2000年考研英语阅读理解

2000 Text 1

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."

51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause________.

[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before

[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors

[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______.

[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

53. What can be inferred from the passage?

[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.

[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.

[A] turning of the business cycle

[B] restructuring of industry

[C] improved business management

[D] success in education

核心词汇

1. effortless 没有努力的

2. dreadful 可怕的

3. handicap 障碍

4. handle 处理；解决

5. drive 驱动；driving force 驱动力

6. glowing 光辉的；灿烂的

7. competitor 竞争对手

8. unparalleled 无可比拟的；unmatched=matchless 无可比拟的

9. skilled 熟练的

10. beyond 超出

11. inevitable 不可避免的

12. primacy 主导地位

13. narrow 缩小

14. retreat 撤退；后退

15. predominance 绝对主导地位

16. at a loss over 对…不知所措

17. fade 消退；减弱

18. competitiveness 竞争力

19. shrink 缩小；萎缩

20. vanish 消失

21. in the face of 面对

22. textile 纺织品

23. sweep into 涌入

24. domestic 国内

25. on the ropes 危在旦夕；命悬一线

26. casualty 牺牲品

27. cause 引起

28. take…for granted 想当然

29. inquiry 调查；询问

30. sensational 轰动一时的

31. look back on 回顾

32. solid 稳定；固定

33. attribute…to 把….归因于

34. solely 仅仅

35. devalue 贬值

36. self-doubt 自我怀疑

37. yield to 让位于

38. blind pride 盲目自豪

39. go on a diet 减肥；裁剪机构

40. quick-witted 才智敏捷

难句精解

①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.

▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。but与后一个分句之间又插入一个由if引导的条件状语if properly handled，该状语原来是一个if引导的条件状语从句，即if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled，其中的it is由于和该分句的主句部分主谓语一致而被省略掉了。

△本句结构比较简明，只需注意but与it may become a driving force之间的if结构是一个插入语，并且是一个省略了主语和系动词的被动语态。此外handicap意为“不利条件”。

②Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

▲前一句中its workers the most skilled是一个伴随状语，省略了其中的being，补齐成分后应为its workers being the most skilled。后一句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的状语，beyond为介词，是“超越，超出”的意思。而whose economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians，原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。

△注意beyond一词的意思，它表示“在……之外”。

③For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

▲该句带有一个表语从句，其表语从句中又套有两个并列的定语从句。全句主句部分的主谓结构是it looked...，as though（即as if好像）引导的从句是looked（看上去）的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of semiconductors，谓语为was going to be，而逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定语，同时又是插入语。

△注意理解the next casualty的含义，casualty本意为“伤亡”，此处是“被国外产品击败的美国本土产业”。

④Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition

from overseas.

▲英语的句式词汇一般都比较简练，如果将本句用中国人习惯的语式讲出应该如下：Their sometimes surprising findings about the causes of American's industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overseas nations.

△sensational即surprising。另外注意本句的中心意思在句末的the growing competition from overseas。

⑤Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.

▲attribute... to...将……归功或归咎于……。solely作状语修饰attribute，this指代上一句中的five years of solid growth，此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作宾语such obvious causes的补语。

△yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。此处使用了现在完成时，证明这种状态到现在已成型。

试题解析

51. [C] 意为：战争摧毁了多数潜在的竞争国的经济。

第一段指出，第二次世界大战以后，美国进入一个欣欣向荣的(glowing)发展时期，它拥有八倍于其他任何一个竞争国家的市场，工业经济发展到空前规模，它拥有世界上最优秀的科学家和技术最高的工人。美国的繁荣和美国人的富裕水平，是欧洲人和亚洲人做梦也达不到的，因为战争摧毁了他们的经济。[A]意为：它已经为实现这一目标付出了艰苦的努力。该选项错在Painstaking 与原文的effortless相反。[B]选项错在before上，应该改为比其它竞争对手。[D]错误在unparalled在原文是修饰economies of scale而不是修饰workforce。

52. [D] 意为：汽车工业失去了部分国内市场。

第二段第六句提到，进口车和纺织品涌进（美国）国内市场，这意味着美国失去了部分国内市场。[A]意为；电视工业萎缩回到了国内市场（即：该工业失去了国际市场）。根据第二段，到80年代中期，面对其工业竞争力的日益衰退，美国人感到无计可施(at a loss)，美国某些大的行业——如电子消费品——在园际竞争的压力下，面临萎缩或消亡的威胁。到1987年为止，美国仅存的电视制造商只有Zenith一家了（现在已荡然无存：Zenith于7月份（指文章写作年代的7月份）被韩国LG电子有限公司购买）。这里并没有直接提到美国电视失去国际市场，事实上，它连国内市场也保不住了。

