矿区土壤重金属植物修复技术研究进展(英文)_

Research Progress of Phytoremediation

Technology on Soils Polluted by Heavy Metals in Mining Areas

Ying WANG,Zhun XIANG,Hongzao HE,Chunguang REN,Chao SUN *

Institute of Biology,Guizhou Science Academy,Guiyang 550009,China

*Corresponding author.E -mail:chao_sun2000@https://www.360docs.net/doc/a3363027.html, Received:September 25,2012Accepted:October 8,2012

A

Agricultural Science &Technology,2012,13(10):2133-2136

Copyright 訫2012,Information Institute of HAAS.All rights reserved

Soil and Fertilizer

Abstract Phytoremediation is an efficient and economic ecological technology.It in -cludes phytostabilization,phytovolatilization,and plant absorption.In the research,status quo and progress of Phytostabilization and plant absorption in soils polluted with heavy metals in metal mines were summarized,including the characteristics and status quo of phytoremediation and selection method of hyperaccumulator.In addition,further research was proposed as well.

Key words Heavy metals;Polluted soils;Phytoremediation;Hyperaccumulator

R

ecently,soil pollution with heavy metals is increasingly serious in mining areas and

neighboring regions,threatening eco -environment,food security and peo -ples ’health.It is urgent to develop economic and high efficient soil restoration technology for environment improvement,which is a research hots -pot in environmental sciences,geological sciences and agricultural sciences [1-6].Heavy metals in soils in -clude Chromium (Cr),Lead (Pb),Mer -cury (Hg),Znic (Zn),Stannum (Sn),Cadmium (Cd)and Arsenic (As).Some of the heavy metals would have a direct effect on environment,such as Cd,Pb,Hg and As and some,as necessary microelements,would pol -lute environment if the contents ex -ceed a certain value,such as Zn and Cu.Presently,Cd,Pb,As,Pb and Hg are most studied [7].

The restoration methods of soils contaminated by heavy metals are physical method,chemical method and biological method,among which the first two,expensive and complicat -ed,usually destroy soil structure or biodiversity and are not suitable for soils polluted in large area [8-10].Biore -mediation technique,especially for

phytoremediation,enjoys many ad -vantages,such as safeness and low cost,eco -balance and environment -friendliness.However,some condi -tions should be satisfied,as follows:Plants tolerant to heavy metals or hy -peraccumulator should be selected;the theories and operation technolo -gies for optimal restoration effect should be obtained [11-12].Phytoremedi -ation on soils polluted by heavy metals can be observed from phytostabiliza -tion,phytovolatilization and plant ab -sorption.The researches available concentrate on the plants which would remove heavy metals efficiently (hy -peraccumulator)and plants which would prevent heavy metals being ab -sorbed (hyper -tolerant plants).

Characteristics of Phytore -mediation

Exploitation of metal mine is characterized with pollution by heavy metals.Hence,pollution reduction of heavy metal should be considered in treatment of soil erosion in mining ar -eas.Although the methods of heavy metal treatments are multiple,at home and abroad,phytoremediation proves optimal,which is economic,high -effi -

cient and safe.It has been an emerg -ing technology in restoration of soils polluted by heavy metals.

Phytoremediation refers to the natural ability of certain plants called hyperaccumulators to bioaccumulate,degrade,or render heavy metals in soils and can be classified into phy -toextraction,phytovolatilization,rizofil -tration,and phytostabilization.The first three are usually called removing pro -cess and the last one is called stabi -lization period.Phytoextraction is quite popular in research field.For restora -tion of heavy metals in metal mines,the plants with ability of hyper -collec -tion are mainly made use of.There -fore,soil erosion would be reduced and heavy metals in soils would be transferred into plants which would be processed together to be raw materi -als of industry production.

Status quo of Phytoreme -diation Research

Hyper -tolerant plants can make use of root absorption and collection a -bility to fix heavy metals in plant roots and rhizosphere soils,further reducing transferring ability of heavy metals in soils.Hence,bioavailability and bio -toxicity of heavy metals would drop ac -cordingly [13-14].With this kind of plants,vegetation coverage in mining area can be enhanced and erosion condi -tions would be improved.It is of practi -cal significance for ecological restora -tion and soil pollution restoration to grow the plants in metal mines.

