自考学位英语语法
二、常见词汇辨析题
1.She _____ us that every would be all right.
A. assured
B. ensured
C. insure
D. secure
答案：A
解析：assure、ensure、insure、secure都有“保证”这个意思，但它们有着细微的。assure 强调消除疑虑，题干的意思是“她向我们保证会一切顺利”，因此应该用assure.ensure强调实实在在的保障，如“The letter ensured an interview.”暗含了有了这封信就一定可以参加面试的意思。Insure则强调事先准备以保证。最后secure则表示采取措施排除负面因素从而保证。
2.She asked me to ______ her at 7.
A. awake
B. awaken
C. waken
D. The three answers are all right
答案：D
解析：awake,形容词，“醒着的”，动词，“唤醒、醒来”。作为动词，它的用法与wake （up）相似，既可是及物动词，如“My interest awoke when I saw the chance for profit.”（看到有机会盈利我就有了兴趣）和“The project awoke his interest.”awaken和waken一样，也可作及物和不及物动词，表示“唤醒”和“醒来”的意思。
3.The meeting will begin at 9:00 according to the ______.
A. calendar
B. schedule
C. column
D. diagram
答案：B
解析：四个选项的意思分别是calendar,日历，schedule,日程安排，column,专栏，diagram,图解。Schedule还可以作动词，意思是“安排”，如“the flight is scheduled at six”。词组on schedule意为“准时地”。此外还要掌握column一词也可指“体积”。
4.He spoke so quickly; I didn't ______ what he said.
A. receive
B. accept
C. listen
D. catch
答案：D
解析：catch是一个意项很多的词，可以表示“抓住”“捕获”“赶上车”“感染”等。可用catch sb. doing ,意为当场抓住某人做某事，如：“She caught me cheating on the test.”。这里catch指“理解”“懂得”。
5.It is said that he ____ murder.
A. committed
B. conducted
C. executed
D. emitted
答案：A
解析：commit,动词，意为“干、犯（坏事）”。与之相关的词有commitment和committee，“委员会”。Conduct ,动词，“指挥、引导”。如“He conducts himself quite well these days in school.（他这些天在学校表现不错。）”，“Being the only son, he had to conduct the family business after his father's death.”。另外，作为动词它还有“传热、传导”的意项。它也可以作名词，意思是“行为、品行”。与之相关的词有conductor,“领队、乐队指挥”、“售票员、列车员”“导体”。Execute，动词，意为“执行”、“处死”，如“to execute a plan”。Executive,形容词，“实行的”，名词，“管理人员”。Emit,动词，“发射、发出”。
6.The door is shut _____ and clocked.
A. fast
B. tight
C. firm
D. sound
答案：A
解析：fast要这里是作副词，意思是“紧紧地”。除此之外，它还可以表示“完全地”，与sound相似。Tight和firm如果换成它们的副词形式tightly和firmly在这里也是适合的。Sound 也可以作副词，意思是“完全地、彻底地”，如“He's sound asleep”。
7.Many crops were grown on the____ land.
A. barren
B. bare
C. fertile
D. deserted
答案：C
解析：barren,形容词，“贫瘠的”,与fertile构成反义词。Bare，形容词，“赤裸裸的、光秃的”，如“bare feet（光脚）”。Deserted，由动词desert（抛弃、荒废）的过去分词构成的形容词，意为“荒废的”。
8.He_____ our doubts with a clear explanation.
A. set
B. settled
C. fixed
D. established
答案：B
解析：这四个词都有“放在合适的位置”的意思，但各有强调之处。Set强调放置在确定的位置上，如“set food on the table” ；settle表示放置在稳定、安全的位置上，如“ They settled gradually in their new home ”，也可表示调整先前混乱的情况，本题取的就是这个意项；fix 更强调永久性、稳固性，如“fix a pole in the ground ”；而establish可以表示在将某物放入位置之后加固的进程，如“Don't remove the tree when it is established”.
9．The dream of a world without war is yet to be_____.
A. recognized
B. filled
C. fulfilled
D. flourished
答案：C
解析：recognize，动词一，“认出、认识到”。Fulfill，动词，“完成、履行”，通常搭配使用的名词有duty、dream、need等。Flourish，动词，“繁荣、兴旺”，如“The business is flourishing”
10．The_____ will be used to help young writers to publish their works.
