中英文文献翻译—液压泵的简单介绍
附录
附录A
英文部分：
The commonly used sources of power in hydraulic systems are pumps and accumulators .
Similarly,accumulator connected to atmosphere will dischange oil at atmosphere pressure until it empty. only when connected to a system having resistance to flow can pressure be developed.
Three types of pumps find use in fluid-power systems: 1,rotary,2,reciprocating,3,or piston-type,and 3,centrifugal pumps.
Simple hydraulic system may use but one type of pump . The trend is to use pumps with the most satisfactory characteristics for the specific tasks involved . In matching the characteristics of the pump to the requirements of the hydraulic system , it is not unusual to find two types of pumps in series . For example , a centrifugal pump may be to supercharge a reciprocating pump , or a rotary pump may be used to supply
pressurized oil for the contronls associated with a reversing variabledisplacement
pumps .
Most power systems require positive displacement pumps . At high pressure , reciprocating pumps are often preferred to rotary pumps .
Rotary pumps
These are built in many differnt designs and extremely popular in modern fluid power system . The most common rotay-pump designs used today are spurgear ,
internal gear ,generated rotor , sliding vane ,and screew pumps . Ehch type has
advantages that make it most suitable for a given application .
Gear pumps
Gear pumps are the simplest type of fixed displacement hydraulic pump available . This type consists of two external gear , generally spur gear , within a
closed-fitting housing . One of the gear is driven directly by the pump drive shaft .
It ,in turn , then drives the second gear . Some designs utilize helical gears ,but the spur gear design predominates . Gear pumps operate on a very simple principle , illustration Fig.7.3 . As the gear teeth unmesh , the volume at the inlet port A expands , a partial vacuum on the suction side of the pump will be formed . Fluid from an external
reservoir or tank is forced by atmospheric pressure into the pump inlet . The
continuous action of the fluid being carried from the inlet to the discharge side B of the pump forces the fluid into the system .
Pressure rise in a spur-gear pump is produced by the squeezing action on the fluid as it is expellde from between the meshing gear teeth and the casing . Fluid from the discharge side is prevented from returing to the inlet side by the clearance between the gears and houseing .
Vane pumps
The vane pump ,illustration 7.4 , consists of a housing that is eccentric or offset with respect to the drive shaft axis . In some models this inside surface consists of a cam ring that can be rotated to shift the relationship between rotor are rectangular and extend radially from a center radius to the outside diameter of the rotor and from end to end . A rectangular vane that is essentially the same size as the slot is inserted in the slot and is free to slide in and out .
As the rotor turns , the vanes thrust outward , and the vane tips track the inner surface of the housing , riding on a thin film of fluid . Two port or end plates that engage the end face of the ring provide axial retention .
Centrifugal force generally contributes to outward thrust of the vane . As they ride along the eccentric housing surface , the vane move in and out of the rotor slots . The vane divide the area between the rotor and casing into a series of chambers .The sides of each chamber are formed by two adjacent vanes ,the port or end plates , the pump casing and the rotor . These chambers change in change in volume depending on their respective position about the shaft .
As each chamber approaches the inlet port , its vanes move outward and its volume expands , causing fluid to flow into the expanded chamber . Fluid is then carried within the chamber around to the dischange port . As the chamber approaches the discharge port , its vanes are pushed inward ,the volume is reduced , and the fluid is forced out the discharge port .
The variable-volume vane pump can be adjusted to discharge a different volume of fluid while running at constant speed , simply by shifting the cam ring with respect to the rotor .When the pump components are in position such that the individual chambers achieve their maximun volume as they reach the inlet port , the maximum volume of fluid will be moved . If the relationship between housing and rotor is changed such that the chambers achieve their minmum of zero volume as they reach the inlet port , the pump delivery will be reduced to zero .
Since the vane pump housing or cam ring must be shifted to change the eccentricity and vary the output , variable-displacement vane pumps cannot have the closed end fit common to fixed-displacement vane pumps . Volumetric efficiency is in the range of 90% to 95% . These pumps retain their efficiency for a considerable length of time since compensation for wear between the vane ends and the housing is automatic .As these surfaces wear , the vanes move farther outward from their slots to maintain contact with the housing .
Vane pump speed is limited by vane peripheral speed . High peripheral speed will
cause cavitation in suction cavity . which results in pump damage and reduced flow .
