液压系统故障诊断外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录1
故障诊断
液压传动系统由于其独特的优点，即具有广泛的工艺适应性、优良的控制性能和较低廉的成本，在各个领域中获得愈来愈广泛的应用。但由于客观上元、辅件质量不稳定和主观上使用、维护不当，且系统中各元件和工作液体都是在封闭油路内工作，不象机械设备那样直观，也不象电气设备那样可利用各种检测仪器方便地测量各种参数,液压设备中，仅靠有限几个压力表、流量计等来指示系统某些部位的工作参数，其他参数难以测量，而且一般故障根源有许多种可能，这给液压系统故障诊断带来一定困难。
在生产现场，由于受生产计划和技术条件的制约，要求故障诊断人员准确、简便和高效地诊断出液压设备的故障；要求维修人员利用现有的信息和现场的技术条件，尽可能减少拆装工作量，节省维修工时和费用，用最简便的技术手段，在尽可能短的时间内，准确地找出故障部位和发生故障的原因并加以修理，使系统恢复正常运行，并力求今后不再发生同样故障。
液压系统故障诊断的一般原则
正确分析故障是排除故障的前提，系统故障大部分并非突然发生，发生前总有预兆，当预兆发展到一定程度即产生故障。引起故障的原因是多种多样的，并无固定规律可寻。统计表明，液压系统发生的故障约90%是由于使用管理不善所致为了快速、准确、方便地诊断故障，必须充分认识液压故障的特征和规律，这是故障诊断的基础。
以下原则在故障诊断中值得遵循
（1）首先判明液压系统的工作条件和外围环境是否正常需首先搞清是设备机械部分或电器控制部分故障，还是液压系统本身的故障，同时查清液压系统的各种条件是否符合正常运行的要求。
（2）区域判断根据故障现象和特征确定与该故障有关的区域，逐步缩小发生故障的范围，检测此区域内的元件情况，分析发生原因，最终找出故障的具体所在。
（3）掌握故障种类进行综合分析根据故障最终的现象，逐步深入找出多种直接的或间接的可能原因，为避免盲目性，必须根据系统基本原理，进行综合分析、逻辑判断，减少怀疑对象逐步逼近,最终找出故障部位。
（4）验证可能故障原因时，一般从最可能的故障原因或最易检验的地方
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开始，这样可减少装拆工作量，提高诊断速度。
（5）故障诊断是建立在运行记录及某些系统参数基础之上的。建立系统运行记录，这是预防、发现和处理故障的科学依据；建立设备运行故障分析表，它是使用经验的高度概括总结，有助于对故障现象迅速做出判断；具备一定检测手段，可对故障做出准确的定量分析。
故障诊断方法
日常查找液压系统故障的传统方法是逻辑分析逐步逼近断。
基本思路是综合分析、条件判断。即维修人员通过观察、听、触摸和简单的测试以及对液压系统的理解，凭经验来判断故障发生的原因。当液压系统出现故障时，故障根源有许多种可能。采用逻辑代数方法，将可能故障原因列表，然后根据先易后难原则逐一进行逻辑判断，逐项逼近，最终找出故障原因和引起故障的具体条件。
故障诊断过程中要求维修人员具有液压系统基础知识和较强的分析能力，方可保证诊断的效率和准确性。但诊断过程较繁琐，须经过大量的检查，验证工作，而且只能是定性地分析，诊断的故障原因不够准确。为减少系统故障检测的盲目性和经验性以及拆装工作量，传统的故障诊断方法已远不能满足现代液压系统的要求。随着液压系统向大型化、连续生产、自动控制方向发展，又出现了多种现代故障诊断方法。如铁谱技断，可从油液中分离出来的各种磨粒的数量、形状、尺寸、成分以及分布规律等情况，及时、准确地判断出系统中元件的磨损部位、形式、程度等。而且可对液压油进行定量的污染分析和评价，做到在线检测和故障预防。
基于人工智能的专家诊断系断，它通过计算机模仿在某一领域内有经验专家解决问题的方法。将故障现象通过人机接口输入计算机，计算机根据输入的现象以及知识库中的知识，可推算出引起故障的原因，然后通过人机接口输出该原因，并提出维修方案或预防措施。这些方法给液压系统故障诊断带来广阔的前景，给液压系统故障诊断自动化奠定了基础。但这些方法大都需要昂贵的检测设备和复杂的传感控制系统和计算机处理系统，有些方法研究起来有一定困难，一般情况下不适应于现场推广使用。下面介绍一种简单、实用的液压系统故障诊断方法。
基于参数测量的故障诊断系统
一个液压系统工作是否正常，关键取决于两个主要工作参数即压力和流量是否处于正常的工作状态，以及系统温度和执行器速度等参数的正常与否。液压系统的故障现象是各种各样的，故障原因也是多种因素的综合。同一因
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素可能造成不同的故障现象，而同一故障又可能对应着多种不同原因。例如：油液的污染可能造成液压系统压力、流量或方向等各方面的故障，这给液压系统故障诊断带来极大困难。
参数测量法诊断故障的思路是这样的，任何液压系统工作正常时，系统参数都工作在设计和设定值附近，工作中如果这些参数偏离了预定值，则系统就会出现故障或有可能出现故障。即液压系统产生故障的实质就是系统工作参数的异常变化。因此当液压系统发生故障时，必然是系统中某个元件或某些元件有故障，进一步可断定回路中某一点或某几点的参数已偏离了预定值。这说明如果液压回路中某点的工作参数不正常，则系统已发生了故障或可能发生了故障，需维修人员马上进行处理。这样在参数测量的基础上，再结合逻辑分析法，即可快速、准确地找出故障所在。参数测量法不仅可以诊断系统故障，而且还能预报可能发生的故障，并且这种预报和诊断都是定量的，大大提高了诊断的速度和准确性。这种检测为直接测量，检测速度快，误差小，检测设备简单，便于在生产现场推广使用。适合于任何液压系统的检测。测量时，既不需停机，又不损坏液压系统，几乎可以对系统中任何部位进行检测，不但可诊断已有故障，而且可进行在线监测、预报潜在故障。
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附录2
Fault diagnosis
