[考研类试卷]考研英语(一)模拟试卷149.doc

[考研类试卷]考研英语（一）模拟试卷149

一、Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

0 MySpace and other Web sites have unleashed a potent new phenomenon of social networking in cyberspace ,【B1】______at the same time, a growing body of evidence is suggesting that traditional social【B2】______play a surprisingly powerful and under-recognized role in influencing how people behave.

The latest research comes from Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, at the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. James H. Fowler, at the University of California at San Diego. The

【B3】______reported last summer that obesity appeared to【B4】______from one person to another【B5】______social networks, almost like a virus or a fad. In a follow-up to that provocative research, the team has produced【B6】______findings about another major health【B7】______; smoking. In a study published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, the team found that a person's decision to【B8】

______the habit is strongly affected by【B9】______other people in their social network quit — even people they do not know. And, surprisingly, entire networks of smokers appear to quit virtually【B10】______

For【B11】______of their studies, they【B12】______of detailed records kept between 1971 and 2003 about 5,124 people who participated in the landmark Framingham Heart Study. Because many of the subjects had ties to the Boston suburb of Framingham, many of the participants were【B13】______somehow—through spouses, neighbors, friends, co-workers—enabling the researchers to study a network that【B14】______12,067 people.

Taken together, these studies are【B15】______a growing recognition that many behaviors are【B16】______by social networks in【B17】______that have not been fully understood. And【B18】______may be possible, the researchers say, to harness the power of these networks for many【B19】______, such as encouraging safe sex, getting more people to exercise or even【B20】______crime.

1 【B1】

（A）so

（B）but

（C）as

（D）although

2 【B2】

（A）resource （B）database （C）communication （D）intranet

3 【B3】

（A）pair

（B）sociologists （C）spouse

（D）universities

4 【B4】

（A）range

（B）differ

（C）vary

（D）spread

5 【B5】

（A）between （B）among （C）in

（D）through

6 【B6】

（A）consequent （B）controversial （C）similar （D）diffident

7 【B7】

（A）issue

（B）dispute （C）problem （D）question

8 【B8】

（A）cultivate （B）kick

（C）leave

（D）tick

9 【B9】

（A）how

（B）that

（C）what

（D）whether

10 【B10】

（A）surprisingly （B）simultaneously （C）spontaneously （D）strongly

11 【B11】

（A）neither

（B）none

（C）both

（D）which

12 【B12】

（A）made a companion （B）took advantage

（C）took an attitude （D）had the best 13 【B13】

（A）concerned （B）excluded （C）encouraged （D）connected

14 【B14】

（A）totaled

（B）increased （C）summed （D）added

15 【B15】

（A）filling

（B）blocking （C）fueling

（D）contributing 16 【B16】

（A）swayed （B）deviated （C）bettered （D）deteriorated 17 【B17】（A）order （B）ways （C）fear

（D）case

18 【B18】（A）it

（B）there （C）they

（D）if

19 【B19】（A）reasons （B）keeps （C）good （D）purposes

20 【B20】

（A）banning

（B）promoting

（C）fighting

（D）committing

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

20 In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than their parents did and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the "battle of the sexes".

If the process goes too far and man's role is regarded as less important—and that has happened in some cases—we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.

It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of "Momism" —but we don't want to exchange it for a "neo-Popism". What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists , social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit—nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman's place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man's place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.

The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.

Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only to a healthy democracy, but also to a healthy family.

21 According to the text, notions of male superiority are______.

（A）not maintained by most American women

（B）difficult to maintain in a home where the woman does most of the work

（C）completely alien to American mothers and fathers

（D）difficult to maintain in a home where household tasks are shared by the mother and father

22 The danger in the sharing of household tasks by the mother and father is that______.

（A）the role of the father may become an inferior one

（B）the children will grow up believing that life is a battle of the sexes

（C）sharing leads to masculine women and effeminate men

（D）the father becomes physically worn out

23 Today, people who specialize in family problems______.

（A）reaffirm the belief that a woman's place is in the home

（B）would reestablish the father as the autocratic ruler of the family

（C）are becoming more aware of the importance of the father's role in the family

（D）believe that the mother deserves all the credit or blame for the raising of the children