A. fee
B. capital
C. fund
D. investment
答案：C
解析：fee，名词，“费用”，指接受他人的服务后应付的费用。Capital，名词，“资本”。Fund，名词，“基金、资金”，指为某项事业而筹集的钱。Investment，名词，“投资”，如foreign investment.
11.My salary is enough to _____the family.
A. retain
B. obtain
C. maintain
D. remain
答案：C
解析：retain，动词，“保持”，如“The clothing retains its color. （这衣服不掉色。）”。Obtain，动词，“得到、获取”，如“ I haven't been able to obtain that album anywhere. ” .Maintain，动词，“保持、维持”，指持续拥有，如“ They maintained their friendship for over forty years. ”。这里maintain 指“供养”。Remain，动词，“保持”，指处于某种状态不变，如“ She remained unknown until her death.”。
12.The little boy ____ to tie his shoelaces but failed.
A. hesitated
B. attempted
C. managed
D. meant
答案：B
解析：hesitate，动词，“犹豫”。Attempt，动词，“试图”，常用attempt to do，多用于表示没有成功的尝试，也可作名词。Manage，动词，“应付、处理”，如“ I can manage it myself.”，manage to do指“做成某事”，如“I managed to find what I was looking for.”名词management指“管理”，manager 指“经理”。mean to的意思是“意欲、打算”，如“ I didn't mean to imply（暗示）that you were dishonest”。
13.I didn't expect （）the examination to be so____.
A. slight
B. minute
C. tiny
D. minor
答案：B
解析：minute，形容词，“微小的”、“详细的”，这里取其第二个意项。Slight，形容词，“微小的”、“不重要的”。Tiny，形容词，“微小的”。Minor，形容词，“较小的、较低的、次要的”，反义词是major.
14.A fact-finding_____ was sent to Caribbean.
A. parliament
B. congress
C. mission
D. minister
答案：C
解析：mission，名词，“使命、代表团”。Parliament，名词，“（英国）议会”。Congress，名词，“（美国）国会”。Minister，名词，“部长”，the Prime Minister就是“首相”。
15.I don't feel like _____,I'm not in the ______.
A. dancing——mood
B. dancing——mode
C. to dance ——mood
D. to dance——mode
答案：A
解析：feel like doing，口语中常用的表达“想做——”的方法。Mood，名词，“情绪”，表示处于某种情绪一，用介词in.mode，名词，“方式、模式”，如“You'd better choose the automatic （自动的）mode.”。
16.He was one of the _____ computers to teach.
A. pilots to use B . pilots in using C. pioneers to use D. pioneers in using
答案：D
解析：pioneer，名词，“先驱”，表示“在某方面的先驱”用介词in.它也可作形容词，如“a pioneer AIDS researcher（研究者）”。Pilot，名词，“飞行员”，也可作动词，意为“驾驶（飞机）”。
17.This____ item（条款）of the contract（合同、协议）is problematic（有问题的）.
A. peculiar
B. curious
C. particular
D. special
答案：C
解析：particular，形容词，“个别的”、“尤其的”，题中取其第一个意项，又如“This particular sentence puzzles me.”,particular表示“这个单独的句子”。“ This book is of no particular importance.”这句中particular则是“尤其”的意思。它的副词是particularly. Peculiar，形容词，“独特的、古怪的”，常用peculiar to，意为“独属的”，如“ This style of cooking is peculiar to the south-west of the country.”。名词是peculiarity,可数或不可数。curious ，形容词，“好奇的”，
常用be curious about：“奇怪的”。名词是curiosity .special，形容词，“特别的” ，如“This is a special case.”名词是speciality，意为“特长、特别之处”，specialist指在某方面有特别兴趣或精通的人。
18.It really_____ me when she stopped breathing.
A. irritated
B. scared
C. puzzled
D. touched
答案：B
解析：scare，动词，“惊吓、使害怕”。Irritate，动词，“激怒”。Puzzle，动词，“使——迷惑”。也可作名词，意思是“迷、迷语”。Touch在这里表示“触动、感动”。
19.There are no simple ______ to the unemployment problem.
A. methods
B. ways
C. solutions
D. measures
答案：C
解析：solution，名词，“解决问题的方法”，常用solution to.Method，名词，“方法”；measure，名词，“措施”A、B、D选项虽然意义符合，但没有后直接接介宾结构的用法。另外，measure还可作动词，意为“测量”。
20.How can we best____ our limited resources?