[B]半导体行业被外国公司接管。第二段最后一句提到，在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者，虽然美国是半导体的发明者，而且半导体又处于新的计算机时代的核心位置（即：在新的时代中起着关键作用）。本句中casualty意为“伤亡”、“受害者”，与上一句中be on the ropes（美语俚语，意为“即将完蛋”）相照应。这里所说的是半导体制造商似乎(as though)要失去国内外市场．而不是被国外企业接管。

[C]机床制造业自取灭亡。第二段提到了机床制造业“危在旦夕”(on the ropes)。这显然也是说它正在失去国内外市场，并未提到它的消失。

53. [B] 意为：激烈的竞争可能促进经济的发展。

第三段提到，严峻的现实（this指上一段中提到的诸多现状）使美国人失去了自信，他们不再认为繁荣是自然而至的事，他们开始认识到自己的经营方式存在严重问题(failing)。在80年代中期，他们开始挖掘美国经济衰退的原因，他们有时有些轰动一时(sensational)发现，其中往往提示人们警惕外来竞争。第四段提到了90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代进行了自我反思和产业结构调整，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏。

[A]意为：在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摆来摆去是人的本性。（即：人倾向于在这两种心态之间摇摆）。

[C]经济的复苏取决于国际间的合作。属于无中生有的选项。

[D]长期的成功可以为进一步的发展铺平道路。这个选项错在主语没有把原文中的内容讲完

整，第一段第一句说到一个没有努力就能获得漫长成功的历史，如果处理得当就能是一种驱动力，所以该选项的主语没说完整。

54. [A] 经济周期的转机。

在第四段，作者指出，截止到1995年，美国已经经历了五年的稳定（经济）增长，而日本却在困境中挣扎，但是，美国人并不将这一增长看做是美元贬值或经济周期的转机等明显的因素直接带来的，而是由自我怀疑变为盲目的骄傲。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为，90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。属于正话反说的情况。

[B]产业结构的调整。根据Richard Cavanaugh的看法，美国经济的持续增长是由产业结构的调整造成，他认为美国的产业正在“节食”(go on a diet)，正在变得更加理智。但这并不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。

[C]经营管理的改善。根据Stephen Moore的看法，美国的经济正在提高其生产率。但这也不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。[D]教育上的成功。属于无中生有的选项。

参考译文

一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法/想到的或达到的。

随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。（现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。）外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也危在旦夕。人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

所有这一切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。

情况的变化真快！1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳的看法。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说：“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。

2000 Text 2

Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy

babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.

There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years — even the past 100 years — our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.

55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?

[A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition.

[C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene.

56. What does the example of India illustrate?

[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.

[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.

[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.

[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because________.

[A] life has been improved by technological advance

[B] the number of female babies has been declining

[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution

[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing

58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution.

[B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.

[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.

[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.

核心词汇

1. ratio 比率

2. drop 下降

3. maturity 成熟

4. universal 普遍性

5. mortality 死亡；morality 道德

6. excess 过剩

7. crucial 关键的

8. natural selection 自然选择

9. make no difference 无差别

10. variation 变化

11. due to 因为

12. agent 途径；代理

13. evolution 进化

14. commit 犯，做；致力于

15. suicide 自杀

16. fertile 肥沃的

17. offspring 后代

18. diminish 缩小；减少

19. poverty 贫困

20. remaining 剩余的；剩下的

21. mediocrity 平庸；普通；普遍化

22. compared to 与…相比

23. evolution 进化

24. involve 涉及到

25. transform 改变

26. ignorant 无知的

27. savage 野蛮人

28. beyond comprehension 不能理解

29. descendant 后代

30. however amazed 无论怎样吃惊

难句精解

①There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the

age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.

▲该句是由三个递进关系的简单句组成的并列句，句法结构比较清晰。

△第一个分句的关键词在born，表明该比数是婴儿出生时的性别比例；第二个分句的关

键词在near balance（接近持平）和at the age of maturity，表示性别比例的持平状态发生在成年时期；第三个分句的70-year-olds指代的是“70岁的人们”，作名词。

②Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.