Hydraulic driving system because of its unique advantages, that is, has wide adaptability, good process control performance and relatively low cost, get more and more widely used in various fields. But because objectively yuan, auxiliary parts quality is not stable, and the subjective improper use, maintenance, and the components and working fluid in the system are within the closed oil circuit work, not as intuitive as machinery and equipment, also don't like electric equipment, can use various instrumentation easily measure various parameters, hydraulic equipment, only by a few to indicate that the system pressure gauge, such as some parts of the working parameters, other parameters are difficult to measure, and generally there are many possible fault source, which brings certain difficulty for the hydraulic system fault diagnosis.
At the scene of the production, due to the restriction of the production plan and technical conditions, the required fault diagnosis is accurate, simple and efficient fault diagnosis of hydraulic equipment; For maintenance personnel use of existing information and the scene of the technical conditions, as far as possible reduce the mounting workload, save time and cost of maintenance, with the most simple technology, in the shortest possible time, accurately find out the cause of the failure positions and failure and repair, make the system back to normal operation, and strive to the same failure will not happen in the future.
The general principles of the hydraulic system fault diagnosis
Correct analysis of the fault is the precondition of troubleshooting, most system failure, not sudden, before always have omen, when developing to a certain extent the failure omen. The cause of failure is various, there is no fixed rule can be found. Statistics show that the fault of hydraulic system of about 90% is caused due to poor management in order to conveniently, quickly and accurately diagnose faults, must fully recognize the characteristics and law of hydraulic fault, which is the basis of fault diagnosis.
The following principles in the fault diagnosis is worth following
(1) the first identifies the working conditions of the hydraulic system and the
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peripheral environment is normal need to first find out the mechanical parts of the equipment or the electric controlling part failure, or the fault of hydraulic system itself, at the same time find out whether the various conditions of hydraulic system in line with the requirements of normal operation.
(2) the judgment according to the fault phenomenon and the characteristics of certain areas related to the fault zone, gradually narrowing the scope of the failure detection element in this area, analysis of the causes, finally find out the specific fault.
(3) master fault types according to the phenomenon of failure in the end, make a comprehensive analysis step by step further to find the possible causes of a variety of directly or indirectly, to avoid blindness, must be based on the basic principle of the system, carries on the comprehensive analysis, logic, reduce suspicion gradually approaching, finally find out the fault position.
(4) validation may be the cause of the problem, from the most likely the cause of the problem or the most easily inspection place, so can reduce the workload, installation to improve diagnostic rate.