A. employ
B. utilize
C. enforce
D. enlarge
答案：B
解析：utilize，动词，“利用”，尤指有效利用。Employ，动词，“雇佣”、“采用”，如“to employ the new technology（技术）”。Enforce，动词，“强迫”、“强制实施”，如“to enforce the new law”。注意不要与reinforce（加强）混淆。Enlarge，动词，“变大”，如“to enlarge a photograph”。
三、考试常用搭配
1.Tom asked____ you, but I told him nothing.
A. for
B. after
C. of
D. /
答案：B
解析：ask for最常用的意项是是“要求”。它也可以表示“要求和某人说话”的意思。ask after则表示“问某人的情况、问候”的意思。这里选ask after贴切。
2.As soon as I got _____, I felt sick.
A. on board the ship
B. on the board of the ship
B. C. onto board the ship D. onto the board of the ship
答案：A
解析：on board 是一个固定的词组，相当于副词aboard，表示“在船上、车上、飞机上等”，不可以拆开使用。另外，它还可以表示“作为某队或组织的成员出席或工作”，如“ The mew trainee was welcomed on board.（新教练被欢迎上任。）” board一词可以作名词，意为“板”、“委员会”，作动词意为“上船”等。
3.He doesn't care_____ what people think of him.
A. about
B. of
C. for
D. to
答案：A
解析：care的意思是“关心”。常用词组有care about，“关心、看得重要”；care for，“想要”。例如“ Would you care for tea ？”，用于否定句和疑问句中，“照料”，与take care of相近，如“ She cared for the old women for years.” Care后可接不定式，常用在礼貌的建议中，如“ Would you care to wait here ？”。
4.This cake_____ sugar, butter and flour.
A. constitutes
B. consists
C. composes
D. contains
答案：D
解析：A、B、C选项都有“构成”的意项，但用法不一样。Constitute是动词，用法与form 相似，如“50 states constitute the USA.”。consist是动词，常用词组consist of 意思是“由——组成”，如“This cake consists mainly of sugar, butter and flour.”。另外，consist in表示“由于、存在于”，如“The charm of Paris does not consist only in its beauty.”。Compose 常用be composed of，意思是“由——组成”，如“The cake is composed mainly of sugar, butter and flour.”。contain的意思是“包含”，后面直接接宾语。
5.I looked everywhere for my bicycle but had to go home without it______.
A. on end
B. in the end
C. at the end
D. by the end
答案：B 解析有：on end ，“倒立”，如“to stand on end ”：“连续地”，如“They talked for hours on end. ”。In the end，“最后、终于”。
6.We are late,_____, we are lost.
A. however
B. as a matter of fact
C. nevertheless
D. moreover
答案：D
解析：moreover ，副词，“而且”。as a matter of fact 是固定搭配，意为“事实上”，如“As a matter of fact, I don't care.”。nevertheless，副词，“然而”。
7.The great bridge was named_____ its designer.
A. of
B. with
C. after
D. from
答案：C
解析：name是动词，“取名”。name after意为“以——命名”。
8.The train_____ about three hours late.
A. pulled
B. pulled down
C. pulled on
D. pulled out
答案：D
解析：pull，动词，“拖、拉”，与push（推）是一组反义词，在门的两边写的就是这两个动词。pull down，“拆毁、拉倒”；pull on，“穿上”；pull out，“（车、船等）驶出”。
9.You will never guess whom I ____ on the street yesterday.
A. ran over
B. ran out of
C. ran into
D. ran up to
答案：C
解析：run over ，“压过、碾过”。run out of，“用尽”，如“ We have run out of petrol（汽油）” run into ，“撞见、偶然遇见”。run up to，“径直走到、跑到”。
10.I think I turned off the light but I'll go back and _____.
A. be sure
B. make sure
C. feel sure
D. be certain
答案：B
解析：sure，形容词，“确信”，用法较多。be sure常用于句首引导一个祈使句，意思是“别忘了”，如“ Be sure to set the alarm clock ”。make sure的意思是“检验”，“确保”，下面就第二个意项举例：“ Make sure you get here before 8.”。certain也可表示“确信、肯定的”意思，与sure的区别在于：可以有“He's certain/sure to come. ”、“I'm certain/sure he'll come. ”，但只能是“It is certain that he'll come.”。
11.______ the birth-control policy, the growth of population has slowed down.
A. Thank
B. Thanking
C. With thanks to
D. Thanks to
答案：D
解析：thanks to,“由于”，相当于because of或due to.有时带有讽刺的意味，如“We lost the game thanks to your stupidity（愚蠢）.”