An imbalance of the vanes can cause the oil film between the vane tips and the cam ring to break down , resulting in metal-to-metal contact and subsequent increased wear and slipage . One metheod applied to eliminate high vane thrust loading is a
dual-vane construction .
In the dual-vane construction , two independent vanes are located in each rotor slot . Chambered edges along the sides and top of each vane from a channel that essentially force causes the vane to follow the contour of each pair of vanes . Centrifugal force causes the vane to follow the contour of the cam-shaped ring . There is just sufficient seal between the vanes and ring without destroying the thin oil film .
Piston-type pump
Two basic types of piston or reciprocating pumps are the radial piston and the axial typese , both are available as fixed or variable displacement models . Axial piston pumps may be further divided into in-line and bent axis types .
All piston pumps operate by allowing oil to flow into a pumping cavity as a piston retreats and then forcing the oil out into another chamber as the piston advances . Design differences among pumps lie primarily in the methods of separating inlet from outlet oil .
In-line piston pump
The siplest typeof axial piston pump is the swash plate in-line design , illustration 7.5 .The cylinder are connected though piston shoes and a retracting ring , so that the shoes beat anainst an angled swash plate . As the block turns ,the piston shoes follow the swash plate ,causing the piston to reciprocate . The ports are arranged in the valve plate so that the pistons pass the inlet port as they are being pulled out and pass the outlet port as they are being forcing back in .
The angle of the swash plate controls the delibery . Where the swash plate is fixed , the pump is of the constant-displacement type . In the variable-displacement , inline piston pump , the swash plate is moumted on a pivoted yoke . As the swash plate angle is increased , the cylinder stroke is increase , resulting in a greater flow . A pressure compensator control can position the yoke automatically to maintain a constant output pressure .
Operation of he inline pump compensator control is shown schematically in Fig.7.6 .The control can position the yoke automatically in Fig.7.6 . The control consists of a compensator valve balanced between load pressure and the force of a spring , a yoke piston controlled by the compensator valve to move the yoke , and a yoke retun spring .
With no outlet pressure , the yoke return spring moves the yoke to the full delibery position .As pressure builds up ,it acts against the end of the valve
spool .When the pressure is high enough to overcome the valve spring , the spool is
displaced and oil enters dis placement . If the pressure falls off , the spool moves back , oil is discharged from the piston to the inside of the pump case , and the spring returns the yoke to a greater angle .
The compensator thus adjusts the pump output to whatever is required to develop and maintain the preset pressure . This prevents excess power losses bu relief valve operation at full pump volume during holding or clamping .
There compensator thus adjusts the pump output to whatever is required to develop and maintain the preset pressure . This prevents excess power losses by relief valve operation at full pump volume during holding or clamping .
There is a variation of the swash plate in-line pump . It is a design where the swash plate turns , but the cylinder barrel remains stationary . The plate is canted so that it wobbles as it turns . This action pushes the pistons in and out the stationary cylingder barrel .
This type of in-line pump contains a separate inlet and outlet check valve for each piston since the pistons do not move past the inlet and outlet port .
BENT-axis piston pump
Illustration 7.7 show a bent-axial piston pump , which contatins a cylinder block assembly in which the pistons are equally spaced around the cylinder block axis . Cylinder bores are parallel to the axis . The cylinder block turns with the drive shaft , but at an offest angle . The piston rods are attaached to the drive shaft flange by ball joints . A universal link keys the cylinder block to the drive shaft to maintain alignment and assure that they turn together . The link does not transmit force except to accelerate and decceltate the cylinder block and to overcome resistance of the block revolving in oil filled housing .
As the shaft roates , distance between any one piston and the valving surface changes continually . Each piston moves away from the valving surface during one half of the revolution and toward the valving surface during the other half . The inlet chamber is in line as the pistons move away , and the outletr chamber is in line as the pistons move closer , thus drawing liquiring in during one half of the inlet chamber as the pistons are moving away from the pintle . Thereforce , during rotation , pistons draw liquid into the cylinder bores as they pass the inlet side of the pinntle and force that liquid out of the bores as they pass the outlet side of the pintle . The displacement of this pump varies with the offset angle , the maximum angle being 30 degree ,the minimum zero . Fixed displacement models are usually avaiable with 23 degree
angle .In the variable displacement construction a yoke with an external control is used to change the angle . With some contronls , the yoke can be moved over center to reverse the direction of flow from the pump .
