张道真初中英语语法之15句子

张道真初中英语语法之15句子
张道真初中英语语法之15句子

句子

担纲指导张道真

执行主编席玉虎

编著黄玉霞

孙晓芳

山西出版传媒集团·山西教育出版社

2013年6月第2版2014年3月第5次印刷

出版人雷俊林

出版策划苗补坤

责任编辑潘峰

ISBN 978-7-5440-6449-1

学习探讨英语语法请加微平台bbzdzyyyf

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丨学英语,凭什么让我学语法吗???

不时听到一些青年问道:学英语一定要学语法吗?语法应该怎么学呢?我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。

对中国学生来说,尤其是成年人,我看是学点语法好。语法,顾名思义,乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法,尤其是一些基本法则,至少有下列几个好处: 第一 可以使你学得快些,因为已有现成的前人总结的法则,用不着你从头摸索。

第二 可以使你学得透些,因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然,而且可以知其所以然。

第三 可以使你学得准些,因为语法法则就是一条条准绳,可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。

第四 语法不但可以引你入门,更可以引你入胜,使你逐渐眼界开阔,语感加深,从而使你的英语水平不断提高。

丨那么应该如何学习语法呢?

我认为在学习语法过程中,应该注意下面几点:

第一 基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时,一定要把它的基本概念搞清,牢记在心。

第二 要大量地实践,大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面,练习要着重说和写。

第三 学习语法时,应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较,效果就比较好。

第四 要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法,就不必钻牛角尖,进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。

第五 将一本语法书通读一遍,当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书,像词典一样地经常查阅,始能学得比较细致牢靠。

第六 实用英语语法只应是入门的向导,像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后,就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑,影响你说和写的流利性。

最后 可能还会有人说,语法应该学,就是太枯燥。我的感觉是:开头有点枯燥,过些时候,就会像嚼橄榄似的,越学越有味了。如若不信,请试试看。

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张道真初中英语语法之·句子

目 录

A 句子的特征

B 句子成分

[1] 主语

[2] 谓语

[3] 宾语

[4] 表语

[5] 宾语补足语

[6] 定语

[7] 状语

[8] 同位语

学以致用

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Unit 15 句 子

话说句子

句子是相对完整而独立的语言单位。句子是按照一定的语法规则组成,具有主语部分和谓语部分,能表达一个比较完整的意思,并有一定语调的一组词。

A 句子的特征

(1) 句子必须具有比较完整的意思、一定的语法结构和一定的语调。

(2) 句子开头第一个字母必须大写。

(3) 句子末尾必须有句点“.”,或问号“?”,或感叹号“!”。

(4) 句子和句子之间一般不用逗号“,”分隔(与汉语不同)。如:

The boy opened the door. 这个男孩把门打开了。

Did the boy open the door? 这个男孩把门打开了吗?

Open the door, please. 请把门打开。

How beautiful they are! 他们多美啊!

Summer comes after spring, it is the hottest season. (误)

Summer comes after spring. It is the hottest season. (正)春去夏来,夏天是最热的季节。

B 句子成分

句子由各个组成部分构成,这些组成部分叫做句子成分。它们是主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语和复合宾语)、定语、同位语、状语和独立成分。

1. 主语

主语是句子所述说的主体,在陈述句中通常出现在谓语动词前面,以There 引导的句子,主语应该放在谓语动词的后面。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式或从句担任。如:

Betty likes her new bike. 贝蒂喜欢她的新自行车。

Two of them are college students. 他们中两人是大学生。

They usually go to school by bike. 他们通常骑车上学。

To learn a foreign language is not easy. 学外语不容易。

Playing football after school is great fun. 放学后踢足球是件很有趣的事。

2. 谓语

谓语由简单动词或动词短语构成,位置通常在主语之后,说明主语的动作或状态。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须保持一致。如:

They work very hard. 他们工作很努力。

Mary feels much better now. 玛丽现在感觉好多了。

They can speak English very well. 他们能说一口地道的英语。

The children are playing over there. 孩子们在那边玩。

3. 宾语

宾语在句中主要充当动作的承受者,通常位于及物动词之后,人称代词作宾语时,要求用宾格形式。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。如:

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Tom bought a storybook last week. 上周汤姆买了本故事书。

—How many books do you want? 你要几本书?