▲注意differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it是两个并列的主语，千万不要理解成people与the opportunity是between的并列宾语。

△and连接的两个并列部分是differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it，而不是people和the opportunity。另外注意句中的it指代的

是differences between people。

③The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80％of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

▲该句的主语是The grand mediocrity，谓语是means，其后跟着that引导的宾语从句that natural selection has lost 80％of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes，其中compared to the tribes是分词结构作状语，省略了if/when being。破折号中间everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring是典型的插入语，其中survival和number of offspring都是介词in的宾语。

△grand在此处不是“宏伟，壮丽”的意思，而是“程度很深”；mediocrity也非“平庸，平常”，而是“平均化”或“折衷”；offspring是“后代”。另外要理解natural selection has lost 80％of its power in upper-middle-class India的意思，这里是指在原来的社会不平等的情况下，印度中上层阶级拥有一些能使自己在自然选择中处于优势的特权，而随着医疗和卫生条件的改变，下层人民也拥有同样的生存条件，因此中上层阶级就丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。

④Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a

savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."

▲冒号后的句子是主句中a phrase的同位语。该同位语从句中的结构是A does something as B does something（A做某事的样子正像B做某事的样子）。

△those ignorant of evolution指对生物进化过程一无所知的人，其后的they也指代这些人。最后的his指代前面的a savage。beyond his comprehension超出了他的理解范围。

试题解析

55. [C] 意为；较低的存活率。

第一段第一、二句指出，做男人总是有危险的。出生时男孩比例高于女孩，到成熟期时男女比例已持平，到70岁时男人仅剩女人数量的一半了。所以可以理解为男人的死亡率高，也就是生存率低。

[A]配偶的缺乏。第一段第四、五句提到，现在，男孩的存活率几乎与女孩一样了，这意味着，到寻找配偶的关键年龄时，就会有多余的男孩（找不到配偶）。这两句话仅是论据，说明本段第三句指出的现象：过去普遍存在的男人死亡率高的现象正在改变。

[B]激烈的竞争。属于无中生有的选项。

[D]有缺陷的基因。第一段最后一句指出，既然其中的差别都是由基因造成的，另一个进化因素不复存在了。这里并未提到基因的缺陷造成男人的高死亡率。

56. [B] 意为：自然选择的法则基本不适用于穷富的差别。

印度的例子用于说明第二段第六句指出的观点：不同的人面对自然选择时所可利用的优劣势差别已经变小。根据下文．这一句应理解为：在存活率问题上，富人和穷人几乎面临着同样的机会，即富人已渐失其优势。另请参阅本段最后一句。

[A]富人（家庭）一般比穷人孩子少。文章中提到不分穷人和富人，每个家庭孩子的数量都几乎相等。

[C]中产阶级人口数量比部落人口少80％。第二段最后一句的意思是：今天的总平均趋势——存活率和孩子数量的平均化——意味着自然选择在印度的中高层家庭人口中——与部落人口相比——已失去80％的控制力；即：中高阶层不再拥有绝对的生存优势，并没有提到人

口少了80%，命题者把80%借来修饰人口。

[D]印度是出生率很高的国家之一。相反，文章中提到印度也是一个出生率在下降的国家。

57. [A] 意为：技术的进步改进了生命（的质量）。

第三段第四、五句指出，在过去的10万年乃至100年中，我们的生活得到了改变，但是身体却没有改变，我们（的身体）没有进化的原因是机器和社会使其然。这里所说的“机器”当指技术。

[B]女婴数量减少了。参阅第55、56题题解。

[C]我们这种物种（指人）已达到最高进化阶段。虽然在第三段中作者的确提到了进化已经结束(evolution is over)，但是造成这种现象的原因却只有在第五句中才提到。

[D]贫富差别正在逐渐消失。即使在第二段，文章也没有提到贫富差别的消失，提到的只是贫富家庭在婴孩存活率和孩子平均数量上差别正在缩小。

58. [D] 意为：人的进化已穷尽。

在第一段阐述男人死亡率降低的原因时，作者就指出了进化机制已不再起作用，第二段在讨论每个家庭孩子平均数量减少这一现象时，作者再次指出自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率，即：人不再通过多生孩子来保持人口的均衡。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。

[A]人的进化过程中性别比例的改变。这一点仅在第一段提到了，所以，该选择项不足以概括全文内容。

[B]保持人类进化的方法，与全文主旨恰恰相反。

[C]大自然未来的进化。本文侧重点在于探讨人口的结构变化与进化过程的关系，而不是泛泛地谈论大自然的进化，范围太大。

参考译文

做男人总是充满危险，出生时男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成熟期，这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。50年前，婴儿（尤其是男婴）存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。

进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外，没有几名妇女有15个孩子。当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化，我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80％的效力。

对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化，没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年——甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离

乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。

2000 Text 3

When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.