(5) fault diagnosis is based on the operation records and some system parameters. Set up a system running records, this is the scientific basis for the prevention, detection and troubleshooting; Set up equipment operation fault analysis table, it is the use of the height of the experience summarization, helps to quickly judge the problem; Have a certain detection means, can make a accurate quantitative analysis of the fault.
Fault diagnosis methods
Daily for hydraulic system fault is the traditional way of logic analysis approach.
The basic idea is comprehensive analysis, the condition judgment. The maintenance personnel by watching, listening, touching, and simple test and the understanding of the hydraulic system, from experience to determine the cause of the failure. When the hydraulic system failure, there are many possible fault source. Using logic algebra method, may be the cause of the problem list, and then one by one according to "after the first difficult logic, item by item, approximation, finally find out the cause of the problem and cause of failure of the specific conditions.
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For maintenance personnel in the process of fault diagnosis has a basic knowledge of hydraulic system and strong analytical ability, can guarantee the diagnosis efficiency and accuracy. But the diagnosis process trival, must pass a large number of inspection, validation, and can only be qualitatively analyzed, the diagnosis of the cause of the problem is not enough accurate. To reduce the blindness of system fault detection and empirical and disassembling workload, the traditional fault diagnosis method has far cannot satisfy the requirements of modern hydraulic system. As the hydraulic system to develop in the direction of large-scale, continuous production, automatic control, appeared a variety of modern fault diagnosis method. Such as iron spectrum technology, can be separated from the oil of various grinding grain quantity, shape, size, composition and distribution rule, and so on and so forth, timely, accurately judge the degree of wear parts of the system components, form, etc. But also to the hydraulic oil pollution of quantitative analysis and evaluation, the online detection and fault prevention.
Based on artificial intelligence expert diagnosis system is broken, it through the computer imitation in there were experienced experts in the field of the method to solve the problem. Input fault phenomenon through the man-machine interface to computer, the phenomenon of computer according to the input as well as the knowledge in knowledge base, the causes of failure can be calculated, and then through the man-machine interface and output the reasons, and maintenance plans or preventive measures are put forward. Hydraulic system fault diagnosis method for such broad prospects, has laid a solid foundation of hydraulic system fault diagnosis automation. But most of these methods need expensive testing equipment and sophisticated sensing control system and computer processing system, some methods have some difficult, under normal circumstances is not suitable for field use. Here is a simple and practical method of hydraulic system fault diagnosis.
The fault diagnosis system based on parameter measurement
A hydraulic system work is normal, the key depends on two main working parameters namely whether the pressure and flow rate is in normal working condition, as well as the system parameters such as temperature and speed of actuator is normal or not. Hydraulic system failure phenomenon is various, the
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cause of the problem is also a combination of many kinds of factors. The same factors may lead to different fault phenomena, and the same fault may correspond to a variety of different reasons. For example: oil pollution may cause hydraulic system pressure, the flow or direction and so on various aspects of fault, which brings great difficulties to the hydraulic system fault diagnosis.
Method for measuring the parameters of the thinking of troubleshooting is that any of the hydraulic system working properly, the system parameters in the design and near the set value, the work if these parameters deviated from the target value, then the system will fail or likely to fail. The essence of a hydraulic system failure is the system working parameters changes. So when the hydraulic system failure occurs, is a certain element or some element has a fault in the system, further can be concluded that a point or some parameters in circuit has deviated from the target value. This shows that if the working parameters of hydraulic loop some point is not normal, then the system fault or failure may have happened to have occurred, to maintenance personnel immediately for processing. So on the basis of parameter measurement, and then combined with logic analysis, can quickly and accurately find the malfunction. Parameter measurement method can not only fault diagnosis system, but also can forecast the possibility of failure, and the prediction and diagnosis are quantitative, greatly improving the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. The test for direct measurement, detection speed, small error, detection equipment is simple, easy to use at the scene of the production. Suitable for any hydraulic system. Measurement, without downtime, and no damage to the hydraulic system, can almost any part of system testing, not only can diagnose has fault, and online monitoring, forecast the potential fault can be performed.
