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Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a

paper published in 1917. However , for many years physicists thought that atoms and

molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated

emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World

War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought

ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light ,

amplifying it to much higher powers.

The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at Colombia University in New

York . Instead of working with light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have

a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for Microwave

Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the

key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. Before

long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce

stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength.

The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell

Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify

stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, similar ideas

crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 37- year-old graduate student at

Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow

published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould filed a

patent application. Three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit

for the concept of the laser.

1. The word "coin" in line 1 could be replaced by

(A) created

(B) mentioned

(D) discovered

2. The word "intervention" in line 4 can best be replaced by

(A) need

(B) device

(D) source

3. The word "it" in line 5 refers to

(A) light bulb

(B) energy

(D) atom

4. Which of the following statements best describes a laser?

(A) A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light

(B) An atom in a high-energy state

(D) An instrument for measuring light waves

5. Why was Towne's early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?

(A) He was not concerned with light amplification

(B) It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.

(D) The laser had already been developed

6. In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPT

(A) stimulated emission

(B) microwaves

(D) a maser

7.In approximately what year was the first maser built?

(A) 1917

(B) 1951

(D) 1957

8. The word "emerged" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) increased

(B) concluded

(D) appeared

9. The word "outlining" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) assigning

(B) studying

(D) summarizing

10. Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?

(A)The researchers' notebooks were lost.

(B) Several people were developing the idea at the same time.

(D) The work is still incomplete.

Question 11---21

Panel painting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth -century Europe , involved a

painstaking , laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to

prepare the surface for painting , and then polished

smooth with special tools. On this

perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks,

and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg

yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of

these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors.

Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then

embellishing of decorating the gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a

pattern had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate . The

quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be

placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was,

therefore , an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas

of color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic

of the time. The notion that an

artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was

completely alien to these deliberately produced works.

Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded

assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The

painter or master who is credited with having created painting may have designed

the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand

applied every stroke ofthe brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been

trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint. The carpenter's shop probably

provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the

gold. Thus, not only many hands , but also many shops were involved in the final

product.

In spite of problems with their condition, restoration,

and preservation many panel

paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.

11. What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Famous examples

(B) Different styles

(D) Production

12. According to the passage, what does the first step in making a panel painting ?

(A) Mixing the paint

(B) Preparing the panel

(D) Making ink drawings

13. The word "it" in line 4 refers to .

(A) chalk

(B) composition

(D) surface

14. The word "deliberate" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) decisive

(B) careful

(D) unusual

15. Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings? (A) Joining wooden planks to form large sheets

(B) Polishing the gesso

(D) Covering the background with gold leaf

16. What characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage ?

(A) It dries quickly

(B) It is difficult to make

(D) It has to be applied directly to wood

17. The word "demanded" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) ordered

(B) reported

(D) questioned

18. The "collective enterprise" mentioned in line 18

includes all of the following EXCEPT

(A) supplying the gold leaf

(B) building the panels

(D) selling the painting

19. The word "imitate" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) copy

(B) illustrate

(D) believe in

20. The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survival of panel painting EXCEPT

(A) condition

(B) theft

(D) restoration

21. The word "them" in line 27 refers to

(A) problems

(B) condition, restoration, preservation

(D) museum collections

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