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1）有时要求学生确定一个段落与另一个段落之间的联系

2）有时考查作者提到某一条特别信息的原因（句子之间的联系）

注意：此类题目不考查整篇文章的结构，只考查句子或段落之间的逻辑关系。

问题形式

?The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to…

?Why does the author mention X?

?The author uses X as an example of…

答题技巧

修辞目的题一般可分为以下几类：

一、例子题

例子题一般占修辞目的题出题机会的70%, 题干中出现的X本身是段落中出现的一个例子，这类题是送分题，因为要么是先举例子后总结/概述（理论），要么是先概述（理论）后举例子，所以答案多半是绕过例子看概述，而概述的改写就是本题答案的所在，也就是说哪个选项的内容和概述的内容一致就是答案。因此考生也可以用排除法选答案。

如：OG Title: ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

Paragraph 4

4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

○ support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

○ argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints 分析：此题中我们根据mill worker定位，能定位到原文对应内容为One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines”, 绕过例子读理论，理论“The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules.”在例子前面，根据此理论，我们即可以选出正确答案为第一个选项。

如：OG Title: AGGRESSION

Paragraph 5

7. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people

○ deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger

○ usually release aggression in explosive ways

○ must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up

○ typically lose their aggression if they do not express it.

分析：此题中，我们根据Freud和steam engines定位，原文对应内容为The Freudian perspective,

in a sense, see us as “steam engines.”绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions.”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第三个选项。

如：OG Title: EARLY CINEMA

Paragraph 2

2. The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order to

○explain Edison’s financial success

○ describe the model used to design Kinetoscope parlors

○ contrast their popularity to that of Kinetoscope parlors

○ illustrate how much more technologically advanced Kinetoscope parlors were

分析：此题中，我们根据phonograph parlors定位，原文对应内容为These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. 绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第二个选项。

二、逻辑关系词或者态度类词汇的题

在段落中，将某一个逻辑关系词X划出，题干中why does the author mention X?

朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，这种题目的解法主要是关注逻辑关系词或态度类词所表达的含义，如：

转折关系：however, but, although, instead, rather than等

因果关系：because, result in, result from, consequently, as a result等

递进关系：furthermore, also, moreover等

态度类词汇：happy, worried, panic, luckily, fortunately, unfortunately, impatient, curious, anxious, ridiculous, hopeless等

如：

Why does the author begin paragraph 4 with unfortunately?

○ It indicates that NA SA has been unhappy with all of Hubble’s photograph.

○It shows that NASA’s plan to use stars to orient the Hubble telescope was misguided. ○ It emphasizes the need to have telescopes on the earth.

○ It indicates that high expectation were not initially met.

分析：此题即考查态度类词Unfortunately所表达的含义。结合原文内容中的“initially delayed in”,说明作者用Unfortunately一词是为了表达对Hubble telescope最初使用时并未成功的遗憾，因此我们可以确定答案即为第四个选项。

如：OG Title: THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS

Paragraph 5

9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans

fossils included hind legs?

○ Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.

○ The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.

○ The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.

○ Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.

分析：此题即考查态度类词luckily所表达的含义。结合原文内容中的“a good proportion of the hind legs”以及“The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly both functional both on land and at sea”, 说明作者用luckily一词是为了表达对fossil包含了较好比例的后腿的欣喜，而此后腿又提供了很多信息，因此我们可以确定答案即为第二个选项。

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名师解析：托福阅读中的修辞目的题

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智课网TOEFL备考资料

名师解析：托福阅读中的修辞目的题一、问题形式举例说明概述题，也叫例证题，被ETS称为“修辞目的题”(rhetorical purpose question)，基本形式如下： The author uses X as an example of… Why does the author mention X? The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to… 二、解题技巧举例的目的在于反映概述，所以这类题的一般解题技巧是：绕过例子看概述，对概述进行同义替换的就是正确答案。具体技巧如下： 1. 例子说明概述举例说明概述题经常对应原文的举例for example。做题时可以先根据问题中的关键词确定例子的位置，再阅读例子前的那个句子，这个句子一般就是例子所说明的概述，也就是答案对应的地方。例如， …sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not

深度解析托福阅读之作者目的题

深度解析托福阅读之作者目的题托福阅读共有十种题型，其中某些题型属于出现频率较高的如细节题、句子简化题和句子插入题等，这些题型需要花费较多的时间去准备，除了需要知道考试的技巧之外还要能够掌握一些考场上的应急方法。今天三立在线就来分析这些题型中的其中一种——作者目的题。作者目的题也叫做修辞目的题，但其实在TPO 中它的范围更广，除了举例说明概述题外，还有类似段落关系方面的题。既然是作者目的题，此题型首先考察的就是考生是否可以准确的进行换位思考，了解作者的意图。我们将作者目的进行了归类，这就包括：提供信息(inform)，下定义(define)，解释(explain)，例证(illustrate)，比较(compare)，对比(contrast)，批评(criticize) 等。下面我们就对此题型的常见出题方法进行解析：作者目的题常见的出题形式如下 1. Why does the author mention/include/use…? 2. The author…in order to… 3. The author uses the example to…? 4.…for…purpose?

