英语词语辨析(总)

【able，capable，competent】adj.[定，表，补]有能力的，能干的

able 指有能力做某事，强调聪明、能干、有本事，后面可接动词不定式，后加-er，—est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：There are many able students in our institute．／／You are able to do it better than I．／／She is an abler actress than I thought．

capable 意为“有能力的、有才能的”，与able相比语义较弱，有时两词可以互换使用，但capable 后面只可接介词of，而不能接动词不定式，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：Let me introduce the capable doctor to your parents．／／Show your teacher what you are capable of ／／He is capable of running a mile in four minutes．

competent 除表示“有能力”外，还兼有“胜任的”之义，后面可接动词不定式或介词as，for 或to，前接more，themost构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He isn't a very competent director．／／Is she competent to do the work?／／Is she competent as a teacher?／／They are competent for designing this type of machine．／／He is not competent to the task of teaching English．【absurd，ridiculous】ddj.[定，表，补]荒谬的，可笑的

这两个词前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式。

absurd 意为“荒谬的、可笑的”，表示某种言论因其极不符合逻辑、常识和情理而令人发笑，往往指无稽之谈，常后接介词in 用例：It is absurd in theory．／／n is absurd to predict that the sun will not rise tomorrow．／／What could be more absurd than that?

ridiculous 指某人或某件事是“荒唐可笑的”，常后接介词in 用例：He looks ridiculous in that hat．／／Don't be ridiculous! ／／The idea seemed ridiculous to him．

【abundant，ample】adj. [定，表，补]大量的这两个词意义相近，许多情况下可互换，但仍有差异。

abundant 意为“大量的、多的”，多指某物品有“充裕的”供应，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，但很少使用，用例：abundant rainfall ／／an abundant supply of meat，milk and eggs。

ample 本义为“充分的”，可引申为“大量的’，表示足够或超出必要的程度，通常后接不可效名词或可数名词复数形式，可前接more，the most或后加·er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：ample opportunities／／ample time ／／We have ample money for the journey．【acid，sour】adj.[定，表，补]酸的

acid 一般指自然的酸味，通常是因含有化学酸，其引申义可表示辛辣、刻薄或讽刺，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：acid rain／／acid fruits／／Lemons have an acid taste．—／／His wit became acid．

sour 有时可与acid互换使用，用例：The fruit is still green and tastes sour．该词也表示物质由于发酵或变质而发酸，后加-er，—est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：sour garbage／／sour milk ／／He has a sour temper．用于形容人时，指人脾气坏、尖酸挑剔，用例：Jane took a sour view of everything．

【accurate，exact，precise】adj.[定，表，补]准确的，精确的

accurate 意为“准确的、精确的”，往往含有小心谨慎地做到与某一标准或客观事物相符合或相一致的意味，可后接介词at，in等，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：Clocks in railway station should be accurate．／He was accurate in his work．／／His memory was not accurate．

exact 意为“确切的、精确的、贴切的”，强调与事实、真实情况或标准绝对相符、严格吻合，语气比accurate强，常后接介词in无比较级或最高级形式，用例：He is always exact in his words．／／I can hardly find an exact word to express．／／What is the exact size of the room? precise 意为“准确的、精确的”，着重指具有高度的精确度和准确性，表示连详情细节都精确无误、分毫不差，因此有时含有过于讲究细节甚至吹毛求疵的意味，常后接介词in前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He is precise in a11 his habits．／／It is hard to give a precise definition to it．

acute 意为“敏锐的、精明的”，强调对别人不易察觉的细微差别的感受性，也可表示只能短时间保持的高度神经紧状态，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：Her judgment is acute．／／He has an acute awareness of the slightest ambiguity in each statement made by his opponent．／／With his acute mind，he was able to find an answer quickly．

keen 意为“敏捷的、敏锐的”，强调机敏过人或非凡的洞察力，同时还带有精力旺盛并令人信服地解决艰深复杂问题的意味，有时比喻目光敏捷，既能明察秋毫又能见木见材，后加·er，—est 构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：a keen intelligence／／The retired president's insight is as keen as before．／／Is your grandfather's eyesight still keen?

sharp 意为“敏锐的、灵敏的、机敏的”，通常表示天分极高，而不一定在某一领域受过专门教育，强调聪慧、精明、敏于观察和利用，有时含有狡猾之义，后加·er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He is old but his mind is still sharp．／／n takes sharp eyes to see the flaw．／／You won't catch him．He is very sharp．

【acute，nasty，urgent】adj. [定，表，补]严重的，急迫的acute 意为“严重的、激烈的”，通常修饰已使危

机恶化了的缺乏或需求，有时也修饰其它一些紧急情况，该词在医学上表示“急性的”，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式；用例：an acute water shortage ／／the acute problem of air pollution in cities／／The doctors think his illness is acute rather than chronic．nasty 意为“严重的、凶险的”，在不正式的用法中，该词可以形容任何严厉的、严重的或者有害的行为，后加·er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：She old him that she wouldn't put up with his nasty remarks any longer．／／I have a nasty cold this morning．

urgent 常用词，意为“紧迫的、急促的”，该词常修饰某种紧急情况，表示接近危机状态，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：The matter is urgent；we must do it now．／／The refugees are in urgent need of help．／／I received an urgent message from my father telling me to return home at once．

【adequate，enough，sufficient】adj.[定，表，补]充足的本组词无比较级或最高级形式。adequate 较正式用词，意为“充分的、足够的”，指数量或程度上符合某一特定或最低要求，用例：The supply is not adequate to the demand.／／We took adequate food for a short camping holiday．/ Is your salary adequate to support a family of five?

enough 常用词，意为“足够的、充足的”，多指数量、份量或程度上能满足需求或愿望，特别是物质上的需要，作定语时多置于所修饰的名词之前，但也可置于其后(强调该名词时，名词在前；反之，该名词在后。用例：We have enough money，so why don't we have a good meal? ／／We have time enough to get to the airport．

／／The food iS enough for a11 of us．Please don't worry．

sufficient 正式用词，意为“足够的、充分的”，在很多情况下，可与enough通用，主要表示实际需要能够得到满足，作定语时只可置于所修饰的名词之前，用例：Is one hundred yuan sufficient for the expenses of your journey?／／The poor child didn't have sufficient clothing for the winter．／／He has sufficient authority to allow them to do this．

【adult，mature】adj.成年的，成熟的这两个词可指已经完成了生命最初阶段的成长期和发展期的任何生物。

adult [定]用于修饰人时，指其生理上已过于青少年期，法律上也已达到法定年龄。该词暗示一个年龄分界线，例如18岁或21岁，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：adult education／／adult entertainment／／Are these films suitable for adult women only?