24 According to the author, the solution of family problems______.

（A）is best felt in hands of social workers and specialists on the family

（B）is similar in all families

（C）needs to be reached by ways unique to each family

（D）is not necessary in household where sharing is done

25 The word "pertinent"(Line 2, Para. 5)most probably means______.

（A）penetrating

（B）profound

（C）appropriate

（D）irrelevant

25 Is it possible that women may change their minds about going out to work in the face of all that social disorder—crime, delinquent children, and divorces? So far there is no sign of it. A poll for the Whirlpool Foundation, a research body linked to the eponymous white-goods producer, found in the mid-1990s that most women in Western Europe and North America would want to work whether or not they needed her money. Attitudes to working women vary considerably, even in the richer countries. One reason, according to Francoise Core, who conducted a study of female employment for the OECD, is that in countries where agriculture declined rapidly and early, and in which urbanization and industry took over, the habit of fairly equal sharing of work between men and women was lost for a long time. New social expectations grew up along with the urban, nuclear family. This was true in Britain and America, for example, whereas in France the shift from agriculture came much later, with a shorter gap before new service professions expanded to create jobs for women. This sort of difference also explains why sexual equality is more pronounced in Finland's labor market than in neighboring Sweden's.

Such a mixed heritage also explains why it is wrong to conclude that increasing female participation in the workforce—with its 1960s assistant, the contraceptive pill—has caused crime and disorder. Even if the correlation could be shown to be based on causation, it would be wrong then to argue that female liberties should be curtailed with any degree of compulsion. Mr. Fukuyama of George Mason University stops short of this, but he praises Japan for having forbidden the use of the pill until this year, and wonder whether this will bring family breakdown and rising crime to Japan.

Yet the correlation, is a broader one: that female liberation was merely a part of a general social change, as greater urbanization, affluence and mass education loosened

family ties. There may have been a disruption, but the causes of it were wider than just a change in the status of women and in the ability to control pregnancy. And family ties are far from the only old bonds to have loosened. They have also grown looser in the area in which many women struggle: big business.

26 According to the text, which of the following is true of an agricultural society? （A）There is fairly equal sharing of work among men and women.

（B）Women play a more dominant role than men.

（C）Men play a more dominant role than women.

（D）Most crimes are committed by women.

27 Which of the following would be inferred about Finland?

（A）Its shift from agriculture came later than that in America and Great Britain.

（B）Its habit of equal sharing of work among men and women was long lost.

（C）It has a low crime rate.

（D）Its women are mostly employed in industrial sectors.

28 The word "correlation" in paragraph three refers to______.

（A）the demise of agriculture and urbanization

（B）female participation in the workforce and sexual discrimination against men （C）women employment and rising crime rates

（D）urbanization and rising crime rates

29 Which of the following best expresses the views of Mr. Fukuyama of George Mason University?

（A）Working women should be on the pill.

（B）More women should be in the workforce.

（C）Female liberties should be restrained through compulsory means.

（D）Women's participation in the workforce may contribute to crime and disorder.

30 In the last paragraph, the author's point is that______.

（A）more women should be liberated from their homes

（B）women's participation in the workforce has contributed to greater affluence and prosperity

（C）crime and disorder may not be put down to women's participation in the workforce alone

（D）in big businesses women do better than men

30 Europe's governments are slamming the last door still open for so-called economic migrants from poor countries. Throughout the late 1980s more and more would-be migrants used this loophole. In 1992, 13 European countries were handling close to 700,000 requests for immigration a year. By June this year applications have dropped to almost a third of that rate.

The largest falls are in Germany, which had Europe's most open immigration policy, and in Sweden. In Germany almost all asylum-seekers and immigrants were let in and looked after at public expense until tribunals judged(and usually rejected)claims of persecution in their own countries. When Germany tightened the rules in July 1993, it was host to over 500,000 asylum-seekers.

Even countries like Britain and France, which had stricter ways of separating political from economic migrants to begin with, have made it less attractive to seek asylum, as new figures from the Inter-governmental Consultations on Asylum Refugees and Migration Matters in Geneva suggest. Britain's Home Office is speeding ways to detect fraudulent application and has increased fines on ships and airlines that carry illegal immigrants.