Pump/system interaction
Frequently , hydraulic system designers choose off-the-shelf pumps with little
cocern other than supplying sufficient flow at available input power . Early enphasis that positive displacement pumps supply only flow and that pressure is developed by the system suggests that , as a minmum , the pump should be chosem in light of several overall requirements and with system detailed design and the nature of the working fluid well in mind .
Positive displacement pumps generate flow . In a fixed delivery pump , provisions must be made to dissipate flow or system pressure will rise until a rupture occurs . The usual means of accomplishing flow control is to place a relief valve inthe high pressure line . When the pressure rise above an established amoumt ,the relief valve will vent excess flow back to the reservoir . In such systems , pump flow and relief valve capacity must be carefully matched to assure proper venting . Flow from a high pressure line through a relief valve to a low pressure element is wasted hydraulic horsepower , which can be calculated from the following relationship :
hp=PQ/1714
Where : Q = flow in gpm
This wasted horsepower is converted to heat in the hydraulic system . If not properly removed , the heat can damage the fluid , elastomer seals , and other organic material in the system .
Pressure-compensated variavle delivery pumps do not require a relief valve in the high pressure line . The pressure compensation feature eliminates the need for the relief valve . In nearly all working systems ,however , at least one is used on
just-in-case basis . The use of a pressure compensator , while avoiding dependence on a relief valve , brings on its own problems . The actuator -spring-spool arrangement in the compensator is a dynamic , damped-mass-spring arrangement . However , when the system calls for a chang in axhieve their maxmum volume as they reach the inlet port , the maximum volume of fluid will ve moved . If the relationship between housing and rotor is changed such that the chambers achieve their minimum of zero volume as they reach the inlet port , the pump delivery will be reduced to zero .
Since the vane pump housing or cam ring must be shifted to change the eccentricity and vary the output , variable-displacement vane pumps cannot have the closed end fit common to fixed-displacement pumps . Volumetric efficiency is the range of 90% to 95% . These pumps retain their efficiency for a considerable length of time since compensation for wear between the vane ends and the housing is automatic . As these surfaces wear , the vanes move farther outward from their slots to maintain contact with the housing .
