研究生英语系列教材上unit4 原文翻译

研究生英语系列教材上unit4 原文翻译
研究生英语系列教材上unit4 原文翻译

The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V.Benokraitis.

下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。

The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States.

此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材,

It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family

它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化,

and explores the choices that are available to family members,

探索了家庭成员所面临的选择,

as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize.

以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。

It examines the diversity of American families today,

该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性,

using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons

运用跨文化和多元文化的比较,

to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.

以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。

LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS

爱和情感连系

Nijole V.Benokraitis

奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯

Love — as both an emotion and a behavior — is essential for human survival.

爱,对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感,又是一种行为。

The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support.

家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。

Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems

众所周知,缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题,

—for example, depression, headaches, physiological imppairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties

如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病,

—that sometimes last a lifetime.

这些病有时会伴随他们一生。

In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more.

而对比之下,拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快,哭得少,而笑得多。

By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.

到了五岁时,他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。

Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends,

很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友,

how well they do in school,

在学校的表现,

how they react to new and possibly stressful situations,

如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况,

and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults.

以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。

It is for these reasons

正是因为这些原因,

that people's early intimate relationshios within their family of origin are so critical.

人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。

Children who are raised in impersonal environments(orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families)

在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院,某些寄养家庭,或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子

show emotional and social underdevelopment,

会出现情感和社会性发育不良,

language and motor skills retardation,

语言和运动技能迟缓,

and mental health problems.

以及精神健康问题。

Love for oneself, or self-love,

对自己的爱,或者说自爱,

is also essential for our social and emotional development.

对我们的社会性和情感发展也是至关重要的。

Actress Mae West once said,

女演员梅·韦斯特曾说过,

“I never loved another person the way I loved myself.”

“我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人。”

Although such a statement may seem self-centered,

虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心,

it's actually quite insightful.

实际上却是相当有见地。

Social scientists describe self-love as an importants basis for self-esteem.

社会学家将自爱描述为自尊的一个重要基础。

Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others.

从别的方面来说,自我喜欢的人更乐于接受批评,对别人的要求也不那么苛刻。

Formm(1956)saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others.

弗罗姆(1956)认为自爱是爱别人的先决条件。

People who don't like themselves may not be able to return love

不喜欢自己的人也许不懂得回报爱,

but may constantly seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images.

而却有可能不停地寻找爱的关系来改变卑微的自我形象。

But just what is love?

那么到底什么是爱?

What brings people together?

是什么让人们走到一起?

Love is an elusive concept.

爱是一个难以描述的概念。

We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is;

我们都经历过爱,觉得我们知道爱是什么,

however, when asked what love is,

然而当被问到什么是爱时,

people give a variety of answers.

人们给出的答案却不尽相同,

According to a nine-year-old boy, for example,

比如一个九岁的男孩说,

“Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life.”

“爱像雪崩,你必须快跑才能活命。”

What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers.

爱对我们来说意味着什么,这取决于我们所指的是家人之间、朋友之间还是恋人之间的爱。Love has been a source of inspiration, wry witticisms, and even political action for many centuries.

几百年来爱都是灵感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活动的来源。

Love has many dimensions.

爱有很多层面,

It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive, and irrational.

它可能是浪漫的,令人激动的,让人着迷的,或者是非理性的。

It can also be platonic, calming, altruistic, and sensible.

它也可能是柏拉图式的,令人平静的,无私的,或者理智的。

Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition

许多研究者觉得爱没有一个唯一的定义,

because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts.

它有程度和强度之分,并且跨越了社会背景。

At the very least, three elements are necessary for a loving relationship:

拥有恋爱关系至少需要具备三个元素:

(1) a willingness to please and accommodate the other person, enen if this involves compromise and sacrifice;

1)愿意取悦和迁就另一方,即使需要妥协或牺牲;

(2) an acceptance of the other person's faults and shortcomings;

2)能接受另一方的错误和缺点;

and (3) as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own.

3)关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样。

And, people who say they are “in love” emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment.

而且,说自己“处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚。

In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential.

不管是哪种类型的爱,关心另一方是非常必要的。

Although love may involve passionate yearning, respect is more important quality.

虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望,然而相互尊重才是更重要的品质。

Respect is inherent in all love:

相互尊重是所有爱的共性:

“I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake,

“我想要我爱的人为他自己成长发展,

and in his own ways,

并且用他自己的方式,

and not for the purpose of serving me”.

而不是为了迎合我。”

If respect and caring are missing, the relationship is not based on loved.

如果没有尊重和关怀,两人的关系就不是建立在爱的基础上;

Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependency

反而成为一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖,

that limits the lovers' social, emotional, and intellectual growth.

而这会限制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展。

Love, especially long-term love,爱,特别是长久的爱,

has nothing in common with images of love or frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels.

和我们从好莱坞、电视、或爱情小说中获得的对爱和狂热的性爱的印象完全不同。Becaues of these images, many people believe a variety of myths about love.

由于这些印象的缘故,许多人对爱有各种各样的误解,

These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment.

这些误解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式或幻觉破灭。

In fact, “real”love is closer to what one author called “stirring-the-oatmeal love”(Johnson, 1985).

事实上,“真”爱更接近于一位作家(约翰逊,1995)所称的“搅燕麦粥之爱”。

This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling

这种爱既不令人激动也不能令人兴奋,

but is relatively mundane and unromantic.

但是它却是实实在在的,不浪漫的。

It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby,

它是付账单,倒垃圾,刷马桶,孩子生病时守夜,

and performing myriad other “oatmeal” tasks that are not very sexy.

以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅燕麦粥”的任务。

Some partners take turns stirring the oatmeal.