A common policy on asylum and immigration is an avowed goal of the European Union. Germany, which sees itself beset by would-be immigrants crossing neighboring

lands, is especially keen. It wants other Europeans to consider the system Germany now uses of rejecting out of hand applications for political asylum from countries deemed "safe" , beginning with all of Germany's immediate neighbors. Other European governments, notable France's, believes that it may be a mistake to single out a handful of countries as free from persecution. Does this not imply, the French would say, that asylum-seekers from countries off the list are at risk(and so deserve protection)? The French government would like to be a-ble to decide for itself. If the fall in asylum applications is a guide, Europe has a common policy despite itself; keep the poor foreigners out. But it is not clear that a fortress Europe policy by itself can work for long, now that the Cold War is gone. As Jonas Widgren, who monitors European migration in Vienna, points out, unless Western Europe works more closely on migration with Eastern Europe and Russian, it is simply storing up troubles.

31 Germany now has a system of______.

（A）rejecting asylum applications from economically safe countries

（B）judging in court immigration-seekers' reasons for application

（C）imposing heavy fines on economic migrants from poor countries

（D）cooperating with its neighbors in choosing politically safe nations

32 The author of this essay suggests that______.

（A）political asylum is often used as a way to escape control

（B）until 1992 Germany only left ajar its door for asylum-seekers

（C）France and the UK are both ideal choices for immigration-seekers

（D）Europe tries covertly to work out a common immigration policy

33 Which of the following is the meaning of "fraudulent" in the third paragraph?

（A）Authentic.

（B）Frustrating.

（C）Deceitful.

（D）Smuggled.

34 Which of the following is implied in the text?

（A）Europe as a whole turns its back on poor immigrants.

（B）European countries have a standard for political safety.

（C）Germany only handles applications of persecuted migrants.

（D）Other European governments will follow Germany's suit.

35 How could the migration problem be solved as suggested by the author?

（A）The European Union has to maintain a common policy on immigration.

（B）Asylum-seekers have to offer sufficient evidence of being persecuted.

（C）Rich countries should welcome both economic and political immigrants.

（D）Western Europe should cooperate closely with refugee-producing lands.

35 Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become acceptable. According to this formulation , highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory are the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomenon can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird is relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different; the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract

about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish, Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.

This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, whoi created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

36 The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the

（A）byproduct of an aesthetic experience

（B）tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular

（C）synthesis underlying a great work of art

（D）result of highly creative scientific activity

37 The author implies that Beethoven's music was strikingly original because Beethoven______.

（A）strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the first composer to exploit limits

（B）fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by adopting a richly inventive strategy

（C）embellished and interwove the melodies of several of the great composers who preceded him

（D）manipulated the established conventions of musical composition in a highly innovative fashion

38 The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are______.

（A）unjustifiably ignored by musicologists

（B）not generally considered to be of high-aesthetic value even though they are important in the history of music

（C）among those works in which popular historical themes were portrayed in a musical production

（D）often inappropriately cited as examples of musical works in which a new principle of organization was introduced

39 The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT______.

（A）Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

（B）Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

（C）Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?

（D）Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

40 The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with______.

（A）deep skepticism

（B）strong indignation

（C）marked indifference

（D）moderate amusement

Part B (10 points)

40 You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text(41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

[A]A pioneering and radical idea

[B]The cost-cutting strategies

[C]The innovator's dilemma

[D]The coming campus rumpus

[E]The effective source of savings

[F]New thinking about higher education

[G]Better management with less

How to make college cheaper

Derek Bok, a former president of Harvard, once observed that " universities share one characteristic with compulsive gamblers and exiled royalty; there is never enough money to satisfy their desires. " America's universities have raised their fees five times as fast as inflation over the past 30 years. Student debt in America exceeds credit-card debt. Yet still the universities keep sending begging letters to alumni and philanthropists. This insatiable appetite for money was bad enough during the boom years. It is truly irritating now that middle-class incomes are stagnant and students are struggling to find good jobs. 【C1】______

Are universities inevitably expensive? Vance Fried, of Oklahoma State University, recently conducted a fascinating thought experiment, backed up by detailed calculations. Is it possible to provide a first-class undergraduate education for $6,700 a year rather than the $25 ,900 charged by public research u-niversities or the $51,500 charged by their private peers? He concluded that it is.