Vane pump speed is limited by vane peripheral speed . High peripheral speed will cause cavitation in suction cavity , which results in pump damage and reduced flow .
An imbalance of the vanes can cause the oil film between the cane tips and the cam ring to break down , resulting in metal-to-metal contact and subsequent increased wear and slipage . One method applied to eliminate high vane thrust loading is a
dual-vane construction .
In the dual-vane construction , tow independent vanes are located in each totor slot chmbered edges along the sides and top of each vane from a channel that essentially balances the hydraulic pressure on the top and bottom of each pair of vanes .
Centrifugal force cause the vane to follow the contour of the cam-shaped
ring .There is just sufficient seal between the vanes and ring without destroying the thin oil film .
附录B
中文部分：
常用的液压系统的动力源是泵和蓄能器。
一般情况下，一个蓄能器在正常的大气压力下，连续的向各系统中压入液压油，直至将所储存的能量全部用完为止。只有当其连接的系统中，具有抗流压力时才能够得到补充。
在液压系统和液力系统中，常使用液压泵有三种类型：
1、回转式，
2、往复式，
3、活塞式或者离心式。
简单液压系统一般使用的都是第一类液压泵。目前的发展趋势是针对具体的工作任务和工况，选用最佳的液压泵类型。在符合特性和要求的液压泵中，找到两种不同类型的液压泵式很常见的。例如，离心泵，往复泵都可以可对系统增压，旋转泵和变量液压泵联合使用也可以提供高压的液压油。大部分动力系统还需要采取容积式液压泵泵。而在较高的体统压力下，往复泵往往要优于回转泵。
回转泵
这些形式的液压泵因为具有许多不同的设计形式而极受欢迎，在现代流体动力系统。最常见的旋转泵的设计形式，包括内部使用齿轮的、内部使用转子的、内部采用滑动叶片的和使用螺杆的。其中，每一种类型都有其独特的优点，都有其最适合的一定的应用场合。
齿轮泵
齿轮泵是可以提供的最简单的一种液压泵。这一类型的液压泵一般包括两个外啮合的齿轮，一般是圆柱直齿轮，安装在一个密封的壳体里面。其中一个齿轮由液压泵的传动轴直接驱动，第一个齿轮然后再推动第二轮。还有一些设计中利用螺旋齿轮，但是一般以齿轮设计为主。齿轮泵的动作的原理非常简单，如插图
7.3 所示。由于在齿轮的轮齿在脱开啮合时，进气道扩大，液压泵将会形成局
部真空的具有吸力的空腔。流体在系统的压力下被从外部油箱或罐体中压入，连续运动的液压油在液压泵的作用下，从真空的吸力空腔中被送入排出液压油的一
侧——B侧。
直齿轮泵内的液压油被从脱开啮合的轮齿和套管之间不断的排出，这种挤压运动使得齿轮泵内的压力上升，从排油一侧来的液压油由于被阻止，不能返回进油一侧的轮齿的间隙和空腔。
叶片泵
如插图7.4所示，叶片泵一般是由一个相通的腔体，是偏心或抵消对传动轴轴线。在一些模型内的表面设有一个凸轮环，一个可旋转移动的长方形的转子，转子的径向延长，从一个中心，半径为外径的转子，到末端结束。上面是尺寸大小相同的插槽，矩形叶片一般插入到插槽中，并且可以自如的滑入和滑出。
当转子转动时，叶片被向外甩出，而叶片尖端则贴紧其运动轨道空腔的内表面，处于液压油的薄膜的上面。两个油口或端板，向环形的端面提供轴向的存储。
通常离心有助于叶片的向外推出。当叶片处于偏心空腔的表面上时，叶片从转子的缝隙中甩出和甩。叶片将套管和转子之间的区域分成一系列的小空腔。每一个小空腔都是由两个相邻叶片，油口或者端盘，液压泵壳体和转子形成。这些空腔的容积的变化取决于他们相对于轴的相对位置。
当每个厅内靠近进内气孔的时候，其叶片向外移动，其空腔的容积膨胀，造成液压油流入扩大空腔。流体随后被带入围绕着排油孔的空腔内。当这些空腔靠近排油孔时，叶片被甩入腔内，空腔的容积减小，液压油随即被压出排油孔。
变量叶片泵，可以进行调整，以适应不同的流体排量，当在定常速度下运行时，只需要改变把凸轮环相对于对转子的位置即可。当液压泵的部件的处于各自的空腔在靠近吸油孔时达到最大的位置的时候，流体的最大排量就将会改变。如果腔体和转子的相对关系改变，则空腔在他们到达吸油孔的时候就达到了他们的最小容积————零容积，此时，液压泵的排油量也减少到零。
由于叶片泵的空腔或凸轮圈必须变化从而改变偏心率即改变输出量，变量叶片泵没有相应于普通固定位移叶片泵的固定端，容积效率范围是90%至95% 。这些液压泵能够在一个相当长的时间里保持其效率，因为叶片两端和空腔之间摩擦补偿是自动的。正是由于这些表面的摩擦，才使得叶片泵的叶片能够向外面甩出同时又不会脱离插槽。
叶片泵的速度一般要受到叶片圆周速度的限制。过高的圆周速度将导致空腔内出现负压，从而导致液压泵损坏和流量减小。
一个不平衡的叶片将会引起叶片顶端和凸轮环之间的油膜的破坏，从而进一步导致金属和金属之间的直接接触，因而增加了磨损和叶片泵的动力传动损耗。消除这种叶片泵的叶片的高推力负荷的方法之一就是采用双叶片结构。