This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.

Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?

59. This passage is mainly________.

[A] a survey of new approaches to art

[B] a review of Futurist poetry

[C] about merits of the Futurist movement

[D] about laws and requirements of literature

60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to________.

[A] determine its purposes

[B] ignore its flaws

[C] follow the new fashions

[D] accept the principles

61. Futurists claim that we must________.

[A] increase the production of literature

[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress

[C] develop new modes of expression

[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs

62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is________.

[A] based on reasonable principles

[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people

[C] indicative of basic change in human nature

[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature

核心词汇

1. attain 获得；得到

2. fashion 时尚

3. find out 弄清楚

4. advocate 倡导者

5. aim at 目的在于

6. farfetched 牵强附会的

7. unreasonable 不合道理的

8. with regard to 关于；至于

9. hardly 几乎不

10. class 分类为

11. in brief 简而言之

12. speed up 加速

13. conseuqnetly 因此

14. emotions 感情

15. undergo 经历

16. corresponding 相应的

17. interpret 解释；翻译

18. pour out 倒出来；大量使用

19. a stream of 大量的

20. essential words 基本词汇

21. unhamper 不受阻碍

22. make up 编造

23. imitate 模仿

24. shorten 简短；简写

25. at will 随意的

26. description 描述

27. upsetting 沮丧

28. fulfil 满足

29. law 规律

30. call for 要求

难句精解

①When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

▲该句是一个因果关系的并列句，表示结果的部分是When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at，表示原因的部分是for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。而for与it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal之间是一个插入语，也是由however+形容词引导的状语从句，意为“不管他们（这群前卫艺术家们）的时尚原则在今天看来多么牵强无理”。

△句中attain原意为“达到”，此处应理解为“发展成”；advocates指倡导的人；however不

是“然而”，而是“不论多么”。

②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.

▲该句也是一个因果关系的并列句。结果为With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult，其中however是插入语，表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系；原因为for 之后的部分whatever Futurist poetry may be —even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right —it can hardly be classed as Literature，其中破折号之间的部分even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right是插入语，on which it is based是the theory的定语从句，it指代Futurist poetry。

△注意however一词是对上一句内容的转折信号，了解这一点，the case is rather difficult 的意思就不难领会了。同时要抓住作者的态度，他对未来主义诗歌是持完全否定的态度的。

③We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.

▲该句中主句为We must pour out a large stream of essential words，而unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs是过去分词引导的伴随状语。

△注意or连接的qualifying adjectives和finite verbs与stops并列，而不与a large stream of essential words并列。

④But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

▲句中开始的it是形式主语，它指代的是to read及后面的定语从句和to find及其后面的宾语从句。that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river是read的宾语从句，其中off which they both fall into the river是bridge的定语从句；that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是find的宾语从句。△该句相对较复杂，一定要注意upsetting的意思，它是指当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个场景，便怀着新奇感去读原文，结果却发现原文如此枯燥拙劣，心中不免感到不舒服。

⑤All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.

▲此处的that从句是proposition的同位语，说明了其内容。

△注意句中的双重否定：no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition没有一个有思想的人能否决他们自己最初的主张，也就是“几乎人人都会坚持自己最初的主张”。

试题解析

59. [B] 意为：对未来派诗歌的评述。

本文是一篇文学评论。第一段开门见山地对未来派诗歌进行批评，指出，无论未来派诗歌是什么东西——即使承认其理论根据是正确的，却很难将它归作是文学作品。第二段简述

了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背景，第三、四段又转入对它的批评。注意第四段第一句对第一段第二句的照应。

[A]意为：对新的艺术理论的评价。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。

[C]有关未来主义运动的优点。错在“运动”一词语上。

[D]意为：有关文学（创作）的法则和要求。文学一词太所包含的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。

60. [A] 意为：确认其目的。

第一段第一句指出，每当一个新艺术思潮达到一定流行程度时，（在评价它之前）最好先找出其倡导者的目的，因为，无论其（创作）原则在今天看来可能是多么不着边际、多么荒谬，但是在未来它也许会被看做是正常的东西。同义词purpose属于同义改写的命题方式。