12.I wouldn't trust ______ that.
A. him in doing
B. to him in doing
C. him to do
D. to him to do
答案：C
解析：trust，动词，“信任、委托”，常用trust+ obj.、trust in/to+ obj.、trust+that、trust+ obj.+ to do，如“She trusted to luck instead of studying for the test.”。也可作名词，不可数。
13.Her speech touched _____ the issue of employee benefits.
A. /
B. with
C. on
D. up
答案：C
解析：touch on，“涉及”、“提到”。
14.It_____ that the mysterious visitor was an old friend of my grandmother.
A. turned up
B. turned off
C. turned on
D. turned out
答案：D
解析：turn up，“出现”，如“ Did the lost ring ever turn up? .Turn off，”关闭“、”拐弯“，如” to turn off the highway and take the local road “。turn on：”打开“。turn out，”原来“，表示以前不知道后来发现是，常用turn out to和题中的句型，如” He turned out to be a friend.“。
15.Please give me five pounds'______ of this chocolate.
A. worth
B. worthy
C. worthwhile
D. value
答案：A
解析：worth，名词，“价值”。也可作介词，常用be worth doing/be worth+ obj..worthy ，形容词，“有价值的”，常用worthy of +obj.，如“ an effort worthy of praise”。Worthwhile，形容词，“值得的”。
16.I ______ the telephone and wrote down the message.
A. hanged up
B. hung up
C. hanged
D. hung
答案：B
解析：hang有两种过去时和过去分词形式，当表示“绞死”的意思时，过去时和过去分词为hanged、hanged，当表示其它意项时会别是hung、hung.hang up的意思是“挂断电话”，所以这里选B.
17.The government will not _____ the severest measures against the terrorists.
A. hesitate taking
B. hesitate to take
C. hesitate in taking
D. hesitate take
答案：B
解析：hesitate，动词，意为“犹豫”，不及物，通常用hesitate to do.如“ If you need any help, don't hesitate to ask me .”其名词形式是hesitation ，另有hesitatingly，副词。
18.Too many people are indifferent _____ others' troubles.
A. with
B. to
C. of
D. about
答案：B
解析：indifferent，形容词，“漠然的、冷淡的”，常用indifferent to.
19.This brand（品牌）of dog food is a bit expensive, but it is really_____ the others.
A. superior to
B. inferior to
C. superior with
D. inferior with
答案：A
解析：superior，形容词，“高级的”、“高层的”、“优越的”，也看作名词，指“上级”。名词形式是superiority.其反义词是inferior，名词是inferiority.
20.If you cheat, you will be found out _______.
A. by and by
B. step by step
C. sooner or later
D. off and on
答案：C
解析：by and by和step and step都表示“逐渐”的意思，其中后者更强调“一步一步地”。sooner or later的意思是“迟早”。off and on也可写成on and off ，意思是“不时地、断断续续地”，如“The light was flashing on and off.”。
四、常考句型
（1）主语+不及物动词+现在分词/过去分词
说明：1.本句型中的谓语动词由不及物动词充当，分词作状语。
2．现在分词短语作状语时通常表示主语正在进行的另一个动作，起陪衬或修饰作用。
3．过去分词（短语）作状语时，主要修饰谓语动词，表示动作发生的背景与情况。
4．现在分词/过去分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子是一致的。
例：a）They sat facing each other.他们面对面地坐着。
b）He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。
c）Frustrated, he went back to his home village.他大失所望，回到家乡去。
d）Supported by the people, our troops struck back with guns and grenades.在人民的支持下，我军以步枪和手榴弹进行了反击。
（2）主语+及物动词+动词不定式
说明：1.本句型中宾语由动词不定式充当。
2.本句型中的动词不定式可用被动式和完成式。
3.本句型中的动词不定式可在to前加not或never表示否定。
4.可接动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：expect, hope, want, wish, apply, ask, manage, arrage, prepare, agree, promise, trouble, hilp, decline, choose, fail等。
例：a）He would admire to be a pilot.他喜欢当飞行员。
b）The scientist claims to have discovered a new planet.这位科学家宣称发现了一颗新的行星。