有些伴侣们轮流来“搅燕麦粥”,

Other people seek relationships that offer candlelit gourmet meals in a romantic setting.

其他人则寻求一种能带来浪漫的烛光美餐的恋爱关系。

Whether we decide to enter a serious relationship or not,

不管我们是否决定建立认真的恋爱关系,

what type of love brings people together?

是什么样的爱让我们走到一起?

What attracts individuals to each other in the first place?

一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?

Many people be lieve that “there's one person out there that one is meant for”

许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”,

and that destiny will bring them together.

而且命运会将你俩带到一起。

Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic.

这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。

Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together.

实证研究发现,是文化标准和价值观而非命运,将人们连系在一起。

We will never meet millions of potential lovers

我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人,

because they are “filtered out” by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility

因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局,

due to factors such as age, race, distance, social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance.

这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。Beginning in childhood, parents encourage or limit future romantic liaisons by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools.

从童年开始,父母们就通过选择某个街区和学校,或是鼓励或是限制孩子未来的情感关系。In early adolescence, peer norms influence the adolescent's decisions about acceptable romantic involvements

在青少年早期,同伴们的标准也会影响青少年决定哪些情感关系是可以接受的

(“You want to date who?!”).(“你想和谁约会?”)。

Even during the preteen years, 甚至在13岁之前,

romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience.

情感经历就由社会和群体的活动和期望所决定和培养起来了。

Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders,

虽然爱情可以跨越文化和民族的界线,

criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom.

但批评和赞同教会了我们什么是可以接受的浪漫行为和与谁发生浪漫行为。

One might “lust” for someone,

一个人也许会对另一个人产生“欲望”,

but these yearnings will not lead most of us to “fall in love” if there are strong cultural or grou p bans.

但是如果有强烈的文化或族群反对,我们中的大多数人即使有这样的渴望也不会因此而爱上某人的。

Regan and Berscheid(1999)differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love.

里根和波谢德(1999)曾把贪欲、性欲和浪漫的爱加以区分。

They describe lust as primarily physical rather than emotional,

他们把贪欲描述为身体上的而非情感上的兴奋,

a condition that may be conscious or unconscious.

是一种有意识的或无意识的状态。

Desire, in contrast, is a psychological state

相反性欲是一种心理状态,

in which one wants a relationship that one does not now have,

在这种心理状态下,一个人想建立一种目前还不具有的恋爱关系,

or to engage in an activity in which one is not presently engaged.

或者是想进行一种目前还没有进行的行为。

Desire may or may not lead to romantic love

性欲可能会成为或不会成为浪漫的爱情

(which the authors equate with passionate or erotic love).

(作者把浪漫的爱情等同于充满激情或性欲的爱)。

Regan and Berscheid suggest

里根和波谢德认为:

that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love.

性欲是点燃并维持浪漫爱情的必要成分。

If desire disappears,

一旦性爱消失了,

a person is no longer said to be in a state of romantic love.

一个人就不能再说成是还处在浪漫恋情中。

Once desire diminishes,

一旦欲望消失了,

disappointed lovers may wonder where the “spark” in their relationship has gone

失望的恋人就会诧异原来他们关系中的“火花”去哪儿了,

and may reminisce regretfully(and longingly)about “the good old days”.

他们可能会很遗憾地(而且渴望地)怀念“过去的美好时光”。

One should not conclude, however, that desire always culminates in physical intimacy

然而,我们不应就此得出性欲总是以身体的亲密接触告终,

or that desire is the same as romantic love.

或性与浪漫爱情是同一回事的结论。

Married partners may love each other

结了婚的伴侣们可以深爱对方,

even though they rarely, or never, engage in physical intimacy.

即使很少或从来没有身体的亲密接触。

In addition, there are some notable differences between love — especially long-term love — and romantic love.

此外,爱,尤其是长期的爱,和浪漫的爱是有很大区别的。

Healthy loving relationships, whether physical or not(such as love for family members),

健康的恋爱关系,不管它们是有性的或是无性的(比如对家人的爱)

reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment.

都反映了关怀、亲密和忠诚的平衡。

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G.詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说,“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人:其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1:无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征,人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作,”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力:为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法,加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”,而不是“我”,能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是,要在你实验室内部,以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间,培养一个良好声誉:一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2:紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业,并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作,这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行,那意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行,”豪特说,“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说,你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来,而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样,不仅对那些行动快速的人们,也对那些思维敏捷,并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作,而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3:风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论,”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质:那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的,组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应,因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说,伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里,你需要了解过程,但最终你会迷上答案,然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合,是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

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Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来,法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前,由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感,该机构颁布了净化法语的法律,其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧,现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur;表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举,触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度,直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎,真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸),英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国,随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”,“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释,交流也变得有些困难。比如说,汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词);引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽);老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物);婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见,两国英语曾同出一源,而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了,按美国人的观点,是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中,甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语,就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类,让我详例如下: 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历,我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录,上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问,想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外,东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如,奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖,却用了“revolting new ideas”,即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”,目口头号游手好闲者,可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广,直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传:“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”,这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”,即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是,海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌:“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐,希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们,旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而,在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中,这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯:“使用电梯时,请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯,请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序,依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂:“想要客房服务时,请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其,人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客:“来我们餐馆吧,你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人:“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关,可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧,奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而,这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往,根据其告示,“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品,他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服,尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play? 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说, “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。 They want to hire a “key player” from another company. 他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。 Every company also hires from ranks of newbies, 然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。 and what they're looking for is exactly the same. 他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。 “We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. “我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。 If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them.” 假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。” It's just a bit risker.只是这样有点儿冒险。 “It's an educated guess,”“这是一种有根据的猜测,” says my hiring manager client.我的人事经理客户说。 Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. 作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,

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