mature [定，表，补]修饰人时，常着重表示其智力、智慧及体力“成熟”，而并无严格的具体年龄界定，可前接more，the most或后加·er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He is not mature enough to be given too much responsibility．// She is very mature for her age．

【advanced，progressive】adj.[定，表，补]先进的，进步的

这两个词前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式。

已超出最初阶段的，用例：advanced science and technology ／／He has advanced ideas．／／The United States has an aircraft Of an advanced design．

progressive 意为“进步的、先进的”，多表示与落后的和反动的相比较而言先进的或进步的，亦可表示不断前进的，用例progressive ideas／／．progressive changes ／／a progressive political party ／／This is a very progressive firm that uses the most modern system．【afraid，fearful】adj. 害怕的这两个词前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式。afraid 常用词，表示人害怕或担心，只作表语，用例：She's much afraid Of dogs．／／I'm afraid that I can't come tomorrow．／／She is afraid to come alone．

[注意]短语be afraid to do something表示“害怕、不敢做某事”，而短语be afraid of doing something表示“担心(会产生某种结果)”，用例：1wasafraid to wake him up．意为“我不敢唤醒他。”而I was afraid of waking him up．意为“我怕把他惊醒。”

fearful [定，表，补]意为“胆怯的、害怕的”，指人处于害怕的境况之中，心中不安、感到忧虑，担心的成分多于惊慌，可后接介词of或that从句，用例：The old man is fearful of falling．／／They were fearful that the river would flood．／／She is fearful in case something happens to him．

【aggressive，bold，brave，courageous heroic】adj. [定，表，补]敢作敢为的，勇敢的，英勇的aggressive 指长期一贯的性格、性质。用作褒义词时，多表示在事业上“敢作敢为的、有进取心的”，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：If you want to be a success in business you must be aggressive．／／An aggressive young man can go far in this firm．用作贬义词时，表示“爱寻衅的、有侵略性的”，用例：An aggressive country is always ready to start a war／／Some dogs are trained to be aggressive．，

bold 可以指长期一贯的性格，也可以指一时的表现。用作褒义词时，意为“勇敢的、无畏的”，强调勇往直前、无所惧怕，后加-er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：I determined to be bold and speak the truth．／／ a bold new venture in space science；用作贬义词时，有“冒失的、卤莽的”之义，用例：She is a bold child．／／One student was so bold as to argue with the professor．

brave 褒义词，意为“英勇的、勇敢的”，可以指长期一贯的性格，也可以是—时的表现，强调在危险面前无所畏惧，后加-er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：I was brave of her to go into the burning building．／／The boy was very brave about his operation．

courageous 文学用词，意为“勇敢的”，强调行为中表现出勇气，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：It was courageous of her to go into the burning house to save the child．／／What a courageous thing to do!

heroic 褒义词，意为“英勇的”，强调像英雄般勇敢、伟大，多指—时的表现，前接more，the most 构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：She died a heroic death．／／Her behavior was indeed heroic．

【agreeable，favorable，pleasant】Adj. [定，表，补)令人愉快的，讨人喜欢的

本组词前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式。

agreeable 正式用词，指因与对方的气质、兴趣、爱好、情感等相和而“令人愉悦的”，用例：She has an agreeable voice。／／The designs are agreeable to the taste of this market．／／He replied with an agreeable cultured intonation．

favorable 表示“讨人喜欢的”时，侧重指行为举止赢得赞许，此义不常用，用例：He made a favorable impression on his future employer．／／Her table manner was favorable．

pleasant 常用词，表示“令人愉快、讨人喜欢”时，要有两种含义：1)指事物或事情引起感官或情感愉悦，用例：What a pleasant taste the food has! // How pleasant the riverside walk was! // It was

a pleasant surprise to see her again．2)特指人因其独特的外表、举止而“令人愉快、讨人喜欢”，

用例：a pleasant lad ／／Your brother iS a very pleasant person to stay with．

【alert，careful，cautious】adj.[定，表，补]仔细的，谨慎的

alert 意为“警惕的、警觉的”，指思想高度集中地注视着可能发生的事件，尤其是危险的、恐怖的事件，可后接介词to引出警惕的对象，用例：You must be alert to the danger around you．//She is always alert during lessons．// They are alert soldiers．

careful 意为“仔细的、细心的”，指做事细心，连细节也不疏忽，用例：He is a more careful driver than I am. //You can't be too careful in exams．

cautious 意为“小心的、谨慎的”，多表示所有方面都慎重考虑周全后才开始行动，也可表示行为中带有迟疑、尝试甚至胆怯，可后接介词of引出慎重对待的对象，用例：Cautious people don't take chances．／／You must be cautious of being hurt this time．／／Be cautious when you are swimming in deep water．

【alien，contrary，converse，opposite reverse】adj.相反的

本组词无比较级或最高级形式，除reverse外均可作[定，表，补]。

alien 正式用词，意为“相反的、性质不同的”，强调在性质或性格等方面相反的、迥异的，作表语时常后接介词from或to，用例：an effect utterly alien from the one intended //Their ideas are completely alien to our way of thinking．

contrary 意为“相反的”，一般用于修饰意见、计划、目的等意义抽象的概念，有时带有矛盾或敌对的意味，作表语时常后接介词to，用例：Your statement is contrary to the facts．// That decision was contrary to my wishes．// What you have done is contrary to the doctor's order．

converse 专业用词，指方向、作用方面“相反的”，用例：converse wind／／in converse direction；

也可指次序方面“颠倒的”，用例：The converse order of the English alphabet is from "Z" to "A". opposite 常用词，意为“对立的、对面的、相反的”，指两个彼此尖锐对立的抽象事物，如观点、条件、述、性质或力量，但没有contrary所含的“矛盾、敌对”的意义，用例：What is on the opposite side of the coin? // “True”and “false”have opposite meanings．该词作表语时后接介词to，用例：His political position is opposite to ours．

reverse 意为“相反的、倒转的”，与converse意义一致，指事物的顺序颠倒或运动的方向相反，多作定语用例：It would be funny to begin at Z and write the dictionary in reverse order．//move in the reverse direction。