c）They pretended not to see us.他们佯装没有看见我们。
（3）主语+及物动词+动名词
说明：1.本句型中的宾语由动名词充当。
2.动名词因为具有动词特征，故可带有自己的宾语。
3.动名词可用于否定式和完成式
4.只能跟动名词作宾词的动词主要有：avoid, escape, miss, advise, suggest, forbid, prevent, delay, postpone, admit, deny, recall, report, dislike, enjoy等。
例：a）At last she accepted marryinhg him.她最后同意和他结婚了。
b）I can't afford going to visit my sick sister.我抽不出时间去看望我生病的姐姐。
c）I would advise not buying the house.我建议不要买这幢房子。
（4）主语+及物动词+名词/代词+不带的to的动词不定式
说明：用于本句型的动词不定式有两类：一是感官动词see, find, hear, notice, watch, smell, observe, look at, listen to等；二是某些使役动词，如let, make, have等。
例：a）I've never known him tell lies.我从来没有听说他说谎。
b）Mother let me go to camp.母亲让我去参加露营。
（5）主语+及物动词+名词/代词+现在分词
说明：1.现在分词表示一是正在进行的延续性动作或可以不断地反复进行的短暂性动作；二是开始进行的动作。
2.本句型的宾语与宾语补足语具有逻辑上的主谓关系。
3.常用于本句型的及物动词有：discover, feel, find, hear, keep, look at, leave, observe, paint, see, send, show, start, take等。
例：a）The bell brought people gathering on the square.铃声使人们在广场上集结。
b）She heard the wind blowing and the rain pattering against the windows.她听到了刮风和雨点打在窗子上的声音。
（6）That+句子
说明：1.本句型用于表示没有实现的愿望。
2.That后的句子要用虚拟式。
3.that在本句型中是连词，可视为“I wish that——”，“I regard that——”，“I wonder that——”等的省略。
例：a）That I had never met him.我希望从来没见过他。
b）That he should do such a thing! 他竟会干出这种事情来！
（7）Not until+时间状语/从句+did +主语+其他
说明：1.本句型主要是为了加强语气而将主句中的not移至until之前，主句采用倒装语序。
2.本句型有变体“It is not until+时间状语/从句+that+主语从句”，主要是为了强调，通常译作“直到——才”。
例：a）Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.直到孩子入睡后，母亲才离开房间。
b）It was not until the next day that I learned the truth.直到第二天我才明白真相。
（8）主语+谓语——+so+形容词/副词+that+结果从句
主语+谓语——+such+（形容词+名词+）that+结果从句
说明：1.句型中的so, such是表示“如此”的意思。
2.第一句型有变体“主语+be+ so+过去分词+that+结果从句”
3.第二句型一般用法是“such+形容词复数名词或不可数名词+that从句”或是“such+
a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句”，表示“这样——（一个）——以至于——”。例：a）The meat was so tough that I simply couldn't get it down.这肉太老了，我简直咽不下去。
b）He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.他说得太快了，使我们不能了解他的意思。
c）He told such funny stories that we all laughed.他是这样滑稽的故事，把我们都逗笑了。
d）He was such a selfish man that nobody would help him. 他是这样一个自私的人，所以没有人帮助他。
（9）主语+谓语+形容词/副词/名词+enough+（for+逻辑主语+）+动词不定式
说明：enough如修饰名词，也可置于名词前。
例：a）The clothes cupboard is big enough for you to walk in.这衣柜大得可容你进去。
b）.There is enough food for eight people食物足够八个人吃。
（10）主语+would/had+ rather+动词原形+than+动词原形
说明：本句型表示主观上的决择，常译作“宁可——”“与其——宁愿——”等。例：a）She would rather spend than save.她有钱宁愿花掉，不肯积蓄。
b）He insisted on staying rather than go.她坚持要留下来，而不愿去。
（11）It is/was +被强调部分+who/that+其他部分
说明：1.当所强调的主语是指人的名词或代词时，须使用who，其余情况均用that.
2.强调时间状语（从句）时不可用when，须用that；强调地点状语（从句）时不可用where，也须用that.
例：a）It is on Tuesday that she will come.她星期二来。
b）I shall remember the day（that ）we met the first time.我将永远记住我们第一次见面的日子。
（12）否定词语+助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语
说明：1.否定词语置于句首是为了强调否定，可引起部分倒装。
2.本句型中常用的否定词语：at no point, hardly, in vain, little, never, not, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, seldom.
