家兔呼吸运动的调节

家兔呼吸运动的调节

骆张洁、朱秀妮、王娅雯

摘要:目的探究二氧化碳、氮气、静脉注射乳酸溶液、增大解剖无效腔、切断迷走神经等因素对家兔呼吸运动的影响。方法: 用气管插管描记呼吸流量间接反映家兔呼吸运动（呼吸频率、节律、幅度）的方法，研究吸入二氧化碳、静脉注射乳酸溶液、增大解剖无效腔、切断颈部迷走神经、电刺激迷走神经中枢端对呼吸运动的影响并初步探讨其作用部位，并分析机制。结果 : CO2 、N2、增大解剖无效腔、静脉注射乳酸使呼吸加深加快；切断一侧迷走神经，呼吸频率降低，切断两侧出现呼吸暂停（深慢），电刺激中枢端后呼吸可使呼

吸浅快。结论: 增大无效腔、增加

CO浓度、静脉注射乳酸溶液呼吸加深加快；切断迷走

2

神经呼吸加深变慢；电刺激迷走神经中枢端呼吸变浅加快。

关键词：增大无效腔；CO2、N2、乳酸溶液、切断迷走神经

Spontaneous breathing exercises the adjustment

By Luozhangjie, ZhuXiuNi, WangYaWen pair

Abstract: objective explore carbon dioxide, nitrogen, intravenous lactic acid solution and increase the anatomical invalid cavity, cut off the vagus nerve breathing movement factors such as the impact of rabbit. Methods: use tracheal intubation was breathing flow indirectly reflect spontaneous breathing exercises (breathing frequency, rhythm, amplitude) method, the inhalation carbon dioxide, intravenous lactic acid solution and increase the anatomical invalid cavity, cut off the vagus nerve, electrical stimulation cervical vagus nerve center of the influence of the breathing movement and discusses its role site, and analysis mechanism. Results: the CO2 and N2 and increase the anatomical invalid cavity, intravenous lactic acid makes breathing deepen accelerated; Cut off the side the vagus nerve, reduce the frequency of breathing, cut off both sides appear apnea (deep slow), electrical stimulation central terminal can make breathing after breathing shallow fast. Conclusion: increase invalid cavity, increasing concentration, intravenous lactic acid solution breathing deepen accelerated; Cut the vagus nerve breathing deepen slow; Electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve center becomes shallow breathing quickened.

Keywords: increase invalid cavity; CO2 and N2, lactic acid solution, cut off the vagus nerve

呼吸运动是呼吸中枢节律性活动的反映。在不同的生理状态下，呼吸运动所发生的适应

性变化有赖于神经系统的反射性调节，期中较为重要的有呼吸中枢、肺牵张反射以及中枢、外周化学感受器的反射性调节。因此，体内外各种刺激，可以直接作用于中枢部位或通过不同的感受器反射性地影响呼吸运动。、

材料与方法

1．呼吸运动调节模拟实验窗口。家兔：家兔颈部气管插管，一通气口用胶管连接呼吸换能器，家兔呼吸运动用其腹部动画展现。

2．手术刀：鼠标点击手术刀并拖动至家兔颈部释放，启动气管插管录像，录像结束，记录仪描记家兔气道压力变化曲线。

3．仿真二道记录仪：第一道记录家兔气道压力变化曲线，第二道记录实验项目标记。仿真记录仪面板设灵敏度、位移、纸速，面板设数字显示框，分别显示记录仪第一道灵敏度、气道压力、呼吸频率、实验项目。

4．注射器：鼠标器点击注射器极拖动至家兔耳部上方释放，向输入框输入药品剂量，点击确定，药品从家兔耳缘静脉注入。呼吸运动因药物作用而发生变化，药品剂量 3%乳酸 2ml 5．CO2气球、N2气球、胶管拖动至气管插管图气管插管开口长释放，呼吸运动发生变化。6．鼠标点击手术刀并拖动至家兔颈部神经解剖图的神经上方释放，可先后切断二侧迷走神经，呼吸运动发生变化

7．测量按钮：按测量按钮，仿真记录仪显示所做实验项目的实验曲线，仿真记录仪面板按钮变为图标按钮，有放大、缩小、压缩、扩展、定位图标按钮，分别可使仿真记录仪内的实验曲线纵向放大或缩小，横向压缩或扩展，定位图标按钮可使所选记录曲线处的位置移到仿真记录仪左边框。

8．测量状态：在测量状态下，鼠标器在仿真记录仪内移动，可对实验曲线进行测量，并从仿真记录仪的面板数字显示框“压力”和“Time”中读出气道压力和呼吸周期时间。在曲线上点击，可测量相对值。拖动仿真记录仪面板上的滚动条，可使实验曲线左右滚动，显示前后实验滚动

9．窗口内容和可操作控件均有提示。窗口提示栏右设置“返回”按钮，鼠标点击“返回”按钮，程序返回到模拟实验窗口。

Materials and methods

1. Breathing exercises adjusting simulation experiment window. Rabbit rabbit: neck tracheal intubation with hose connection, a carbon monoxide breath, spontaneous breathing exercises with transducer the stomach show animation.