【alien，foreign, strange】

adj.[定，表，补]陌生的

alien 意为“陌生的、外来的”，强调一种事情与另一件事情完全不同，根本没有联系或不可能组成一个整体，含有嫌恶、反感、排外的意味，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：He would often adopt certain modes of thought that he knows to be really alien to his nature．//These principles are alien to our religion．

foreign 意为“陌生的、异质的、外来的”，强调某种事情由于与另一件事情不能相容或无关而显得不同或陌生，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：a foreign object in the eye／／Sitting still is foreign to the boy’s nature．//Much coal contains foreign matter．

strange 意为“陌生的、不熟悉的”，强调对人或事物由于前所未闻、未见过或未经历过而感觉陌生，比较级和最高级形式为stranger和strangest，用例：a strange neighborhood// in a strange country // Never accept gifts from strange men．该词表示人对某事物感到陌生或不习惯时，常用于be strange to结构中，用例：The village boy is strange to city life.// She is strange to the work．【alike，comparable，like，parallel，similar】adj. 相似的本组词无比较级或最高级形式。alike [表]意为“相似的、同样的”，强调彼此在外貌、性格、方法等方面十分相像，只能用much，very much，exactly，somewhat等词修饰，用例：All music is alike to him．// The pronunciations of the two words are exactly alike．// The two brothers look very much alike．comparable [表]意为“类似的、相似的”，指在某一方面或在有限的某些方面相似，可后接介词to或with，用例：A fire is comparable with the sun both give light and heat．该词更常用于表示荣誉、名望、身份或权势等方面“可比拟的”，用例：Your achievements are comparable with the best．／／Johnson’s work can be comparable to that master’s work．

用例He writes well on this and like subjects. // Like father，like son；like master，like man。//The two brothers are of like disposition but have different interests．

parallel [定，表)正式用词，意为“相似的、类似的”，指人或事物并列比较时相似、相像，并常暗示经过一个相似的历史发展过程，用例：We were amazed by the almost parallel growth of the twin cities. //The power of the father in this household is parallel to that of the king．

similar [定，表]意为“类似的、相似的、同样的”，指部分或大部分相似，强调不同事物之间的相似之处，暗示不同之处可忽略或不予理睬，常用于A is similar to B结构中，用例：Your situation is similar to mine．／／Gold is similar in color to brass．／／The two T-shirts are similar but not identical．／／My wife and I have similar tastes in music。

【alive，live，living】Adj. 活的，活着的本组词无比较级或最高级形式。

alive 多作[表，补]意为“活着的、有生命的、没死的”，常含有本可能死去而现在还活着的意思，用例：She was unconscious but still alive when taken to the hospital．// Many people are still buried alive after the earthquake．该词偶尔作定语时一般后置，多用于指人，用例：Who is the greatest scientist alive?

live [定l指“活的、有生命的”时，放在所修饰的名词前面，通常指动物，用例：I want some live shrimps．／／The cat was playing with a live mouse．指人时，引申义为“生气勃勃的”，用例：John is a live young man．

1iving [定，表，补]意为“活着的”，可指一切有生命的事物，尤指“现存的、现在活着的、活动中的”人或物，语义比alive广，作定语时既可前置，又可后置，用例：a11living things／／the greatest living English living writer//No man living could have done better//My grandfather is still living at the age of 93．

【alternate，intermittent，periodic】adj.[定，表，补]定期的，间歇的本组词无比较级或最高级形式。alternate 用于修饰两种事物时，意为“交替的、轮流的”，表示两事物既间歇地又不断地轮流出现，用例：Day and night are alternate with each other．// We had a week of alternate rain and sunshine．用于修饰多个同类事物时，表示“每隔一个的、间隔的”，用例：John and I do the work on alternate days．//The class meets on alternate days of the week，beginning Tuesday．

intermittent 表示“间歇的、时断时续的”，强调持续中的中断，指事物不时消失或遭到遗漏，却总会重返回来，用例：．intermittent flashes of light from a lighthouse ／／There is going to be intermittent rain today．periodic 意为“周期的、定期发生的”，强调重复性，指事物在较长时间几乎是每隔固定时期就反复再现一次，因此能得到较准确的预测，用例：periodic inspection of markets，hotels，and restaurants／／The periodic movement of the moon round the earth takes 28 days．

【alternative，optional，select】adj.可供选择的，精选的本组词无比较级或最高级形式。

alternative [定]意为“两者选一的，可能的、可供选择的”，强调二选一，用例：He offered the alternative plans of having a picnic or going to the zoo．／／Is there an alternative road to that place?

optional [定，表，补]意为“可任选的，任意的”，侧重随意性以及非强制性，用例：Tennis is an optional course in school.

select [定，表，补]意为“精选的、选择的’，强调经严挑细选后品质优良，用例：A select group of people was invited to the banquet tonight．// The book is a select collection of Shakespeare's works．// The crew for the dangerous job is select．

【ambiguous，dim，indefinite，obscure，vague】adj.[定，表，补]含糊不清的，模糊的

ambiguous 意为“模棱两可的、含糊的、不明确的”，着重表示含糊、模棱两可、因可能有各种不同的解释而使人费解，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：”Indian”is an ambiguous word because it can mean an American Indian or a native of India．／／His statement was a rather ambiguous reply．

dim 意为“模糊的、朦胧的”，强调由于光线不足或视觉不良而导致的轮廓模糊不清、难以辨认，比较级和最高级形式为dimmer和dimmest，用例：The dim shapes of the trees loomed beyond the headlight．// I have only

a dim memory of last night's events．//We could see only the dim outline Of the mountains in the distance．indefinite 意为“含糊的、不明确的”，表示轮廓、重点等不明确，强调没有确切地定下来或限制住，前接more，

I gave him an indefinite answer．

obscure 意为“模糊的、含糊难解的、隐藏的”，语义较强，可表示因光现黑暗而造成的视觉困难，或因所示某物容复杂、深奥和模棱两可而造成的理解困难，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He sat at an obscure corner Of the room．//The point of his speech was obscure．//His talk was full of obscure political jokes．

vague 意为“不明确的、含糊的、暖昧的”，表示因言辞笼统而不清楚或不明确，使人不能理解其意，比较级和最高级形式可前接more，the most构成或变为vaguer和vaguest，用例：She is so vague that I can never understand what she's trying to say．//The man was rather vague about his past．//I have only a vague idea where the house is．

【amiable，compatible，friendly，kind】adj. [定，表，补)友好的，可共处的

amiable 意为“和蔼可亲的’，指人具有令人愉快的友好性情，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：I enjoy talking to that old man；he's very amiable，／／She has a nice amiable manner．

compatible 意为“能和睦相处的、合得来的”，涉及两种或两种以上的人或物，所体现的友好程度不如本组其它词深，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：The two sisters couldn't live together because they weren't compatible．//All these actions are compatible with his character．//You should choose a roommate more compatible to your tastes．

friendly 意为“友好的、友善的、好意的”，强调入的态度或其行为方式容易赢得他人的好感和友谊，比较级和最高级形式为friendlier和friendliest，用例：a friendly nation // friendly advice//He spoke in a friendly way．

kind 意为“仁慈的、和善的、亲切的”，强调一种体恤人、助人的性情，后加·er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：It is so kind of you to come to meet us．//I have a kind mother. //He has

a kind heart．

【ample，spacious】adj. [定，表，补1宽阔的

ample 意为“面积大的、宽敞的”，可用于表示体积、面积大到充裕而有富余的程度，可前接more，the most或后加-er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：an ample lawn／／There is room for an amble garden．//The building has an ample lobby．

spacious 意为“广阔的、宽敞的”，—般指平面既长又宽，在引申用法中，强调某一围或界限的宽松和自由，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：We love the spacious western skies。／／The house was not spacious，but is faced on neat lawn.

