定语从句三个重要概念

定语从句的三个重要概念

1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。如：

The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长

This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的单车。

The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵叶子红色的树是去年栽的

2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如：

The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(现行词是名词)

Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(现行词是代词)

His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。(现行词是句子)

3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, w hen, why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又做从句中的某个句子成分。如：Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一个学习非常努力的学生。(引导词who)

There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(引导词but)

He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。(引导词where)

who (whom) 和that的用法区别详解

在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：

一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形

(1)在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：

My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。

(2)当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：

Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？

(3)当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如：

Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。

(4)当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如：

Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。

(5)先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：

The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。

(6) 在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who (whom)。如：

There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过。

(7) 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为t hat, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：

The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university.刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。

二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形

(1)当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：

The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自山东。

(2)当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：

He is the only student that said “no”to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生

(3)当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如：

Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？

(4)the same as 与the same that

the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：

She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)

She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)

也谈that和which的用法区别

在定语从句中，关系代词which 和that 都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：

■只能用that而不能用which的情形

(1)当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none 及some-, any-, no-, every- 与thing 所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：

There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 没有事情会阻止我们进步。

(2)当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。如：

This is the only problem that we can’t work out. 这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。

(3)当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。如：

This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。

(4)当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如：

Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. 人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。

(5)当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：

This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. 这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。

(6) 当主句是以which 开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。如：

Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？

■只能用which而不能用that的情形

(1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。如：

The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. 那个铅笔盒，我上周买的，现在不见了。

(2)关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。如：

The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. 我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。

(3)先行词为代词that 或that 所修饰时，只能用which。如：

I don’t take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。

学习定语从句的几个误区

一、误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人

whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。如：

It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛，名字我忘了。

The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。

二、混淆定语从句与并列句

请看下面两题：

1.He has two children, and both of _________ are abroad.

A.them

B. which

C. whom

D. who

2.He has two children, both of _________ are abroad.

A.them

B. which

C. whom

D. who

第1题选A，第2题选C。由于第1题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and 后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第2题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abro ad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下面一题：

He has two children, both of _________ being abroad.

A.them

B. which

C. whom

D. who

此题答案为A，其中的both of them being abroad为独立主格结构，用作状语。

请再看一组类似的例子：

1.He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.

A.it

B. them

C. which

D. that

2.He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.

A.it

B. them

C. which

D. that

第1应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第2应选C，因为句中有谓语were translated。比较下面一例：

He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.

A.it

B. them

C. which

D. that

此题与上面的第2题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。

三、混淆关系代词与关系副词

有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较：This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词wh ere在从句中用作状语)

This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit的宾语)

The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语)

The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语)

比较下面的考题：

1.This is the room _________I lived ten years ago.

A.that

B. where

C. who

D. what

2.This is the room _________I lived in ten years ago.

A.that

B. where

C. who

D. what

3.This is the room _________I bought ten years ago.

A.that

B. where

C. who

D. what

4.This is the room _________I visited ten years ago.

A.that

B. where

C. who

D. what

5.This is the room _________I was born ten years ago.

A.that

B. where

C. who

D. what

第1题选B，因为live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第2题选A，因为虽然live 不及物，但live in 却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第3、4题也应选A，因为buy 和visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己的宾语；第5应选B，因为be born 无需有自己的宾语。

四、误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句

有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如：

1.If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you.

A.as

B. which

C. what

D. that

2.When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating.

A.as

B. which

C. what

D. that

以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。