2. A scalpel: the mouse to click a scalpel and drag to rabbit, launching tracheal intubation neck released video, video over, recorder airway pressure curve was rabbit.

3. Simulation two way recorder: a record airway pressure curve rabbit, the second word record experimental project markers. Simulation recorder panel set sensitivity, displacement, paper speed, panel set digital display box, respectively show recorder

a the sensitivity, airway pressure, breathing rate, experimental project.

4. The mouse click syringe syringe: a drag to rabbit ears to input box above release, drug doses, click ok input from rabbit ears, drugs injected flanges vein. Breathing exercises for drug and change, drug doses 3% 2ml lactic acid

5. CO2 balloon, N2 balloon, hose drag to tracheal intubation figure tracheal intubation, breathing long release open change.

6. The mouse to click a scalpel and drag to spontaneous neck neuroanatomy diagram above, successively nerve released two side the vagus nerve, which cut off breathing movement is changing

7. Measuring button measurement button, simulation experiments show that the

recorder of the experimental curves, project simulation recorder panel button into icon button, amplification, narrow, compression, expansion, positioning icon button, can make the simulation data recorder respectively in the experimental curves of longitudinal larger or smaller, transverse compression or expand, positioning icon button can make the selected record curve position of moved to the simulation recorder bezel.

8. Measurement state: in measurement condition, mouse in the simulation data recorder and moved within measured on the experimental curves, and from the simulation diagram panel digital display box "stress" and "a" read the airway pressure and breathing cycle Time. Click on the curve can measure relative value. Drag the simulation data recorder panel scroll bars, can make the experimental curves or so before rolling rolling, display experimental

9. Window contents and operational controls are prompted. Window tip bar right setting the "back" button, the mouse to click the "back" button, routine returns to the simulation experiment window.

结果

Every minute ventilation ML ventilatory frequency times/MIN breathing ratio Normal controls 722.5 50 1/2.34