【angry, furious, indignant，mad】adj. 愤怒的本组词除mad外，均可作[定，表，补] angry 意为“生气的、恼火的”，表示形之于外的不愉快，通常指人通过激动的言辞。表情或动作来表现愤怒，比较级和最高级形式为angrier和angriest，用例：The king is angry；see，he bites the lip．、、He was angry to 1earn that he was left out of the team。恼火的对象为事物时，后接介词at或about，用例：What's he so angry about? //I was angry at being kept waiting。// The teacher was angry about those tricks．恼火的对象为人时，后接介词with，用例：The mother pretended to be angry with her naughty son．//She was angry with him for having broken his promise。

furious 意为“勃然大怒的”，指由于感情冲动所表现出来的强烈的愤怒情绪，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He was in a furious rage．//He got furious at her words。// He was furious to hear of the rumor.

indignant 意为“愤慨的、愤怒的”，强调满怀义愤，即因非正义的举动、无理挑衅所引起的愤怒、有正当理由的愤怒，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式。愤慨的对象为事物时，可用介词at，about或over连接，用例：They are indignant at(about)the increased prices. //He was indignant over their brutality．愤慨的对象为人时，用介词with连接，用例：The public was indignant with the cruel criminal.

mad [表，补]意为“狂怒的”，主要用于非规口语或写作中，比较级和最高级形式为madder 和

but soon she began to laugh.

【annual，yearly】adj. [定，表，补]每年的，一年一度的这两个词无比较级或最高级形式，两者均可表示“每年的、一年一次的”或“以年度计的、周期为一年的”，常可互换，但annual 强调每年的同—个日期，较yearly正式，且一年生植物只能用annual修饰。用例：a yearly(annual)income//Corn and beans are annual plants．

【anxious，eager】adj. 渴望的这两个词前接more，themost构成比较级和最高级形式。，anxious [表)表示在强烈的渴望织着对可能遇到的挫折或失望的焦虑和担心，可后接介词for，动词不定式或that从句(从句的谓语动词用should型虚拟语气)，用例：The immigrant

was anxious to become an American．、、He was anxious for a bicycle．// She was very anxious that her son should succeed．

eager [定，表，补]表示积极地“渴望”，多指带有热心、热情、不愿拖延，作表语时可后接动词不定式或介词after，for等，用例：an eager look //The children listened to the story with eager attention．//He is eager for his first look around Paris．//We are eager for(after) peace．//Don’t be too eager to succeed．

【apparent，clear，distinct，evident，manifest，obvious，plain】adj. [定，表，补]明显的，清楚的，显然的

apparent 正式用词，意为“显然的、明显的”，强调显而易见或一想便知，有时含有表面如此其实未必的意思，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：It's apparent to all of us．//it is apparent that you have misunderstood me。//As more and more facts were revealed，the man's crimes became apparent．

clear 本组词中含义和用法最广的一个，意为“明白的、清楚的、明确的、明显的”，表示易于观察、了解和识别，凡是能听清、看清或易于理解的事物都可以用该词来形容，后加-er，·est 构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：The letter had made that quiet clear．//Let us first be clear about our aims// It was clear that the war would not end quickly．

distinct 意为“清晰的、清楚的、明显的”，强调线条分明、轮廓清楚，也可表示定义明确、界限分明，与别的有关事物截然不同、不易混淆，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：There is a distinct improvement in your study. // The earth's shadow on the moon is quite distinct．//The two issues are distinct from each other．

evident 意为“明显的、明白的”，强调一看便知或明明白白，有时表示以事实为依据的明显，如论证、倾向、错误、成功等，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：It was evident that the policy was a failure．// It must be evident to everybody that someone has been here。//Why did you make such an evident mistake?

manifest 意为“明显的、明白的”，语义很强，表示根据外部迹象或行动可以揭示其部特性，有捉摸得到、感觉得出的意味，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：Her ability is manifest，but she is not attractive．//This principle should be manifest to all of them．

obvious 意为“明显的、显而易见的”，含有一目了然、无须论证任何人都看得出来之义，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例~It was obvious to everyone that the girl had been badly treated．// There are obvious disadvantages in this plan．// His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing up．

plain 意为“清晰的、明白的”，表示看起来明白、听起来清楚或理解起来容易，多强调语言的平易简单、一目了然、一听就懂，后加-er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例~Our teacher speaks plain English．// It's as plain as the nose on your face．

【appropriate，fit，proper，suitable】adj.[定，表，补]适当的

appropriate 正式用词，意为“恰当的、适宜的”，常后接介词for或to，强调某物非常适合某一特定的人、目标或事物，通常可用公认的行为、礼貌等标准尺度来衡量，前接more，the most 构成比较级和最高级形式，用例Her clothes were appropriate to the occasion．// Henry's speech was appropriate for the wedding．

作表语时可后接介词for、动词不定式或that从句(句首用n作形式主语，从句的谓语动词用should型虚拟语气)，比较级和最高级形式为fitter和fittest，用例It would be months before we were fit for the new work．// He is not a fit father for his children．//This food is not fit to eat．It is not fit that he should say so．

proper 意为“适当的、恰当的、合乎传统的”，专指符合社会风俗、风尚、个人身份、场合要求，后面可接介词for或that从句(句首用it作形式主语，从句的谓语动词用should型虚拟语气)，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：clothes proper for the occasion／／It is not proper that you (should)wear a cap while eating．／／The child needs proper attention from his parents．

suitable意为“适合的、适宜的、恰当的”，主要强调符合某种目的或场合，有时可与fit通用，可后接介词for，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He said some suitable words．//The weather is not suitable for fishing．／／He is not suitable to be a teacher。

[注意]appropriate和proper只修饰事物，不能直接修饰人，可用于It is not appropriate (proper)for somebody to do something的句型中table既可修饰物，又可修饰人。【approximate，rough】adj. [定，表]大约的，大致的这两个词无比较级或最高级形式。approximate 指“近似的、大致的”，表示精确程度非常接近某一标准，其误差极小甚至可忽略不计，用例：The approximate number of children in the school is 300．//What is the approximate size of the room?