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液压系统及液压缸-外文翻译
液压传动 第十讲 制动器 力流体动力系统的优秀的特性之一是由电源产生，通过适当的控制和指导，并通过电线传输，就可以轻松转换到几乎任何类型的机械运动所需要用到的地方。使用一个合适的驱动装置，可以获得线性（直线）或者是旋转运动。驱动器是一种转换流体动力机械力和运动的装置。缸、马达和涡轮机是最常见的将流体动力系统应用于驱动设备的类型。这一章描述了各种类型的动作汽缸和他们的应用程序、不同类型的流体汽车和使用流体动力系统的涡轮机。 汽缸 制动汽缸是一种将流体动力转换成线性或直线、力和运动的装置。因为线性运动是沿着一条直线前后移动的往复运动。这种类型的制动器有时被称为一个往复、或线性、电动机。由ram或活塞组成的汽缸在一个圆柱孔内操作。制动汽缸可以安装，以便汽缸被固定在一个固定的结构，ram或活塞被连接到该机制来操作，或者是活塞和ram可能被固定到固定结构，汽缸附加到机械装置来操作。制动汽缸气动和液压系统的设计和操作是类似的。一些变化的ram和活塞式制动汽缸的内容将在后面的段落中描述。 冲压式缸 术语ram和活塞通常可以互换使用。然而，一个冲压式缸通常被认为是一个截面积活塞杆超过一半的截面积活动元件。在大多数这种类型的制动汽缸中，杆和活动元件各占一半。这种类型的活动元件经常被称为柱塞。冲压式缸主要是用来推动而不是拉。一些应用程序需要ram的一部分在平坦的外部来推动或升降单位操作。其他应用程序需要一些机械装置的附件，如一个U型夹或有眼螺栓。冲压式缸的设计在很多其他方面不同，以满足不同应用程序的要求。 单作用千斤顶 单作用千斤顶（如图：10-1）试用力只在一个方向。流体定向的汽缸取代ram 和他外部的弹性元件，将物体举起放在上面。
指纹识别系统(文献综述)
指纹识别方法的综述 摘 要: 对在指纹的预处理和特征提取、指纹分类、指纹的匹配过程中的方向图、滤波器、神经网络等关 键性原理和技术做了详细的说明,并对在各个过程中用到的方法做了进一步的比较,讨论了各种方法的优越性。 0 引 言 自动指纹识别是上世纪六十年代兴起的,利用计算机取代人工来进行指纹识别的一种方法。近年 来,随着计算机技术的飞速发展,低价位指纹采集仪的出现以及高可靠算法的实现,更使得自动指纹识 别技术越来越多地进入到人们的生活和工作中,自动指纹识别系统的研究和开发正在成为国内外学术 界和商业界的热点。相对于其他生物特征鉴别技术例如语音识别及虹膜识别,指纹识别具有许多独到 的优点,更重要的是它具有很高的实用性和可行性,已经被认为是一种理想的身份认证技术,有着十分 广泛的应用前景,是将来生物特征识别技术的主流。 1 指纹取像 图 1 是一个自动指纹识别系统AFIS(Automated Fingerprint Identification System) 的简单流程。 → → → ↓ ↑ ———— 将一个人的指纹采集下来输入计算机进行处理是指纹自动识别的首要步骤。指纹图像的获取主要利用设备取像,方便实用,比较适合AFIS 。利用设备取像的主要方法又利用光学设备、晶体传感器和超声波来进行。光学取像设备是根据光的全反射原理来设计的。晶体传感器取像是根据谷线和脊线皮肤与传感器之间距离不同而产生的电容不同来设计的。超声波设备取像也是采用光波来取像,但由于超声波波长较短,抗干扰能力较强,所以成像的质量非常好。 2 图像的预处理与特征提取 无论采取哪种方法提取指纹,总会给指纹图像带来各种噪声。预处理的目的就是去除图像中的噪 音,把它变成一幅清晰的点线图,以便于提取正确的指纹特征。预处理是指纹自动识别过程的第一步, 它的好坏直接影响着指纹识别的效果。常用的预处理与特征提取( Image Preprocessing and Feature Ex 2 t raction) 方法的主要步骤包括方向图计算、图像滤波、二值化、细化、提取特征和后处理。当然这些步骤 可以根据系统和应用的具体情况再进行适当变化。文献[ 1 ]提出了基于脊线跟踪的方法能够指纹取像 图像预处理 特征提取 指纹识别 数据库管理
中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术
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