[B]忽视其缺陷。[C]追随这些新思潮。[D]接受其（创作）原则。

61. [C] 意为：挖掘新的表达方式。

第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背果。未来派认为，一个世纪以来，生活状况一直在有条件地加速发展，以致我们今天生活在一个喧闹、暴力和迅变的世界里，结果，我们的感觉、思想和情感经历了相应的变化。未来派认为，这种生活（节奏）的加快需要一种新的表达方式（与之相适应）。

[A]增加文学作品的创作（数量）。第二段第四句指出，为了诠释当今世界的（生活）压力，我们必须加快文学的创作。这里所说的speed up our literature的具体内容包括下两句提到的文学创作方法，并非指加大文学作品的创作数量。

[B]用诗歌来化解当今的压力。见对选择项[A]的解释，interpret（解释）的意思不同于relieve （缓解；解除）。

[D]不使用形容词和动词。第二段第五甸的意思是：我们（在诗歌中）注入大量的基本词汇，这一语流不为句号、修饰性形容词或限定性动词所打断。从这句来看，就是要使用这些词语，所以避免使用形容词和动词与原文自相矛盾。

62. [D] 意为：与其说是文学（作品）不如说是一种暂时的现象。

在最后一段的第一句This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature，也就是说它不是一种文学形式，最后一句作者反问道：我们的时代真的发生了根本变化吗？言外之意，我们生活的变化被未来主义考夸大了，因此他们对历史和现实的认识是不正确的，所以其理论根据是站不住脚的。

[A]基于合理的原理。[B]对普通人来说是新的、易于接受的。[D]表明人性的根本变化。

参考译文

当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难称之为文学。

简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称，这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不应描绘声音，我们必须造出模仿声音的词语；我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。

他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有点生厌，注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中——结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通！185公斤。”

尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。实际上，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗？

2000 Text 4

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.

The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores —personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱhad weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".

But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Y oko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

63. In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was________.

[A] under aimless development [B] a positive example

[C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline

64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.

[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.

[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

65. Which of the following is true according to the author?

[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder

[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.

[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life

[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US

[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before

[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life

核心词汇

1. aimlessness 毫无目标

2. hardly 几乎不

3. typical 典型的；普遍的

4. postwar 战后的

5. productivity 生产力

6. social harmony 社会和谐

7. envy 嫉妒

8. decline 刷退；拒绝；下降

9. moral values 道德价值观

10. see…as…把…当做是

11. being 存在；生活

12. fulfil 实现，满足

13. come of age 成年

14. postwar 战后的

15. baby boom 生育高峰期

16. entry 进入

17. male-dominated 男性占主导地位的

18. question 质疑

19. sacrifice 负担

20. be involved in 涉及到；卷入到

21. rigid 严厉的

22. social ladder 社会阶级

23. survey 调查

24. compared with 与…相比

25. in addition 除此之外

26. counterparts 相对应的人或物

27. while 虽然，当…时候；而

28. emphasis 重视

29. basics 基础学科

30. tend to 倾向于

31. stress A over B重视A胜过B

32. test taking 应试教育

33. mechanical 机械的

34. self-expression 自我表达力

35. show up 出现

36. personality 个性

37. humanity 人性

38. frustration 沮丧

39. drop out 退学

40. incident 事故

41. assault 进攻；袭击

42. outcry 抗议

43. raise eyebrows 皱眉头；表示不同意

44. liberal reforms 自由改革

45. weaken 削弱

46. morality for respect for parents 尊敬父母的道德观

47. have …to do with 与….有关系

48. lifestyle 生活方式

49. centralization 集中化

50. extended family 大家庭

51. abandon 放弃

52. in favor of 支持

53. household 家庭

54. commute 上下班

55. discomfort 不舒适

56. suicide 自杀

难句精解

①Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.

▲whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定语从句。

△千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not。

②The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

▲本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social

ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的补语。

△age是“时代”，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；baby boom指在战后的“生育高峰，婴儿潮”；questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”；involved in指“与某事有关，由某事引起”。

③Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."