Rough指“大约地、粗略的”，有时可代替approximate，但含有随便和草率的意思，这是approximate 所没有的含义，用例：At a rough guess，I would say he was about 45。// She did a rough drawing to show me what she meant．

【apt，liable，prone】adj. 意为“易于…的，倾向的”本组词可前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式。

apt 意为“易于的，有…倾向的”，后单动词不定式，强调一种自然趋势或习惯性做某事的倾向，而且较多表示现在或过去的情况。例如：Old people are apt to forget.// He is apt to get angry.// My pen is apt to leak.

liable 的意义与apt相近，后接动词不定式，有时可互换使用，用例：She is liable(apt)to scream when frightened．但该词更多地用来表示易于遭受某种危险或灾难，故常用于警示、注意事项等方面，用例：Children who play in the street are liable to be injured by automobiles．//We are a11 liable to make mistakes occasionally．

prone 意为“易于的，有“倾向的，很可能…的”，后接介词to或动词不定式，强调某种不良结果出现的可能性极大，用例：One is more prone to make mistakes when tired．//Old

people are prone to loss of memory (to losing their memory，to lose their memory)．//He is prone to colds，especially in winter．

【artificial，fake，false】adj.[定，表，补]伪造的，假的

artificial 意为“假的”，指某物是由人们模仿自然物质而制造出来并常用以替代自然物质的，前接more，the most 构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：Are the flowers artificial or not? //He walks with a limp because he has an artificial leg，该词还可表示“虚伪的、矫揉造作的”，用例：It sounds artificial. // She welcomed me with an artificial smile．

fake 带有贬义，意为“假冒的、伪造的”，可修饰人和物，强调其冒充他人或伪造假冒他物以达到骗人的目的，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：fake jewelry //fake money // I was cheated by the fake policeman．

false 意为“假造的、人造的”，多修饰由于价格昂贵或缺乏原材料而制造的代用品，用例：Her teeth are false，but they look very natural．修饰有伪装功能的事物时，意味着展示骗人的外表，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：a false passport／／These false diamonds are good in quality．

【artificial，synthetic】adj.[定，表，补]人造的这两个词无比较级或最高级形式。

artificial 意为“人造的、人为的”，强调某物为“非天然的”，可形容由人模仿自然物质而制造出来的事物，用例：artificial intelligence／／She made an artificial flower from paper．

synthetic 与artificial意义相近，但带有“通过化学合成的(或类似技术生产出来的)”之含义，用例：synthetic rubber and leather／／a new kind of cigarette made of synthetic tobacco //Many kinds of fabrics，furs，and drugs

【synthetic genuine，real，true】adj.[定，表，补]真的

authentic 正式用词，意为“真正的、真实的、有根据的”，多表示某事物来源真实，不是虚构出来的，着重表示经过正式鉴定证明为真实的、可靠的、可信的，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：authentic document／／That is his authentic signature，not a forgery．// An authentic book relates matters of fact as they really happened．

genuine 意为“真正的、真实的、非伪造的”，多表示某物为真品，而不是伪造或掺有杂质的，强调物体本身的纯真度，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：Is the ring genuine gold? //This picture has been proved to be genuine，not a copy。／／That engine was a genuine Chinese make．

real 常用词，意为“真的、真实的”，强调所形容之物为实际存在的，并非假冒、假想或捏造的，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：This is a real diamond．// These are the real facts．// We need real help，not just promise. true 常用词，意为“真实的、确实的”，强调主观方面的现实性，即语言、故事、品质等与实际情况相符，比较级和最高级形式为truer和truest，用例：Although we have the facts，we will never know the true story. // the whale is not a true fish，but a mammal(哺乳动物)//The police will free him if what he tells them is found to be true．

【aware，conscious】adj.[表]意识到的，知道的这两个词无比较级或最高级形式。

aware 常用词，指通过感官的觉察或通过情报了解到外界的事物，所表达的是对外界的感受，用例：She was aware of her danger．// We are not aware how long he has stayed there。// Are you aware that this is China's internal affair?

conscious 正式用词，主要指身体状况、心或心理上的感觉，所表达的常常是对自身的感受，用例：Everyone of us should be conscious of their own shortcomings．//I was conscious that someone passed through the room．但这两个词在非正式场合常通用，后均可接介词of 或that从句，用例：People had long been aware(conscious) of the problem．

【awful, foul, horrible，nasty】adj. [定，表，补]令人讨厌的

awful 作“极讨厌的、极糟糕的、使人极不愉快的”解时为口语用词，可修饰人或事物，用于表示条件差、质量低劣、情况糟糕等，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：What awful weather! // What an awful nuisance!／／The performance was awful -I want a refund．

foul 作“糟透的、讨厌的、令人不愉快的”解时为口语用词，多修饰天气、脾气、遭遇等事物，后加·er，·est 构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：He is in a foul mood today. //I've had a foul morning；everything has gone wrong．// He has a foul temper when he does not get what he wants．

horrible 不但表示令人讨厌或反感，而且还含有“令人害怕的、令人恐惧的”的意思，前接more，the most 构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：a horrible crime／／The blood on his face made him horrible．在日常口语中，该词往往只表示“很坏、令人不愉快”等意义，用例：The service at the hotel was horrible．//The food has

a horrible taste．

nasty 意为“级脏的、卑劣的、下流的、令人讨厌的”，修饰特别令人讨厌的不愉快的事情，比较级和最高级形式为nastier和nastiest，用例：What a nasty mind he has! //Firing people is a nasty job．／／He hated it as a gentleman hates to hear a nasty story．

【bad，dreadful，terrible】adj.[定，表，补]坏的，糟透的

bad 意为“坏的、不好的”，应用围很广，可修饰一切不好的、不道德的人或事(从顽皮到腐败、无道德、胡作非为等)，在很多情况下可代替其同义词，比较级和最高级形式为worse和worst，用例：He was almost unable to tell his children the bad news．// You have been a bad boy today．

dreadful 意为“糟透了的、极不合意的、可怕的”，修饰引起巨大、强烈、持久的精神畏惧的人或事，尤其是大难临头的危险，表达的程度深，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：Cancer is a dreadful disease．// I must apologize for this dreadful mistake．// I've just heard the dreadful news Of his death．

terrible 意为“可怕的、令人生畏的、极糟的”，常用于口语中，可修饰真正引起极端恐怖的人或事，也可以是一种夸的表达，仅指令人感到非常不愉快或痛苦而已，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：a．terrible。accident // a terrible murder// That heat was terrible．//My room was in a terrible state of disorder．【bare，naked，nude】adj. 赤裸的

barest，用例：a tree bare of leaves // The top of the hill was bare．可形容人某一身体部位裸露而不表示全身赤裸，用例：bare arms and legs // bare knees // He walked

on the beach with bare feet.