Agrostis tenuis and Festuca rubra ,discovered by Smith and Brad -shaw [15],have been applied in heavy metal stabilization,such as Pb,Zn and

Cu in soils.What’s more,Zeamays, Hordeum vulgaris and Lolium perenne can also made use of in soil restora-tion[16].The absorption of Hypar rheni-ahrta and Zygophyllum fabago in Spain are not so strong,but Zn con-centration in soils is high.It can be concluded that the two plants might have concentration on Zn[17].According to related research,during interplant-ing period of Festuca arver nensis, Koeleria vallesiana and Anthyllis vul-neraria,the concentrations of Zn,Pb and Cd in leaves of first two were sig-nificantly lower than those of the plants grown alone[18].When Lupinus albus is applied in soils polluted by pyrite, soil pH was improved and availability of As and Cd were reduced,making more As and Cd around roots[12]. Johansson[19]conducted a test in fields of a junkyard of a copper mine in Cyprus and found that Pistaciater ebinthus and Cistuscreticus are hy-per-tolerant plant to Cu.

Zhang[20]and Liu[21]made research on dominant wild plants in a tailing pond in Tongling City and found that Dysophylla yatabeana and Cynodon dactylon are of poor absorption on heavy metals,but would tolerate the barren environment in the tailing pond and grow well.

Research on hyperaccumulator Hyperaccumulator is most popu-lar object in research fields with great potential.The kind of plants enjoy more advantages,such as tolerance to highly-concentrated heavy metal,con-centration ability on heavy metal(the accumulation ability is500times of that of common plants),rapid growth, more biological yield,and advanced root[22].Until now,more than400vari-eties of plants have been demonstrat-ed with high concentration to heavy metals.Hyperaccumulator list,issued in Canada,includes750varieties of plants,such as terrestrial plant,aquat-ic plant,wild and cultivated plants[23].

According to related researches, Thlaspi caerulescens is of high con-centration ability on Zn and Cd and the contents in overground plants are as high as3.96%and0.18%[24-27].Ebb et al.[16]reported that tissues of Brassica juncea contain as much as1/3of Zn. Hence,Brassica juncea would remove Zn pollution in soils more efficiently compared with Thlaspi caerulescens

and the yield of the former is10times

of the latter[14].Furthermore,Sedumal

fredii enjoys high concentration on Zn

and Cd and the tolerance,concentra-

tion and transferring ability to Cd are

much higher in mining compared with

other areas[28].In addition,Asplenium,

Viola baoshanensis and Phytolacca

acinosa are strong in concentration

on Cd and the last proved most signif-

icant[29-30].Solanum nigrum,Conyza.