▲本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister 是主语的定语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。

△注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此处指“瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤”。

④With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

▲has come centralization是一个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come。Where引导的定语从句修饰cities。

△本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；community礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。

试题解析

63. [B] 意为：正面的例子。

第一段第一句指出，战后，日本的生产率与和谐的社会状态是美国和欧洲所羡慕的，其发展目标明确（主句的直译意思是：无目标性一直不是日本的特点）。

[A]处于无目标的发展状态下，与原文自相矛盾。[C]是西方国家的劲敌。

[D]正在走下坡路。

64. [D] 意为：生活方式受西方价值观的影响。

第一段指出，日本人越来越多地目睹着一场传统的工作道德价值观的沦丧。十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存(being)的重要动力；但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。

在第二、三段，文章探讨了造成这种现象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，这（that 指上一段提到的现象）也许更多地是与日本人的生活方式有关（have... to do with意为：与……有关）。

[A]妇女参加社会活动受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：随着战后进入高生育时期，并随着妇女进入过去男人占统治地位的就业市场，青少年的机会受到限制，他们已经表现出对为爬上严格的社会阶层——如进入好学校或获得好工作——所做出的巨大的个人牺牲提出质疑。

[B]更多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。

[C]过多地注重基础训练。根据第三段，虽然外国人经常称赞日本教育对基础训练的强调，

日本的教育却倾向于强调考试和机械的学习，而忽视丁创造力和自我表达的培养。

65. [C] 意为：应该更多地强调创造力的培养。

根据第三段，虽然外国人经常称赞日本教育对基础训练的强调，日本的教育却倾向于强调考试和机械的学习，而忽视丁创造力和自我表达的培养。可见，强调基础的教育是好的，但是忽视创造力和自我表达的培养也是不对的。这里，强调基础是教育的目的，强调考试和机械的学习是日本实现这一目的的方法；目标并没有错（不会导致道德水平的下降），错误的是实现这一目标的方法。

[A]日本的教育受到赞赏，因为它有助于年轻人爬上社会阶梯。日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是它强调整础教育。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。

[B]日本教育既强调机械的学习也强调创造力。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。

[D]失学导致了对考试的反感。根据Toshiki Kaifu的看法，对这种东西（指上一句提到的强调考试，忽视个性、能力、勇气或人性教育）的反感使孩子们弃学，变得难以管教。可见，选择项[D]颠倒了因果。参阅第三段。

66. [A] 意为：年轻人更难以忍受生活中的困难。

根据Y oko Muro的观点，对日本人来说，问题一直不是一个他们能否享受工作和生活的问题，而是一个他们有多大的承受力的问题。例如，城市居民长期以来一直承受着上下班时间长和生活环境拥挤的折磨，但是，随着旧的价值观被摈弃，（与之相关的）困难开始表面化了（tell意为：产生影响；显现出来）。这里的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪。参阅第四段。

[B]日本人的离婚率超过了美国人。根据第四段最后一句，日本人的离婚率仍然大大地(well)低于美国人。

[C]日本人比以前能忍受得更多了，与原文内容恰恰相反。

[D]日本人喜欢自己目前的生活方式。与原文自相矛盾。

参考译文

战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。

战后婴儿出生高峰期的到来及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校，找好工作，攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。在最近一次调查中发现与62.7％的美国学生相比较，只有24.5％的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。

虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，“对这类事情灰心丧气，致使孩子辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起袭击老师事件。在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育；去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，他申辩说二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。

但是，那也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。“在日本，”教育家Y oko Muro说，“问题绝

对不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而仅仅是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展，居住集中化也跟着来了，在日本1亿1900万人当中，足有76％住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令人不舒服的结果开始显现出来。在过去10年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了50％，而自杀事件则上升了近1/4。

2000 Text 5

If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny —must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.

67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.

[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices

[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power

[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material

[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous

68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________.

[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out

[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because________.

[A] they think of it as immoral

[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth

[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits

[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.

[A] secretly and vigorously

[B] openly and enthusiastically

[C] easily and momentarily

[D] verbally and spiritually

核心词汇

1. ambition 理想

2. regard 尊重

3. rewards 回报

4. distinction 区别；名望

5. destiny 命运

6. deem 看作是

7. worthy of 值得

8. vatility 活力

9. in an odd way 以奇怪的方式

10. note 色彩

11. hypocrisy 虚伪

12. in demand 受人喜欢；抢手

13. confess to 坦白

14. Once 一旦；曾经；一次

15. lest 以免；万一

16. pushing 咄咄逼人

17. acquisitive 占有欲强的

18. vulgar 庸俗的

19. ample 大量的

20. critic批评家

21. publisher 出版社

22. exceptional 例外的

23. formulation 阐述；解释

24. angle 角度

25. unimpressive 印象不深刻

26. impulse 冲动

27. fixed 固定的

28. at an end 穷途末路

29. no longer 不再

30. stirring 激励