—I want fifty-six. 我要56本。

He wanted to have a cup of coffee. 他要一杯咖啡。

英语中有些动词可跟两个宾语,句中所示动作直接影响到实体(领受者)称为“直接宾语”。句中领惠动作的动物或事物(领惠者)称为“间接宾语”。通常情况下,间接宾语位于直接宾语之前。可以带两个宾语的动词有:give ,show ,send ,bring ,lend ,leave ,pass ,hand ,tell ,write ,teach ,return ,throw ,buy ,do ,fetch 等。如:

Please show me your ticket. 请把你的票给我看看。

Will you give me some ink? 你给我一些墨水好吗?

This term she teaches us French. 这学期她教我们法语。

注意

(1) 若要加强间接宾语的语气,将间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,并且在间接宾语前加上介词to 或for ,这两个介词不可任意使用,必须搭配动词本身的含义。通常情况下,动词buy ,do ,fetch 等词后面的间接宾语可换成由for 引起的短语;动词give ,show ,send ,bring ,pass ,throw ,lend ,leave ,hand ,write 等词后面的间接宾语可换成由to 引起的短语。如: Send her a postcard tomorrow.→

Send a postcard to her tomorrow. 明天给她寄明信片。

Yesterday she bought me a MP4.→

Yesterday she bought a MP4 for me. 昨天她给我买了一个MP4。

They gave us a lot of oil.→

They gave a lot of oil to us. 他们给了我们许多油。

(2) 如果两个宾语中一个为名词,一个为人称代词,总是将人称代词放在名词之前。如: I'll give your brother them. (误)

I'll give them to your brother. (正)

我要把它们给你弟弟。

如果两个宾语都是人称代词,应以直接宾语在前,带介词的间接宾语在后。如: I'll give them to you. 我要把它们给你。

4. 表语

表语,又称主语补足语,位于系动词之后,解释或描述主语,可以由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和表语从句担任。如:

[名词]

My sister is a nurse. 我的姐姐是护士。

[形容词]

When he heard the news ,he got angry. 听到这消息,他来火了。

[介词短语]

We were at home last night. 昨晚我们在家。

[过去分词]

His cup is broken. 他的杯子打破了。

[副词]

—Where are you ,Mum? 你在哪儿,妈妈?

—I'm here. 我在这儿呢。

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[that 引起的表语从句]

Why didn't I go to school yesterday? The reason is that I was ill.

昨天我为什么没去上学?原因是我病了。

5. 宾语补足语

宾语补足语通常位于直接宾语之后,用以解释和描述直接宾语。如:

You may call me Charles or Mr Li. 你可以叫我查尔斯或李先生。

We must keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室清洁。

John asked me to help him. 约翰要我帮助他。

Keep the lights on while you are out. 你不在家时,请让灯开着。

注意

当动词hear ,feel ,watch ,see ,observe ,make ,let ,have 等词后面的宾语补足语是不定式时,在主动语态中,不定式前面的to 必须省略;在被动语态中,不定式前面的to 不能省略。如:

We often hear her sing. 我们经常听到她唱歌。(不带to 的不定式)

She was made to clean the room yesterday.

昨天她被要求打扫这间房子。(带to 的不定式)

6. 定语

限制和修饰名词的词语叫做定语。通常情况下,单个形容词、分词或名词作定语位于名词中心词的前面,叫做“前置定语”;副词、介词短语、形容词短语、分词短语、不定式短语和定语从句作定语位于名词中心词的后面,叫做“后置定语”。

(1) 前置定语

This is a green jeep. 这是一辆绿色的吉普车。

That is their teaching building. 那是他们的教学楼。

The woman doctor is my sister. 那位女医生是我的姐姐。

(2) 后置定语

Attention ,please. I have something to tell you. 请注意,我有事情要告诉你们。 The man in front of the gate is Mr Smith. 大门前面的那个人是史密斯先生。 The book that I bought yesterday is written by my teacher , Mr Liu.

我昨天买的那本书是我的老师刘先生写的。

7. 状语

状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子的词语,表示实际的状况,对句子的形式或内容进行评论,或者在句子之间起连

接作用。通常用副词或起副词作用的介词短语、其他短语或状语从句表示。如: You are quite right. 你完全正确。

She will arrive on Monday. 她将于星期一到达。

If it snows tomorrow ,we'll stay at home. 如果明天下雪,我们就待在家里。

8. 同位语

名词或起名词作用的词语紧跟在名词或代词的后面,解释或说明前面的名词或代词,与前面的名词或代词互指,并且具有同等的句法功能,这样的名词或代词叫做同位语。如: Mum, this is the singer, Miss Zhang. 妈妈,这是歌唱家,张小姐。

We Chinese should love our country —China. 我们中国人应该爱我们的国家——中国。 He gave them the news that the troops would be leaving. 他把部队要离开的消息告诉了他

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学以致用

1. 标出下面句子中括号内词语充当的句子成分。

(1) The truth is that he has never been abroad.