例：a）Hardly did I think it possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。
b）Nowhere have I seen your bike.我从未见过你的自行车。
c）Rarely did I meet Mr. Eldon.我很少遇上埃尔登先生。
（13）部分谓语动词+虚拟语气形式表达
说明：表示要求、建议、命令、假设等动词的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟形式来表达，也就是该从句动词用原形。这些动词有：advise, ask, beg, demand, deserve, desire, determine, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, suppose, urge
例：a）I advise that he go at once. 我劝他马上走。
b）She demanded that we attack at once. 她要求我们立即进攻。
2007年4月全国自考现代英语语法试题和答案
2007年4月全国自考现代英语语法试题和答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共21小题，每小题1分，共21分） to bed until 1. The general sent out word that no one in the bunker further orders.【】 A. will go B. would go C. was about to go D. was to go 答案：D 2. He violin when I want to sleep.【】 A. always plays B. play always C. is always playing D. always is playing 答案：C until yesterday.【】 3. James has just arrived,but I didn＇t know he A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes 答案：B everything else.【】 4. I only called the police when I A. tried B. was trying C. had tried D. had been trying 答案：C .【】 5. Mother wished I you what she A. didn＇t tell; said B. didn＇t tell; has said C. didn＇t tell; had said D. hadn＇t told; said 答案：D 6. Jean Wagner＇s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.【】
现代英语语法 历年真题汇总2(打印版)
动词部分（第5,6,7,8章） 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1.2010040 2. My train is going to arrive at Shanghai at about eight o’clock tonight. The plane I’d like to take from there ______ by then. ( ) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2.2010040 3. The young man who has applied for the post ______ in the general manager’s office.( ) A. is interviewing B. is being interviewed C. to be interviewed D. had been interviewed 3.2010040 4. It is essential that all the exam papers ______ back before the end of the term. ( ) A. must be sent B. are sent C. will be sent D. be sent 4.2010040 5. ______ for my illness, I would have got the job in the Disneyland. ( ) A. Not being B. Without being C. Had it not been D. Not having been 5.2010040 6. The car ahead of me suddenly stopped by the roadside. I think it ______ out of gas.( ) A. may run B. may have run C. must run D. should have run 6.2010040 7. The teacher won’t mind ______ the term paper. ( ) A. us to delay handing in B. our delaying handing in C. our delaying to hand in D. us delay to hand in 7.20100408. All the tasks ______ ahead of time, they decided to have a dinner party to celebrate.( ) A. have been finished B. had been finished C. having been finished D. were finished. 8.20100702. It seems that oil ____ from the tank for some time. We’ll have to take the oil tank apart to see what's wrong. （） A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking 9.20100703. A great deal of research _____ into the possible cures to AIDS in recent years.（） A. is done B. was done C. has been done D. will be done 10.20100704. Gone ____ when the Chinese people had to struggle to make a living and to worry about lack of food all day. （） A. the days B. are the days C. have the days D. the days have 11.20100705. Sometimes I wish I ____ extraordinary power to make all the impossible possible.（） A. have B. had C. have had D. am having 12.20100706. I've tried several times today, but the line is always busy; someone ____ the telephone. （） A. should be using B. must have been using C. must have used D. must be using 13.20100707. It's no use ______ the result of the exam; it's already finished. （） A. worrying about B. to worry about C. to worrying about D. having worried about 14.20100708. With so much noise outside, the speaker had to raise his voice to have himself____.（） A. hear B. heard C. to be heard D. to hear 15.20110402. The child ought to have a rest; she ______ the piano for nearly three hours. ( ) A. had practiced B. is practicing C. has been practicing D. practices
自考英语语法名词解释
Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.