【C2】______

First, separate the funding of teaching and research. Research is a public good, he reasoned, but there is no reason why undergraduates should pay for it. Second, increase the student-teacher ratio. Business and law schools achieve good results with big classes. Why not other colleges? Mr. Fried thinks that universities will be able to mix some small

classes with big ones even if they have fewer teachers. Third, eliminate or consolidate programmes that attract few students. Fourth, puncture administrative bloat.

【C3】______

Americans could complete their undergraduate degrees in three years instead of four. In practice, most American students take even longer than four years, not least because so many work to pay their tuition. Surprisingly, America's future corporate titans take a leisurely two years to complete their MBAs; most Europeans need only one.

【C4】______

Shai Reshef, an educational entrepreneur-turned-philanthropist, sets up his University of the People which offers free higher education, pitching itself to poor people in America and the rest of the world. The university does this by exploiting three resources: the goodwill of academic volunteers who want to help the poor, the availability of free "courseware" on the internet and the power of social networking. Some 2,000 academic volunteers have designed the courses and given the university some credibility. Tutors direct the students, who so far number 1,000 or so and hail from around the world, to the online courses. They also help to organise them into study groups, and then supervise from afar, dropping in on discussions and marking tests.

【C5】______

Sometimes when academics grouse that there is "never enough money" , they are justified—big science costs big bucks. But higher education is nevertheless marred by inefficiencies and skewed incentives. Students pay to be taught, but their professors are rewarded almost entirely for research. Mr. Fried's calculations suggest that one can slash costs without sacrificing much that student's value. Mr. Reshefs experiment may fail, but there is no doubt that universities need more experimenters. The cost of tuition cannot forever rise faster than students' ability to pay. Industries that cease to offer value for money sooner or later get shaken up. American universities are ripe for shaking.

41 【C1】

42 【C2】

43 【C3】

44 【C4】

45 【C5】

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

45 Science fiction has a tendency to become science fact. Something like Hal, the on-board spaceship computer capable of ethical decision making and intelligence in Arthur Clarke's 2001: A space Odyssey, is being discussed seriously in modern artificial-intelligence(AI)laboratories.【F1】That is not to say that computers will evolve exactly as Clarke envisioned, any more than propulsion systems developed in the way Jules Verne imagined three-quarters of a century before a rocked sent a spaceship to the moon.【F2】However, computer scientists are developing systems that come very close to mimicking parts of human cognition; it seems plausible that something like Hal will be around before you depart from this earth.

【F3】Computerized cognition, or artificial intelligence(AI), as it is often called, is broadly defined as that branch of computer science that deals with the development of computers(hardware)and computer programs(software)that emulate human cognitive functions. Cognition involves perception, memory, thinking, language processing and many other related functions which are carried out in a more or less exact way. You can, for example, see and recognize your friend's face; compose a sensible poem set in iambic pentameter; mentally calculate the most direct route from your home to the college, and distinguish sour milk from fresh milk. We do things like this every day with no effort. We also do a lot of foolish things, such as put shampoo on our toothbrush. We are human—and that's a problem for computers, being perfect machines that never make a mistake, "computer errors" notwithstanding.

If a computer could simulate human thought and actions precisely, then it would be as good as we are in doing the list of things mentioned earlier, but also be just as fallible as we are.【F4】It is important to recognize the distinction between those who want to write programs that will perform human tasks well, such as the program we are presently using that draws a squiggly red line under misspelled words and those who aim to clone human thought. Computers and their impressive programs have become such an indispensible part of our everyday life that we wonder how we got along without them—still, they aren't clever enough to shampoo with toothpaste.

When we discuss AI, it is usually intertwined with Cognitive psychology and neuroscience.【F5】Ideas from one field, for example, neuroscience, might be incorporated into another, for example, artificial intelligence, and yet other ideas from cognitive psychology might be applied to both other areas. All three—AI, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience(especially neuroscience)—build a platform for cognitive science.

46 【F1】

47 【F2】

48 【F3】

49 【F4】

50 【F5】

Part A

Directions: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

51 You planned to go to the National Library with your friend tomorrow. But now you have an important job interview. Write an email to him/her to

1)make an apology,

2)ask for advice for the interview.

Do not sign your name. Use "Li Ming" instead.

Do not need to write the address.

You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Part B

Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

52 Write an essay of 160 ~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the meaning of cartoon briefly,2)state its main idea,3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER

SHEET.