这种题目一般问的是作者举某个例子，说某句话的目的是什么且在考试时一般题目中的例子会标黑以方便考生寻找（也有不标注的情况）。一般来讲，托福阅读的文章框架相对清晰，作者在举例子时一定是为了说明自己的观点。所以，对于考生来说需要先找到例子的所在句，然后往前阅读找到例子支撑的观点句即可。如： The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clarkarrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14,1805 , in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points? A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time. B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game. C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

托福阅读分数对照表

常常有考友询问，为什么托福阅读明明有42个题，总分却只有30分，分数如何计算的呢？其实，每每看到这种问题，小编的内心是疼痛的。大家准备一个考试，却不看考试指导手册，考得不太理想，简直太正常了。就算天生神勇，也应该有个作战纲领呀！打开OG，第一部分就是托福阅读的介绍，编者首先给出了评分标准的表格。紧接着给出了各类题型的题型解析，这些就是托福阅读的考察内容，众位考友一定要反复研究，在准备考试时，下意识的按照出题者的思路去解题。那么托福阅读有些什么考察类型？应该怎么解题？

在iBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。 1、词汇题解题方法：若认识，直接解题，没得说；若不认识，就只能推断了。但是备考阶段最重要的一点。背单词！首先，考托福没有一定的词汇量等于直接酱油了，所以词汇量是一切的基础。 2、指代题考点：句子直接词之间的关系解题方法：（1）代词 a. 从句的主语指代主句的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则) d. some 和 others （2）名词 a. 优先选择题干的上下意词 m is a kind of M, M是m的上意词 b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理注意: a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 b. 从句开头往后找答案 c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致 d. 指代的传递现象 3、句子简化题解题方法：（1）确定题干句子中的逻辑成分逻辑成分主要包括：关联词，动词，状语而托福最爱考的逻辑主要是：因果，比较、最高级，否定（2）确定与逻辑相关的语义要依据最简化原则，抓句子中的逻辑要素。因果的逻辑要素是：原因结果比较的逻辑要素是：比较三要素最高级否定的逻辑要素是：作用对象（3）选择与题干逻辑语义一致的选项先主后次，从逻辑到语义（千万要保证逻辑正确）很多时候，光凭逻辑关系，就能选出正确选项。越复杂越长的句子，更需要很快地抓住句内的逻辑关系。然后快速看选项，找出逻辑一致的选项。 4、句子插入题

新托福阅读题型介绍与技巧

新托福阅读题型介绍一、细节题特征：没有特征（因为其他题型都有各自的特征）数量：每篇3-6题难度：变化很大策略：随机应变二、选非题特征：NOT/EXCEPT 数量：每篇1题难度：较低策略：一定要做对三、推理题特征：infer、imply 数量：每篇1-2题难度：很高策略：可以放四、修辞题：特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影（2）个选项的开头为TO+关键动词（这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少，所以遇到都要记住）PS：这类题目有可能会变形五、词汇题特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影（2）以the word/phrase开头数量：每篇3-6题难度：非常简单策略：一定要做对六、指代题特征：（1）原文与题干被打上阴影（2）打上阴影的是某个代词数量：1题难度：较低（可以直接测试语法能力）策略：要做对七、复述题特征：(1）原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影（2）题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer

choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 数量：1题难度：很难或者很简单八、插句题特征：黑色小方框（■）数量：1题难度：较低策略：要做对九、归总题特征：两排六个选项数量：1题难度：1分很简单，2分有点难策略：保1争2 新增题型（参考TPO5）：四选二题型：是细节题的变形全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲阅读的步骤：第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶（粗略看一遍文章）第2步：点review键，做完词汇题（不看原文），同时关注一下是否有选非题（因为与原文对应的东西很多）第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做（因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。） PS：阅读的流畅性很重要，如果NO1考Para1 NO2考Para3 那么Para2仍然要看。 PPS：永远先看题后看文第4步（如何处理一道题目？）找定位词，定位词越多越好什么是定位词？定位词就是出现并只出现在这道题的词定位词包括：a.特殊名词 b.大写名词 c.数字词 d.年代词注：题目中的定位词也可能是文章中某词的变形第5步：排除选项（一般只能排除2个）