自考英语二重点语法知识讲解
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
自考现代英语语法学习笔记--名词和名词短语
名词和名词短语（2） 限定词和属格 4.1 限定词 Determiner 在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。 Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification of a noun phrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word. 限定词和形容词区别 Difference between Determiner and Adjective 1.前置限定, 限定词在形容词前面.Determiner usually precede adj. in pre-modification. 2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。The choice of Determiner is determined by the head word but not that of adj. 3.形容词表明中心词的特征，而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。Adj. describe the head word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by identifying or quantifying. 4.形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。 Adj. can post-modify the head word but not Determiner. 5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few, little, many much 外) 。 Adj. has comparative form but not Determiner （except few, little, many much ）. 4.1.2 Co-occurrence of Determiners Determiner may co-occurrence in the pre-modification of a noun phrase: two or more determiner may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes a fixed position , we identify their relative positions in the case of co-occurrence. 定义 考点1 定义
自考英语语法
本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。 第一、方法篇 自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。 由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。 但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。 我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。 比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。 它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man. He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name. 你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。
自考英语(二)考试大纲
2014年自考英语（二）考试大纲 一、课程的性质和设置目的 高等教育自学考试是一种个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的高等教育形式。为适应新形势，提高自学效率、助学质量和考试效能，满足国家和社会对人才培养的需要，特制定本 课程考试大纲。 英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言。它不仅是英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的通用语言，也是许多非英语国家科学技术、外交、贸易、管理和文化等方面对外交流的通用语言。英语已成为名副其实的国际通用语言，它是我国实行对外开放，开展国际交流的重要工 具之一。 本课程名称为“英语（二）”，是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）。本科阶段的 公共基础课。 本课程既是一门语言实践课程，也是拓宽知识、了解世界文化的重要素质课程，它以培养学习者的综合语言应用能力为目标，使他们在学习、工作和社会交往中能够使用英语进行有效的交流，并能学习和借鉴外国先进科学技术、经营方式、管理方法和优秀文化成果，同时向世 界展示我国建设和发展的成就。 本课程共14学分。 二、课程的基本内容 本课程以先进的外语教学理论为指导，建立适应时代要求的科学的课程体系。课程体系包括适合个人自学和社会助学的教材，并利用现代信息技术等手段搭建先进的教学平台，形成有 自考特色的公共英语教学体系。 本课程在完成“英语（一）”课程内容基础上，培养学生掌握系统的英语语言知识，包括正确的英语语音知识、系统的英语语法知识和一定的词汇量（4，500），并熟悉英语语言的表达 方式。 本课程强调在系统掌握英语语言知识的基础上开展大量综合语言实践活动，培养学习者掌握正确的学习策略，使其能理解多种场合、多种领域的普通语言材料，能够把握重点，进行概括和分析；能使用多种交际策略参与多种一般性话题的交流和讨论，表明自己的观点和态度，表达连贯，基本得体，为以后更高阶段的英语课程学习及在工作中使用英语奠定扎实的基础。
自考现代英语语法第三章翻译
现代英语语法 第三章名词、代词和数 3.0引言 简单来说，名词就是表示一个人地点事物事件或者想法的名字的词。名词是语言的重要组成部分，由名词作为主要构成要素的表达，比如a knockout,honesty和the possibility都叫做名词词组，每个名词词组有一个关键成分叫做中心词。（knockout,honesty,possibility），前面还有一个附属成分叫修饰语（a,the） 名词词组可根据外部功能和内部结构来进行分类。 典型的名词词组的结构如下，括号里的部分可能会出现，但并不是一定出现。 （前置修饰语+）中心词（+后置修饰词）。 名词词组的中心词很明显是名词或代词，可带有前置修饰语或后置修饰词，修饰语可为从字到句子的各种不同的层次，如： they people the people the old people people old and sick people in hospital all the sick people in hospital people to receive treatment people receiving treatment people who are receiving treatment etc. 在英语的实际应用中，名词词组结构的变化要受某些因素如中心词的词性、修饰词的结构及修饰词顺序的影响。 就功能而言，名词词组主要可以做主语，宾语，补语和修饰语，有的名词词组甚至可以做状语： The whole building is on fire.（主语）整个大楼都着火了。 I sold my car to my neighbour.（宾语）我把车卖给了我的邻居。 The lump in my chest has melted as I think about her display of love.（主语；宾语）一想到她的爱，我不再哽咽了。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.（主语补语）患难见真情。 You can call me John.（宾补）你可以叫我约翰。 I don't mind if you do it after school.（介词补语）我不介意你放学后是不是干这件事。 He rides a mountain bike.（修饰语）他骑了一辆山地自行车。 He was here yesterday,I'm sure.（状语）我肯定他昨天在这儿。 3.1名词分类 名词有各种各样的分类，可分为具体名词和抽象名词，也可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，还可以分为有生命的名词和无生命的名词。 名词可以根据意思和形式分类，根据意思，名词可以分为两类，专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是特定的人，地点或者事物的名称，拼写时首字母大写，普通名词则是一类人，事物或者抽象的想法的统称，普通名词又可以进一步的划分为个体名词，集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词。从形式上看，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数，并可以与数字连用，带有限定词，而不可数名词则是只有一种形式的名词，使用时可以不带限定词。
05年4月自考英语语法试题及答案已校
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