1475.55 increases invalid cavity 73 1/1.4

CO2 1666.33 88 1/1.07

1084.16 79 1/1.42 N2

Lactic acid solution 970.15 75 1/1.34

Cut off the side the vagus nerve 891.32 31 1/2.74

Cut sides 725.91 44 vagus nerve 1 324

讨论

各种因素改变对家兔造成影响的作用部位和作用机理？

1. 增大无效腔：

表现——切断一侧家兔呼吸频率明显增大，呼吸深度加深，班组统计数据显示有差异。

原理——①实现方法：通过接上一根长50cm胶管的方法来增加气道长度；②增加气道长度就等于增加大家兔解剖无效腔，增加无效腔从而减少了肺泡的通气量，使肺泡气体

更新率下降造成动脉血PO2降低，PCO2升高，反射性引起呼吸运动加强;③PO2降

低和PCO2升高都可引起呼吸运动加强。但以PCO2的作用为主，CO2对呼吸的刺

激作用主要通过刺激中枢化学感受器，进而引起延髓呼吸中枢兴奋，导致呼吸加快。

也可刺激颈动脉体和主动脉体外周化学感受器，通过窦神经和主动脉神经传入延髓

呼吸中枢，使呼吸运动加强，PO2下降主要是通过刺激外周化学感受器，引起呼吸

中枢兴奋；④气道加长使呼吸气道阻力增大，反射性呼吸加深加快。

2. 增加

CO浓度：

2

表现——家兔呼吸幅度增加，小组结果显示呼吸频率变化不明显，班组统计数据显示有明显差异。

原理——动脉血中CO2分压升高，CO2的浓度也增高，可使呼吸加深加快,肺通气量增加。

其机制是：①通过延髓中枢化学感受区兴奋，使呼吸中枢兴奋——由于血液CO2

能迅速通过血--脑脊液屏障，由于脑脊液的缓冲能力差，故PH值下降，从而使中

枢化学感受区周围液体中的氢离子浓度升高。刺激中枢化学感受区，引起呼吸中枢

兴奋，呼吸增强。②通过外周化学感受器兴奋，反射性地引起呼吸中枢兴奋——当

血中CO2浓度升高时，可刺激颈动脉体和主动脉体，冲动经窦神经和主动脉神经，

然后分别并入第九与第十对脑神经入延髓，反射性地增强呼吸运动。吸入气中CO2

浓度增加，将导致肺泡气PCO2升高，动脉血CO2浓度也随之升高，呼吸加深加快。

3. 静脉注射乳酸溶液：

表现——呼吸加深，但程度较小，小组结果显示呼吸频率变化不大，班组统计数据显示有差异。

原理——注射乳酸，使家兔血液中的H 浓度升高，刺激外周化学感受器和中枢化学感受器——中枢化学感受器对H+的敏感较外周的高，但H+不易通过血-脑屏障，因而此时

H+的效应主要是刺激外周化学感受器，使膈肌、肋间外肌收缩，肺通气量增加，

呼吸加深加快。

4.切断迷走神经：

表现——切断一侧迷走神经家兔呼吸加深，但呼吸频率变小，班组统计数据显示有差异；切断另一侧

迷走神经，家兔呼吸幅度进一步加深，呼吸频率进一步减小，班组统计数据显示有差异。

原理——①迷走神经的作用：迷走神经中含有肺牵张反射传入纤维，当吸气运动使肺扩张时，该神经纤维兴奋，冲动传入中枢后引起吸气切断机制，吸气神经元活动抑制，吸气

停止转为呼气运动，从而加速吸气→呼气运动的交替。②当切断迷走神经后，中断

了肺扩张反射的传入通路，反射作用减弱，从而出现了呼吸程度加深，呼吸速度减

慢的现象。（另外，迷走神经是外周化学感受性反射的传入神经，切断两侧迷走神

经，呼吸中枢将不能感受外周的化学性刺激，失去外周的化学感受器反射调节作用）discussion

Various factors affect the change of rabbit and the mechanism of action parts?

1. Increase invalid chamber:

Performance - cut side ventilatory frequency of rabbit increased obviously, breathing deep deepen, shift statistics have differences.

Principle -- (1) the realization method: through to a root length 50cm hose methods to increase the airway length; (2) increases airway length is tantamount to increase

big rabbit, increase anatomical invalid cavity is invalid cavity and thereby reducing the alveolar ventilation, make the alveolar gas update rate reduced from falling, PCO2 PO2 elevated arterial reflexively cause breathing exercises to strengthen; (3) PCO2 PO2 reduce and elevated can cause breathing exercises to strengthen all. But in the role of PCO2 mainly to breathe, CO2 mainly through the stimulating effect of the exciting central chemical sensors, which cause the medulla oblongata, cause respiratory centers excited breathe faster. Also can stimulate carotid body and aortic receptors, through in vitro weeks chemistry and the aortic neural afferent nerve sinus medulla oblongata breathing center, make breathing exercises to strengthen PO2 decline, is primarily through stimulating peripheral chemical sensors, respiratory central excited; (4) the airway extended make breathing airway resistance increases, breathing deepen reflexively accelerated.

2. Increased concentration:

Performance - increases, breathing amplitude rabbit group showed no obvious change in frequency, breathing shift statistics have obvious difference.

Principle -- blood pressure rise of CO2 points, the increased CO2 concentration, can make the breathing deepen faster, pulmonary ventilation increase. Its mechanism is: (1) through the medulla oblongata central chemical feeling area, make breathing central excited excited CO2 - due to rapid through blood brain barrier, because blood - the buffer cerebrospinal fluid, so poor ability, thus making the PH value falls area around central chemical feeling the elevated hydrogen ion concentration liquid. Stimulate central chemical feeling area, respiratory central excited, breathing increase. (2) by peripheral chemical sensors excited, reflex sexual ground to cause respiratory central excited - when blood CO2 concentration rises, can stimulate carotid body and aortic body, impulse is sinus nerve and aortic nerve, then respectively to merge into the ninth and tenth medulla oblongata, reflective into cranial nerves and enhancing breathing. Inhaled gas CO2 concentration increases, will cause alveolar PCO2 increases, arterial gas CO2 concentration is subsequently increases, breathing deepen faster.

3. Intravenous lactic acid solution:

Performance -- breathing deepen, but lesser degree, the group showed little change, breathing frequency shift statistics have differences.

Principle -- injection lactic acid, make the rabbit, stimulate increased blood concentration of chemical sensors and the week outside central chemical sensors - central chemical sensors to H + sensitive more peripheral high, but H + to through blood - brain barrier, so the effect of H + mainly at this time is to stimulate the peripheral chemical sensors, make the diaphragmatic muscle, rib, outside muscle contraction between pulmonary ventilation increases, breathing deepen faster. 4. Cut the vagus nerve:

Performance - cut side the vagus nerve, but breathing deepen rabbit ventilatory frequency decreases, the shift statistics show that there are differences; Cut another side

The vagus nerve, spontaneous breathing amplitude, breathing further deepen further reduced, the shift statistics have differences.

Principle -- (1) the vagus nerve role: to the vagus nerve contains lung stretch reflexes afferent fiber, when inspiratory movement caused lung expansion, the nerve fiber excited, impulse to central caused by inhaling cut mechanism, inspiratory neurons activities, inspiratory stop to exhale suppression, thus accelerating inspiratory, movement of alternating exhale movement. (2) when cut off the vagus nerve, interrupted lung expansion after reflected afferent pathway, reflection action is abate, thus appeared the breathing degree deepen, breathing has slowed phenomenon. Also, the vagus nerve is peripheral chemical sensitivity reflection on both sides, cut off the afferent nerve vagus nerve, breathing central will not feel peripheral chemical stimulation, lose peripheral chemical sensors reflection regulatory role

参考文献：略