naked [定，表，补]意为“赤裸的、无遮蔽的”，形容人时，语气较强，指完全不穿衣服，有时带有有悖道德的含义，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：She couldn't wear bikinis because they made her feel naked．// Naked bathing is not allowed on this beach．// The body was naked when discovered．还可用于形容物体或力量，这时一般是为了达到诗意的效果或是为了强调，意为“无掩饰的、坦白的、赤裸裸的”，用例：naked power／／the naked truth／／The field lay naked under the winter sun.

nude [定]意为“裸的”，比naked正式，主要用于客观地描述赤裸的状态，无比较级或最高级形式，用例：nude swimming "Nude figures werebathinginthep001．

【bare，mere】adj.[定]仅仅的

这两个词常可互换使用，用例：I shudder at the bare(mere)thought of it．

bare 意为“仅仅的、光是的”，语气较强，常指仅有一点点，比较级和最高级形式为barer和barest，用例：escape with bare life // He hesitated a bare second．

mere 意为“仅仅的、不过的’，常用来强调一件事情的限度，含有不重要的意味，比较级和最高级形式为merer和merest，用例：Mere words won't help．// She is a mere child．// It was a mere waste of time arguing with him // it is the mere trifle．

【barren，bleak】adj. [定，表，补] 荒凉的，荒芜的barren 意为“贫瘠的、荒芜的”，强调因土地贫瘠植物无法生长，前接more，the most构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：barren rocks // That part of the world is cold and barren．该词可表示前景不美妙，只修饰物，不修饰人，用例：a plan barren of practical measures // His speech was dry and barren．

bleak 意为“荒凉的”，主要指房屋等周围无遮风的屏障，后加-er，·est构成比较级和最高级形式，用例：

a bleak，unpainted house that seemed almost uninhabitable // Being covered with ice，mountains of the Andes

looked very bleak．可比喻没有希望的、前景暗淡的，用例~They had only one bleak hope for survival．【basic，capital，essential，fundamental，integral，radical】adj.[定，表，补]基本的

本组词无比较级或最高级形式。

basic 意为“基本的、基础的”，使用围较广，多指现实的、具体的、真正必要的事物，也可表示虽非必要事物，但却是公认为符合标准规的事物，修饰抽象事物时，可与fundamental互换使用，用例：These are the basic rules of good driving．// Students have to master the basic English vocabulary。

capital 意为“主要的、基本的”，强调事物的不可缺性和首要性，用例a capital virtue／／capital construction // The conference dealt with two capital questions．// Donations from local people will be used as the capital expenditure of the public library．

essential 意为“基本的、必不可少的、本质的”，强调条件的基本性、必要性，常后接介词for或to；若A is essential to B，则A为B的本性和要素的一部分，若没有了A，B也就失去了区别于其它事物的特质，用例：Exercise，fresh air and good food are essential for the preservation of health。// Water is essential to the growth of crops，// The essential purpose of a vacation is to relax．

abide, adhere, conform, comply

这四个研究生入学考试中的高频考词都有“遵守”的意思，但是它们的搭配不同。

abide v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。

I will abide by the director\' decision.我将遵从主任的决定。

adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。)

Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。

conform v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。

All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。

comply v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。

Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。

abnormal, uncommon, disordered

这三个单词都有“反常的”之意，在考研和CET-6当中经常让考生们辨析它们的细微差别。

abnormal a.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。

His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，最高的时候达到40.5摄氏度。(尽管身体发烧不正常，但生活中也时有发生。) uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况；特别的，出色的。

Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。

That is uncommon instant coffee; it tastes great!那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了！

disordered a.混乱的，杂乱的；(精神或身体)有病的。

We couldn\'t understand her disordered presentation.我们听不明白她条理不清的述。

abolish, cancel, eliminate, dispose, erase, exclude, extinguish

这一组动词都有“取消，除掉”的意思。

abolish v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。

The government abolished the tax on alcohol.政府取消了酒税。

cancel v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。

The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.会议由于流感而取消了。

eliminate v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。

The losing team was eliminated from further competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。

The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。

dispose v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)

After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.野餐后请清除掉垃圾。

erase v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。

I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。

exclude v.排斥；排除，不包括在，与include互为反义词。

he restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed entering.衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。

extinguish v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。

Firefighters extinguished a big fire.消防队员扑灭了大火。

abstract, digest, outline, summary

这一组名词都有“要点，摘要”的意思。

abstract n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。

I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他的书的概要。

digest n. (篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。

Reader\'s Digest《读者文摘》

outline n.要点，大纲，概要。

She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。

summary n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文风格。

absurd, ridiculous, silly

这一组形容词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思。

absurd a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。

There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。

ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。

It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐

silly a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢a silly little boy傻小子

abundant, plentiful

这两个形容词都有“充足的”之意。

abundant a. (数量)充足的，常用于人、物产、资源、雨量等，含有“过多”之意。Oil is in abundant supply in this country.这个国家石油供应十分充裕。

plentiful a.丰富的，充足的，常用于食物、收获、财产等，不能用于时间、空间、思想等方面。

Eggs are plentiful at this moment.现在鸡蛋很多。

accent, tone, dialect

这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。

accent n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。

He speaks English with a Spanish accent.他讲英语带有西班牙口音。

tone n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。

He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。

dialect n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。

the Yorkshire dialect约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect方言

access, assess这两个词为一组“形近易混词”。

access n.接近，进入。

The people living in these apartments have free access to that swimming pool.住在这些公寓里的人可以免费地进入游泳池。

assess v.评估(财产，价值)。

I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment.我评估了一下建一套新的公寓要多少钱。

accommodate, afford, furnish

这一组动词都有“提供”的意思。

accommodate v.提供住宿、房间；适应，迎合，迁就。

This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。

The company accommodated the customer\'s wish and sent the delivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。

afford v.负担，支付；当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。

We can\'t afford that expensive sports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。

The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。

furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。

Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的容变成自己的东西。

accomplishment, attainment, achievement

这三个名词都有“成就”的意思。

accomplishment n.成功，成就；才艺，修养。

Climbing that high mountain was an accomplishment for the hikers.对于登山运动员来说，爬上了那座山就是成功。

Being able to paint well is just one of her accomplishments.画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。

attainment n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数)；达到，到达。

a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极高的学者

achievement n.可指抽象“成就”，或具体“成绩”，与accomplishment是同义词。

accuse, charge

两个动词都有“控诉，指控”之意，但它们后面所搭配的介词不同。

accuse v.指控，控诉，与介词of连用。

The police accused him of theft.警察指控他犯有盗窃罪。

chargev.可以指因为小错而受的责备，也指因而受到控告，与介词with连用。The police charged him with murder.警察指控他犯了谋杀罪。

acquire, attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure

这一组动词都有\"获得，取得\"的意思，在考研和CET-6当中屡次出现它们之间的辨析。

acquire v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调\"一经获得就会长期持有\"的含义。