在双叶式结构中，每两个互相独立的叶片是分别设置在每个转子槽中的。腔室的边缘两旁和顶部叶片每一个渠道，基本上形成了一个十字状，每个一双叶片等高。在离心力的作用下，使得叶片随着凸轮环的外部轮廓的变化而变化。当叶片和凸轮环之间形成了足够大的间隙的时候，将会破坏油膜。
活塞式泵
两种基本类型的活塞液压泵或者是往复式液压泵都是活塞径向和轴向类型的，两者均可作为定量泵或可变排量泵模型。其中，轴向柱塞泵，又可以进一步分为线性柱塞泵和弯曲轴型柱塞泵两种类型。
所有的活塞式液压泵的运行原理，都是通过液压油流入泵腔而推动活塞向后面移动，然后活塞再向前移动，从而将液压油排出，使得液压油进入泵的另一个腔室中。不同的泵的设计差异泵主要在于活塞进入和推出从而将液压油分离的方法。
直轴式柱塞泵
最简单的轴向柱塞泵是将冲板进行线性化设计，如插图7。5 所示，气缸与活塞的回缩盘之间相连，使移动的回缩盘成倾斜式。当倾斜圆盘转动的时候，柱塞的端脚斜盘上运动，从而使得活塞杆不断的往复的运动，同时因为油口分别安排在阀板上，能够使活塞通过进气道，当它们运动到一定的位置时，通过油口将液压油推出排油口。
斜盘的倾斜角度决定了柱塞泵的排量。在这里，斜盘的位置是固定的，而泵的位移是恒定的。在变量的线性柱塞泵中，逆止阀活塞泵，冲板是装在一个铰链的枷锁。由于冲板角度的增大，气缸冲程增加，形成了更大的流量。由于压力补偿控制位置的作用，自动保持恒定输出压力。
线性柱塞泵的运行原理就是如插图7.6所示。在图中，能够自动的控制枷锁的定位。这种控制由一个补偿阀来平衡负载压力和系统的压力，枷锁活塞由补偿阀移动另一个枷锁来实现控制。
由于压力无法卸载，枷锁回位弹簧的推动枷锁直到临界的位置。由于压力的累积，它的动作是组织阀芯末端。当压力高至足以克服阀的弹簧力的时候，阀芯就会变换位置，同时，液压油也会进入原来的空腔中。假如压力下降，阀芯向后移动，液压油被活塞排出而进入液压泵的管道。系统就会使枷锁回到一个更大的角度。
补偿器调节泵的输出量，从而达到任何要求达到的更高的压力或者保持原来预置的压力。这使得过剩的动力损失得以通过节流阀的在满载的时候的保持和收紧作用而被部分保留和利用。
在直轴式的柱塞泵中，有一个可以变化的斜盘。这是一个设计中的斜盘式的转折，但缸筒依然保持了其平稳。斜板是倾角回转的。这一动作推动活塞进入和推出较为平稳的缸筒。
这种类型的直轴式柱塞泵在每一个位置上都包括一个单独的进油口检测阀和一个单独的出油口检测阀。因此，柱塞才不会在移动的时候超出进油口和排油口。
斜轴式柱塞泵
如图7.7所示，说明了斜轴式柱塞泵的工作原理，装配中的活塞包含缸体也同样以缸体的轴线为基准间隔排列在四周，缸孔平行于轴线。活塞棒通过法兰盘和球关节连接在传动轴上。
一个普遍的链接键缸体的传动轴一定要保持对准，并且要保证他们一起转。缸体和克服阻力的旋转座因为加速不传递力矩而使得液压油充入空腔。同时，由于轴的旋转，其距离任何一个活塞和阀门表面的距离在不断变化。每个活塞逐渐远离阀门的表面，直到达到总路程的一半时产生了质的变化。进油室是呈线性的远离线为活塞，而出油室则是线性的向活塞靠拢，因此所绘制出的流体都是在进气道空腔内的中间处远离活塞。这一期间，活塞轮换提取液压油进入缸孔，他们通过进气道的一侧和高压力使液压油流出钻孔，同时，它们通过插座一侧的枢轴，这种泵的位移随着偏移角的变化而变化，其最大角度为30度，最低为零。固
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
【经济类文献翻译】电子商务
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中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
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a ," , , , . a ( , , , ). . . , , a . $50 . Birmingham, England, 2000. 1995, Delphi, 7596 . 37 10 , . a . , a a , a , a , a a a . a a , a . , , . , , , . a , , , . , , a . : . . 电子动力转向系统 电子动力转向系统是什么? 电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。电子动力转向的功能由于不依赖于发动机转速，所以能节省能源电子动力转向系统是怎么运行？： 传统的动力方向盘系统使用一条引擎辅助传送带驾驶气泵，提供操作在动力方向盘齿轮或作动器的一个活塞协助驱动的被加压的流体。在电动液压的控制，一个电子动力方向盘包括一台电动机控制的一个高效率泵浦。由一个电控制器调控泵浦压力和流速来控制泵浦的速度，为不同的驾驶路况的提供转向。泵浦可以在汽车行驶低速时关闭以提供节能（在当代的世界市场上)。 电动控制转向使用电动机通过齿轮齿条机构直接连接以达到转向控制（无泵或液体）。多个电机驱动器和多驱动控制的实现是可能的。一个微处理器控制转向动态和驱动的工作。输入因子包括车速，转向，车轮扭矩，角度位置和转率。
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VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.360docs.net/doc/aa5957983.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.360docs.net/doc/aa5957983.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008
仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
工商管理专业外文文献翻译
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。