀切西瓜吗?

2、不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,可以看作形容词后省略了for/of sb.。This book is difficult to understand.

这本书很难理解。

3、在there be结构中,动词不定式和there be后面的名词,构成动宾关系时,可以用主动形式,也可以用被动形式。

There is a lot of work to do.

=There is a lot of work to be done.

还有许多工作要做。

二、不定式符号to的使用

1、不定式符号to的还原

若动词在主动语态中后接不带to的不定式作补足语,在被动语态中,要加上不定式符号to。

Someone was heard to come up the stairs.

听见有人上楼来。

2、不定式符号to的保留

有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现在下列动词之后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, forget, want, try;或出现在be happy/glad,would like/love等的后面。

如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been,则这些词要保留。

(1)I haven't been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

我没有去过香港,但我希望去。

(2)--Are you on holiday?

--No, but I’d like to be.

——你在休假吗?

——不,但我想(休假)。

(3)--I didn’t tell him the news.

--Oh, you ought to have.

——我没有告诉他这则新闻。——哦,你应该告诉他。

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