Canadensis and Taraxacum mon-

golicum,with high concentration to Cd,

would tolerate stress from Cd,Pb,Cu

and Zn[31-32].Wei et al.[33]made research

on accumulation characters of weeds

in31species of17families and the re-

sults showed that the concentration

coefficients of overground parts of

Kalimeris integrifolio,Taraxacum

mongolicum and Herba Bidentis Bip-

innatae were all higher than1and Cd

contents in overground plants were

more than those in roots.Hence,the

three species can be concluded as hy-

peraccumulator to heavy metals.Ara-

bis gemmifera is with concentration

ability both to Cd and Zn[34].Holcus

lanatus would grow well in soils pollut-

ed by Zn or lacking Zn[35].Helianthus

annuus is proved with significant con-

centration ability in leaves and roots to

Pb[36-38]and Thlaspi rotundifolium is

also of concentration to Pb[39].Anti-

ochia et al.[40]made a pot experiment

on compound pollution of Cr,Cu,Pd

and Zn and determined that Pb and Zn

contents in Vetiveria zizanioides ex-

ceeded the standard of hyperaccumu-

lator and the contents in roots were

higher than those in stems;the ab-

sorption on Cr and Cu was lower.Ipo-

moea alpine and Haumaniastrum

katangense were of significant con-

centration on Cu and Zn[41-42].The test

conducted by Li et al.[43]indicated that

when Cu2+is96.5‰in soils,Cu con-

tent in Elsholtzia splendens would be

more than1‰,exceeding hyperaccu-

mulator standard.Based on soils con-

taminated by Cu,Pyatt[44]found that

leaves of Eucaly ptustor quata and A-

cacia retinoides contained Cu at0.21%

and0.19%,respectively.As con-centra-

tion in Pteris vittata is2.3%[45];Pteris

vittata,Pteris cretica,Potentilla longi-

folia and Phlomis umbrosa are optimal

plants for restoration of soils polluted

with As[46-48].Pityrogramme cal-ome-

lanos and Mimosa pudica are possible

hyperaccumulator to As[49].Some

plants,such as Berkhey acoddii,is of

concentration ability to Ni and the con-

centration of Ni can be as high as

5.5‰[50].Ni in Alyssum lenense mainly

exists in vacuole of Stomatal morphol-

ogy or star-shaped trichome and Ni

concentration in base part of vascular

plant is as high as15%-20%(dry

weight)[51].In addition,Austromyrtus

bidwilli and Phytolacca acinosa in

Australia enjoy good concentration on

Mn[52-53].

The research made by Zhang[20]

and Liu et al.[21]also showed that Com-

melina communis is of high concen-

tration ability on Cu,Zn and As;As

concentrations in Herba Bidentis Bip-

innatae,Setaria viridis and Artemisia

capillaris in pits can be over0.33‰;

Artemisia capillaries grow in soils in

pits and concentration coefficients of

Pb,Zn and As are all higher than1.

Hence,these plants are suitable for

soil restoration.Zhang[54]made a sur-

vey on polluted plants by heavy metals

in soils in tailing ponds and the results

indicated that Poaacroleuca,Gnapha-

lium affine,P.Aquilinum and Phytolac-

ca acinosa are of high concentration

on Mn;Poaannua L,Gnaphalium

affine D.Don and P.Aquilinum are of

high absorption and concentration a-

bility on Pb;Erigeron cannadensis,

Poaannua L,and Gnaphalium affine

are of high concentration ability on Cd;

the concentration ability of plants on

Mn,Pb and Cd still not achieved the

standard of hyperaccumulator.

Selection Methods of Hy-

peraccumulator

Presently,field sampling analysis

and pot-culture simulation are popular

among the selection methods.The

former,simple and rapid,is made use

of by most hyperaccumulators.The lat-

ter,in contrast,could be made use of

for plant in a whole growth period.

Compared with plants growing in metal

mines for a long term,the plants in pot-

culture simulation tests are domesti-

cated shorter.Thus,plants’charac-

ters can be researched and the genet-

ic genes against heavy metals can be

found based on response of plants on

Agricultural Science&Technology Vol.13,No.10,2012

pollutants.Hence,the primarily se-lected hyperaccumulators suitable to be grown in local areas should be an priority to be considered in choosing plants in mining areas to reduce soil erosion and restore the polluted soils[55].

Conclusions

In treating heavy metal pollution in metal mines,some measures should be taken,as follows:The pollution source of heavy metal should be re-duced or cut;“the three wastes”(waste,gas and industrial residue)in mine areas should be supervised to control the discharge;based on rela-tionship between plant biological char-acters and phytoremediation,some chelants or fertilizers can be made use of with the research fruits,at home and abroad.Therefore,development and protection should be both highlighted for metal mines to control heavy metal pollution effectively.

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Vol.13,No.10,2012Agricultural Science&Technology

Agricultural Science &Technology Vol.13,No.10,2012

矿区土壤重金属植物修复技术研究进展

王莹，向准，贺红早，任春光，孙超*

（贵州科学院生物研究所，贵州贵阳550009）

摘要植物修复技术是清除土壤中重金属的一种有效、经济的生态技术。重金属污染土壤植物修复技术主要有植物固定、植物挥发和植物吸收等方式，总结了在金属矿区土壤重金属污染的植物固定和植物吸收修复技术研究方面的现状与进展,包括植物修复技术的特点、植物修复的研究现状、超富集植物的筛选方法，并提出了进一步研究的主要方向。关键词重金属;污染土壤;植物修复;超富集植物作者简介王莹（1982-），女，黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，硕士，从事植物学相关研究工作，E -mail:wangyinghouzi@https://www.360docs.net/doc/a3363027.html, 。*通讯作者：E -mail:chao_sun2000@hot https://www.360docs.net/doc/a3363027.html, 。收稿日期

2012-09-25修回日期2012-10-08

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Responsible editor:Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

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