词汇学考试整理

词汇学整理

一、选择题25 题 25分

1.从规约走向描述的里程碑词典是：OED (P.237)

2.同义词的特征？（P.125）

Synonymous word group a common denotative component brings the words together.

3.习语的特征？(P.190)

Idioms are usually semantically opaque and are characterized by structural invariability.

4.古代英语

Archaic words are words no longer in common use, however they are retained for special purpose, they

are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and prose,

(marked arch. Or aic. ) whereas obsolete words just refer to the words completely out of current use .

marked obs. (olete.) or dated in a dictionary.

5.语境的分类(P.152-P155)

Linguistic (or verbal )contexts or extra-linguistic （or nonverbal）can determine the meanings of words,

esp. those of polysemous words.

1.Linguistic (or verbal )contexts:

Lexical context,

Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.(see the examples of

make on p.153 )

Grammatical context,

In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of

a polysemous word.(see the examples of a ke in various settings on

p.153 )However, it is not sufficient

to indicate all the individual meanings of a given word.(see the examples concerning the different

meanings of the same pattern get+n. on p.154 )

Verbal context

The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passag , or even an entire book, and in some

cases even the entire social or cultural setting, as stated at the beginning of the chapter.

2.Extra-linguistic/context of situation:

1)The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs.(see the

example of operation on p.155)

2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech

event has to be set

(see the example of peasant and

armer on p.156)

6.?两个单词有相同的部分，根据什么来猜意义？

Componential analysis and semantic features

7.理据？(P.94-95)

Motivation can be classified into three types:

1) Phonetic motivation;

Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation

suggests the meaning.

2) Morphological motivation;

We say that the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the

morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.

If we know the meaning of the affix and the base, then we can immediately the meaning of this word.

3) Semantic motivation.

Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors

The figurative usage can provide semantic motivation; the figurative meaning can be readily understood by

those who know the literal meaning.

8.研究多义的两个方法

They are : 1) diachronic ; 历时角度2) synchronic .共时角度(P.110)

1) diachronic

The study of the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or the study of how the semantic

structure of a word has developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state, i.e. with

derived meaning springing from the original meaning. This way of study is called diachronic

approaches.(primary meaning and the present polysemic meaning ) Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation

between the central meaning and secondary meaning.

(P.206) 习语的文体特征？9.Stylistic feature

Most idioms are stylistically neutral, but quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English.

A few idioms suggest a dignified and elevated tone, and are used on formal occasions, e.g.

Some idioms phrases are slangy.

Stylistic feature of idioms, however, are constantly shifting, and what is slang today may informal

tomorrow.

10.词义变化的内部要素（原因）？Linguistic cause: (P172-175)

Change of meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in a linguistic

system; towards ellipsis

and toward analogy.

Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collection, such as adjective +noun, or

attributive noun + noun, in which the noun is deleted and only the first element (the attributive) is left,

but retaining the sense of the whole phrase.

The analogical tendency is also constantly at work. New meanings developed in one part of speech are

passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.

11.(P.28)

词素的分类？

Free morpheme Free root

Prefix Morpheme

Bound root

Sufix

Derivational affixes Bound morpheme

Affix

Inflection affixes

12.?

修辞It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements 明喻Simile：)in common. To make the comparison, words like 性having at least one quality or characteristic (特

明喻as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other

之间的相(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体like, as, as if, as though 等似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but 暗喻）2) Metaphor：(）这种比喻不通过比喻隐喻（metaphorunlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.

For 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses 3) Analogy: (类比）comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that

have several common qualities or points of resemblance.

It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal 4) Personification: (拟人）

拟人抽象) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions().赋予attributes(拟personification（）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。．

5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.

夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。

1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。

6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its

effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the

reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.

7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for

one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as”pass away. 8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the

part. 提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。

1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.

10）Antonomasia (换喻/替代）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now,

though it is still in frequent use. In?rhetoric,?antonomasia?is a substitution of any?epithet?or phrase for

a proper name. The reverse process is also sometimes called antonomasia. Antonomasia is a particular form of?metonymy. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.

11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. 双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried

the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a

device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is

usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called

ront rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew,

the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。

押韵(rhyme)，A?rhyme?is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in?poetry?and?songs.?赘述(tautology)A?rhetorical?tautology can also be defined as a series of statements that comprise an argument,

whereby the statements are constructed in such a way that the truth of the proposition is guaranteed or that the truth of the proposition cannot be disputed by defining a term in terms of another self-referentially.

13.单词的定义：

A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound

and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.

14.root stem base 的区别(P.33)

A root is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional Root:morphology. It is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes

have been removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme.( i.e. desire is the root in the

is the prefix ) -able is the suffix, un-undesirableword , orphology…. Stem:Bauer defines stem as A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional mInflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it: it is the part of the word-form which remains

; in undesirablewhen all inflectional affixes have been removed. (I.e. in the word, the stem is undesirable .)desire, the stem is desiredthe word Base may be defined as a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied .This means that Base:

any root or stem can be termed a base .

15. etymology morphology，搞清四个术语terminology，neologism，

Etymology: The study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.

Neologism: New words or new meanings for established words)(P.6)

Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms.

consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in Terminology: 术语medicine:

16.？根据什么来猜单词的意思，一句话中来猜斜体单词的意义？From the context, guessing meaning of a word. 到时根据具体题目猜单词。17.(P.9-P.10)

本族语词汇的特征？The typical feature of most native words in Modern English is monosyllabic (having only one

syllable) .

The fundamental features of the basic word stock:

1. National character

2. stability

3. word-formation ability

4.Ability to from colletction

18.(P.22) 词素变体？Allomorphs

1) An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining

sounds;

2) The allomophs such as -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight

.

difference in sound depending on the final phoneme of the preceding verbs3) Allomorphs may occur among the positional variants of the same suffix, like -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation ,they may also occur among prefixes. Their forms then depends on the first letter of the verb to

occurring before p,b,or m (e.g. imperfect, Imbalance, which they will be added, for example, im

; immobile) Native words: 9 most frequently used : you, and, it, will, have, to, be, of, the

19.(p17-18) 功能词和实词Function wards:

1.often short words such as: determiners, conjunction, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth

2.have no much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning, they serve grammatically

more than any words-grammatical meaning

3.number: relatively small and permanent set of words compared with content words (154 total

number)

4.closed in the sense that they cannot be extended by the creation of new words. closed lists:

5.high frequency of occurrence

Content words :

1.r states(they' re nouns, main verbs, adjectives, and

used to name objects, qualities, actions, process oadverb of a language)

2.have independent lexical meaning.

3.number: large (one million-154)

4.Open lists: the list is open in the sense that it's indefinitely extendible

5.low frequency of occurrence compared with function words

20.搞清绝对同音同形词和多义词的区别？Perfect homonyms refer to the words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning (see the

examples on p. 115 and p.116 ) .(it exists in two words though their spelling and sounds are identical)

The word polysemy is of Greek origin. It has been defined as ...A term used in semantic analysis to

refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. (it's the one word which has a range of

different meanings)