It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。

attain v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。

The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。

obtain v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。

He obtained the property with a bank loan.他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。

gain v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。

An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而

得利润。

earn v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。

How much do you earn a week?你一星期挣多少钱？

achieve v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。

The movie star achieved success and wealth.这个影星取得了成功和财富。

secure v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为\"安全的\"。

A million signatures have been secured.已征集到了100万人的签名。

He secured the office before leaving it for the night.他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。

acute, critical, crucial, urgent

这一组形容词都有\"严重的，重要的\"意思。

acute a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。

An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。

critical a.意为\"关键的\"，表示处于极度缺乏状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。

与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指\"批判性的，分析性的\"。

It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习,否则你会不及格的。

crucial a.意为\"决定性的，紧要的，至关重要的\"，最笼统，适用于上述两种情况。

Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复是至关重要的。

urgent a.意为\"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的\"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调\"紧急的\"状态。

We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。

adjust, regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify, transform, vary

这九个动词都含有\"调整、改变\"的意思。

adjust v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。

I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.我调节了空调以保持凉爽。

regulate v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有\"控制\"

Lights are used to regulate the traffic.红绿灯被用来管制交通。

rectify v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。

He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。

amend v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规等。

The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。

convert v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是信仰。

Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。

He\'s converted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。

alter v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。

The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。

modify v.改变，修改，使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。

He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。

transform v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。

Remodeling transformed an old, dark housesintosa cheerful one.重新装修使这所旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。

vary v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。

Air fares vary from one airline to another.航空公司的机票价格各不相同。

admit, confess, concede

这几个动词都有\"承认\"的意思。

admit v.指由于说服、再三追问而\"承认\"某一事实或过错。

I admit that you have a point.我承认你有理。

confess v.供认(罪行、过错等)，含有\"坦白、招认\"的意思。

He confessed his crimes to the judge.他向法官供认了他的罪行。

concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误，但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认，还可以指\"以退为进\"的承认。

The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人。

affiliate, link, attach, append

这一组动词都有\"附加\"的意思。

affiliate v.加入，成为……一部分。

an affiliated middle school一所附属中学

link v.将人或物连接起来。

The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。

attach v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。

I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.我用别针将一字条别在报告的后面。

append v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。

The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律师在合同后又附加了两页。

affirm, assert, allege, claim, announce, proclaim

这一组动词都有\"声称\"的意思。

affirm v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。

He affirmed his love for her.他发誓爱她。

assert v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。

She asserted that she was innocent .她宣称自己是无辜的。

allege v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。

现场。

claim v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主。

They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。

announce v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主或态度，常常带有预告的意味。The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。

approach 接近，靠近

解析：【注意】approach后面接地点、人物和目标时是及物动词，否则是不及物动词。作及物动词时还可引申为研究，考虑，商洽等义，作名词时，可表示途径，态度等。

The time is approaching when we must be on board.

我们上船的时间快到了。

area 地带，地区

解析：【同】district，zone，region

【辨析】area表示面积，地区（面积较大，但不指行政单位）如the area of your hand；

region指在地理上有天然界限或有自己特色的一个单位，或自治区等行政单位，也可指领域（同sphere，realm）；district性质较region相近，但一般比region小，如县级区用district ；

zone是个环绕区域，有严格的边界，如经济特区

a recreation area 重新改建的地区

tropical regions of South America 南美的热带地区

a residential zone 居住区

assessment 评估，估算，评价

解析：动词assess

【同】estimate, appraise, assess, evaluate这些词都表示对客体的重要性形成定论

estimate暗示评价的主观性和不精确

appraise 表示专业水准的评估,名词appraisal

assess 表示为确定某物的应税价值而作出的权威估价

evaluate 表示在确定价值时经过了深思熟虑，不一定是金钱价值

assume 假定, 设想，担任; 承担; 接受

解析：【同】suppose

【辨析】suppose最不正式，表示根据一定证据作出的见解，assume用于逻辑推理，强调一种缺乏证据的结论，以检验某种建议。

authority 权威, 权力, 权势【pl.】当局, 负责人; 官方; 职权; 许可的权力根据, 凭据, 引证权威, 专家

解析：the authorities of government

author作者

【衍】authorize，authorization

available 可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的

解析：【衍】availability availably

注意:一般在名词之后,the apple available

benefit n.利益, 好处;vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益

解析：【同】profit advantage interest

【辨析】advantage指有利条件，优势take advantage of

profit指利润

interest指利息

concept n.概念；观念

consistent adj. 调和的, 坚固的（常与with连用）与...一致的

解析：【助记法】-sist-表示坚持或力度，静态，构成

【衍】consistency

constitutional adj.构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的

解析：【衍】constitute 组成constitution 宪法

context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系

解析：注意它常用比喻的意思，表示语境或环境。

context-dependent adj. 随上下文决定的，与上下文有关的

context-free adj. 与上下文无关的，注意free的否定含义,如alcohol-free

context-sensitive adj.上下文有关的

contract n.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约

解析：Their firm have contracted to build a double-purpose bridge across the river.

他们公司已签约承建一座横跨大江的两用大桥。

法律方面的根本意思是含义，the meeting of mind

create vt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成

解析：【同】compose, invent, design, produce, manufacture, make都含"创造"的意思。

create指"有目的地把原材料制成新产品"; 也指" 创造出原来不存在或与众不同的事物", Creator 指创造者，上帝，如:

We've created a beautiful new building from out of an old ruin.

我们从废墟上创建了一幢漂亮的新楼。

compose 指" 创作(诗、画、音乐或文章等)"com是在一起，pose指放置如:

The poet composed a new poem.

这位诗人创作了一首新诗。

design 指"制作某物之前深思熟虑地构思", 如:

It was he that designed the garden.

这个花园是他设计的。

invent指"通过想象、研究、劳动, 创造出前所未有的东西", 尤指"科技上的发明创造", 如:

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※来源: club.qingdaonews. 新闻网－青社区

2楼绝对过客发表于: 07-04 11:30 $ * [海豹级]

回复:

Edison invented the light bulb.

爱迪生发明了电灯炮。

make是最常用词, 指"用劳动地任何制造、生产、形成或组成", 如:

这家工厂制造各种精密机床。

manufacture 指大规模的制造生产，manu指手，fact 表示构造如：

Shoes have been manufactured in this town for centuries.

produce指"通过劳动加工而生产产品", 尤指"工农业产品", 如:

We must produce more food for ourselves and import less.

我们必须增产食品, 减少进口。

重音在第一个音节时意思是农产品。

production, productive power, productivity

data n.【计】资料, 数据

解析：datum的复数

definition n.定义, 解说

解析：【衍】define 定义definite确定的indefinite无限的，不定的

derived vt.得自vi.起源

解析：derive itself from由...而来, 源出

derive knowledge from books从书中获得知识

Many English words are derived from Latin.许多英语词汇源于拉丁文。

【衍】derivation n.