(2) He asked me when I arrived at school.

(3) I find it easy to answer this question.

(4) We take English as a useful tool for research work.

(5) We will soon make our city clean and modern.

(6) This is the bridge built last year.

(7) Not knowing what to do, he decided to ask the teacher for advice.

(8) Our teacher has something important to tell us.

(9) The children talked and laughed happily.

(10) Can you come to skate in the park with me?

2. 翻译下列句子。

(1) 我们要使学校变得更美丽。

(2) 我发觉这本书很有趣。

(3) 她给我买了一本词典。

(4) 别再弄出噪音了。

(5) 你吃过午饭了吗?

参考答案

1. (1)表语 (2)宾语 (3)宾语 (4)宾语补足语 (5)宾语补足语 (6)定语 (7)状语 (8)定语,定语,动词不定式短语作定语 (9)主语,谓语,状语 (10)动词不定式作状语,介词短语作状语

2. (1)We'll make our school more beautiful.

(2)I found the book very interesting.

(3)She bought me a dictionary/ She bought a dictionary to me.

(4)Stop making noise.

(5)Have you had lunch yet?

初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全 名词 一名词的定义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类: 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 注意 专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 名词的种类 注意 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。 (三)名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式: 1.单数 英语中,如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时,要用名词的单数

形式,表示名词的单数,要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange (×)→ a new orange (○) 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk (×)→ an old desk (○) 一张旧课桌 关键字:初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前,如a book,a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前,如an egg,an apple。 注意 有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。 2.复数

初中英语语法——句子成分及其他

句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫作句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。其中主语和谓语是句子的主体,表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语的组成部分,其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。 1)主语表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”,通常用名词、代词、数词,不定式,动名词或从句担任。主语要放在句首,还可用“It”作形式主语(如主语从句) 2)谓语起着说明主语的动作、特征或状态的作用,必须用动词表示。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面要一致,通常在主语之后。 谓语可分为两大类:简单谓语和复合谓语。凡是由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语,不管什么时态,语态,语气,都是简单谓语。复合谓语一般由两部分构成:一是带不定式的复合结构;一是带表语的复合结构。 3)表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态,可以由名词、代词,数词,形容词、副词、介词,介词短语,不定式,动词的—ed形式或动词的—ing形式或从句来担任,表语要放在连系动词之后。4)宾语是及物动词所示动作的对象或介词的对象,由名词、代词、数词,名词化的形容词,名词化的分词,不定式,动名词,从句都可以担任作宾语。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 ①某些及物动词之后要求有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语),直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。这一类动词有:bring, give, pass,tell, hand, show, s end, read, leave, teach, find, buy, make, do, get, order, play, sing, pay 等。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 ②在需要的情况下,间接宾语也可以位于直接宾语之后,但此时间接宾语之前需要加介词“ to”或“for”。 ③有些及物动词的后面,其宾语还需要有一个补足语,才能表达完整的意思。这样的宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式或介词短语都可以作宾语补足语。 5)状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式,形容词短语。名词短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。 6)定语用于修饰名词或代词。可以担任定语的有形容词、代词、名词、数词、名词所有格、副词、不定式、分词和分词短语、介词短语及从句等等。定语的位置很灵活,凡有名词和代词的地方都可以有定语。 7)同位语是对句子的某一成分作进一步解释,说明,与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位。同位语常常置于被说明的词的后面。可以作同位语的有名词,代词,数词和从句等。 8)句子成分巧划分:主在前,谓在中,宾状后面冲。短语定语主宾后,形、代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依,直、间之间to、for连,宾补位于宾语后,地状常在时状前。 第一讲主语 【语法讲解】 主语的位置通常在句首,一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物,是谓语动词所表示动作的发出者。例如: 1) The question is difficult. 2) She is difficult to understand. 3) is difficult to remember. 4) To understand his words is difficult. 5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult. 6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult. 上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词(例如1)、代词(例如2)、数词(例如3)、动词不定式(例如4)、动名词(例如5)和主语从句(例如6)。 注:当动词不定式做主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,而用it做形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4还可以改写为:It is difficult to understand his words.其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words.

张道真初中英语语法之16简单句

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