注意deprive,deride，不要混淆。常用过去分词。

distribution n.分配, 分发, 配给物, 销售, 法院对无遗嘱死亡者财产的分配, 分布状态, 区分, 分类,发送,发行解析：【衍】distribute v. distributive a.

economic adj.经济(上)的, 产供销的, 经济学的

解析：She let her house at an economic rent.

她以合算的方式把房子租出去。

economical a.指节俭的

economic sanction经济制裁

economic reckoning经济核算

economic strike经济性罢工(为提高工资, 缩短工作时间, 改良工作环境而罢工)go on a strike

economic structure经济结构

environmental adj.周围的, 环境的

解析：【衍】environment 环境

【同】surroundings, vicinity

environment 指人与自然界生存的环境,或是某种比喻的环境；

surroundings指围绕着某物的周遭环境，注意是复数；

vicinity指近处的围，in the vicinity of。

established adj.已制定的, 确定的

解析：【衍】establish

【同】build, construct, erect, found, set up

【辨析】辨析同义词可以由它们所带的宾语反推出其区别。

build一般指建立,修建,常带house, road, bridge, socialism, hope等;

construct指用各种材料建成一个整体,着重构筑,书面语;

establish有稳固建成的意思,常带school, reputation, government等;

set up着重开始的意思,如monument, school，set up 着重开始，草创。

estimate v估计估价

解析：参见assessment条

evidence n.明显, 显著, 明白, 迹象, 根据, 【物】证据, 证物

解析：It was early, and few pedestrians were in evidence on the city streets.

天还早,街上的几个行人清晰可见。

【衍】evident

【同】distinct, obvious, apparent, clear, plain

【辨析】evident总包含一定的迹象。

It's evident that someone has been here.很明显有人来过.

distinct 指轮廓或意义清晰,不需费力就可看出

Though they talked in a low voice, they could be heard distinctly.

虽然他们低声谈话,还是可以很清楚地听到。

obvious常指欲掩弥彰,非常清楚，常有反面含义。

apparent表示根据迹象进行推理,得出明显的结论。

clear的根本意思是"清" 不但有清晰之义,还有流畅,清澈的意思, 如clear water;clean指"洁"。plain暗示因为浅显而清楚。

export vt.输出,出口n.出口商品

解析：【反】import进口

【助记法】ex向外，port 指港口

factors n.因素,要素,因数

解析：【同】element, ingredient,

【辨析】factor具有数学及解析意味,是一个整体的成分；

element强调这一部分是基础性的,不可或缺的，如元素；

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3楼绝对过客发表于: 07-04 11:31 $ * [海豹级]

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ingredient只是表明构成一种混合物的的成分。

financial a.财政的金融的

解析：【同】fiscal, monetary

financial 常表示大额交易。与fiscal的区别是：战略及战术的区别，宏观及微观的区别。Many computer software corporations are experiencing financial reverses.

许多计算机公司经历过财政危机。

fiscal尤指一国的财政政策。

The Secretary of the Treasury is the chief fiscal officer of our government.

monetary 常指铸币流通或货币政策。

The basic monetary unit of the United States is the dollar.

美国货币基本单位是美元。

formula n.公式,客套语

function n.功能,作用,典礼,仪式；v.起作用,运行

解析：作名词时，常与perform, serve 搭配

identified 被识别的,被认可的

解析：【衍】identify确认,鉴定

identity身份

identification鉴别,证明

income n.收入

解析：【同】salary, wage, pay

【辨析】income常指定期的收入；

salary指脑力劳动者的收入,因其来源于salt,古罗马支付文官的方式之一；

wage指体力劳动者的工资；

pay指军饷。

indicate vt.指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明

解析：【衍】indicator n.指示器,indicative 显示的

【同】suggest, imply, denote

【辨析】indicate表示词语或符号可以清楚明白的显示容；

suggest则表示通过词语或符号暗示容；

imply表示这种暗示更复杂，来自ply层次，故此是有一定结构的复杂，名词implication；

denote特指一个词的字面意义，比较正式，多用于论文中。

individual n.个人, 个体; adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的

解析：【衍】individualism n.个人主义；利已主义

注意，这一概念一般都与一个相对较大的群体相对应。注意类比考察，如与community，society对应

interpretation n.解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译

解析：【同】translation

【辨析】translation指笔译或翻译的泛称

interpretation一般指口译或解读

involved adj.棘手的,有关的

解析：【衍】involve vt.包括, 笼罩, 潜心于, 使陷于involvement n.连累, 包含

注意,常用过去分词

issues n.出版, 发行, (报刊等)期、号, 论点, 问题, 结果, (水, 血等的)流出vi.发行, 流出, 造成...结果, 进行辩护, 传下vt.使流出, 放出, 发行(钞票等), 发布(命令), 出版(书等)发给; 【律】子女, 后嗣

解析：还有offspring ,descendent也表示后代

at issue待解决的；争议中的

an issue of magazine一份杂志

labour n.劳动, 劳力, 劳工, 努力, 分娩, 工作;v.劳动, 苦干, 费力地前进, 分娩, 工作, 悉心完成;adj.支持工党的，与工党有关的

legal adj.法律的, 法定的, 合法的

解析：【同】lawful, legitimate

【辨析】lawful指一定的控制，强制行为具有法律依据。如；lawful arrest依法逮捕；

legal意思同lawful，但通常用于法令，较正式；

legitimate表示法律承认习惯已认可的。如legitimate son 婚生子illegitimate；

legislation n.立法，法律的制定(或通过)，参照分类词典里的词汇。

major n.[美]【教】主修课, 【律】成年人【乐】大调; adj.主修的, 成年的, 大调的; vi.主修

解析：作"成年人"与minor 未成年人，相对应。

You are an English major.

method n.方法

解析：【同】manner, mode, way

【辨析】这些词都表示方法,method尤指有次序的,有计划的方法，较正式。

manner强调的是行动或步骤的具个性和独特性的方法。

She has a precise, clearly articulated manner of speaking.

她说话用词精确，表达清楚。

mode通常指由传统或习俗影响或引起的行事方法。

A nomadic mode of life was typical of many peoples of the Great Plains.

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way最为普通，口语化。

That's the way I'm. 我就是这样。

occur vi.发生, 出现

解析：【同】happen, take place

【衍】occurrence n.发生

【辨析】happen强调偶然性

There happen to be no money with me.

It so happens that...

take place指有计划的使某事发生

Great changes have taken place in my hometown.

occur则包括了以上二者的意义，比较含糊。

percent n.百分比, 百分数