项目可研报告翻译-

项目可研报告翻译-
项目可研报告翻译-

塞拉利昂新建450口深井及8个城镇供水

工程

可行性研究报告

(初稿)

Feasible Study Report

for

the Water Supply Project on 450 Newly Built Deep Wells and 8 Newly Built Towns

of Sierra Leone

Mbalmayo及Yaounde供水工程可行性研究报告

前言

Preface

塞拉利昂共和国位于西非大西洋岸,国土面积71740平方公里,北部及东部被几内亚包围、东南与利比里亚接壤,西部和南部濒临大西洋,海岸线长约485公里,全国人口约600万。

The Republic of Sierra Leone is located on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, covering an area of 71740 square kilometers. It is surrounded by Guinea on its northern and eastern parts, bordering the Liberia on its southeast part and being closed to the Atlantic Ocean on its western and southern parts. In addition, the coastline length of it is about 485km, and the population of it is about 6 million.

全国分为3个省和1个区,即北方省(North Province)、南方省(South Province)、东方省(East Province)和弗里敦所在的西区(West Area)。3个省之下设有12个行政区,行政区以下设149个酋长领地。

The Republic of Sierra Leone is divided into three provinces and one area, namely the North Province, South Province, East Province and West Area of Freetown. There are 12 administrative regions under the three provinces and 149 chiefdoms under the administrative regions.

弗里敦位于塞拉利昂西部地区,是塞拉利昂的首都和全国最大的城市,是全国的政治、经济、金融、文化和教育中心,是大西洋一个重要的港口城市,著名的天然良港,塞拉利昂主要的出口港口,截至2010年,该市人口约为120万。Freetown, located in the western region of Sierra Leone, is the capital and the largest city of Sierra Leone. It is the political, economic, financial, cultural and educational center of the whole country and a major harbor city of the Atlantic Ocean, a famous and natural good harbor, as well as a main export harbor of Sierra Leone. By 2010, the population of Freetown has reached about 1.2 million.

目前,除首都弗里敦及几个省会城市外,几乎没有合格的供水设施,因此,解决这些区域的供水问题已经刻不容缓。本项目在解决Gbangbatoke、Moriba town、Matru Jong、Potoru、kpanguma、Njala、Gbinti和Kukuna共8个城镇

供水问题的同时,另向全国149个酋长领地打井供水,解决了全国大部分地区饮水紧张的问题,保障了供水安全,该项目的建设是非常有必要的,也是非常紧迫的。

Currently, there are almost no qualified water supply facilities in Sierra Leone in addition to its capital Freetown and several provincial capitals. Therefore, to solve the water supply problems in these regions has been pressing Sierra Leone. The Project has solved the water supply problems for the eight towns of Gbangbatoke, Moriba town, Matru Jong, Potoru, kpanguma, Njala, Gbinti and Kukuna. In the meantime, it builds wells and supplies water for 149 chiefdoms of the whole country, solving the tension problems of drinking water in most areas of the country, as well as protecting the water supply safety. Therefore, the construction of the Project is very necessary and urgent.

各城镇自来水厂规模按200m3/h设计,从各项目附近水源取水,净水厂靠近水源取水点建设,原水通过球墨铸铁管输送至净水厂,出厂水加压后通过清水管沿公路输送至高位水池,然后由高位水池向用户供水,且沿线的村庄均通过预留接口满足供水要求。

The scale of water plants in each town shall designed at 200m3/h; the water for the each project shall be in-taken from the nearby water sources; the water treatment plants shall be built near water-getting points; the raw water shall be transported to water treatment plants through nodular cast iron pipes; the finished water shall be transported along the road to head water tanks through water pipes after pressurized, and then delivered to users from head water tanks; and the water requirements of villages along the line shall be met by reserved interfaces.

净水厂主要工艺流程为:

Main technical process of water treatment plants is:

↓ ↓

↓ ↓

本工程估算总投资额(免税价)为xxx美元,其中工程费用合计xxx美元。The total investment amount (free from tax price) estimated for the Project is $ XXX, with the total project costs of $ XXX.

国内科研项目名称英文翻译

国内项目英文翻译 国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目(863计划), Supported by the N ational High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program), 国家自然科学基金资助项目, Supported by the National Natural Science Foundat ion of China, 国家“九五”攻关项目, Supported by the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period , 中国科学院“九五”重大项目, Supported by the Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period , 中国科学院重点资助项目, Supported by the Key Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, “九五”国家医学科技攻关基金资助项目, Supported by the National Medical Science and Technique Foundation during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period, 江苏省科委应用基础基金资助项目, Supported by the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Tec hnology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province, 国家教育部博士点基金资助项目, Supported by the Ph. D. Programs Foundat ion of Ministry of Educat ion of China, 中国科学院上海分院择优资助项目, Supported by the Advanced Programs of Shanghai Branch, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划), Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program), 国家杰出青年科学基金, Supported by National Science Fund for Dist inguished Young Scholars , 海外香港青年学者合作研究基金, Supported by Abroad Joint Research Fund for Young Scholars of Hong Kong ,

可行性研究报告模板

可行性研究报告模板 篇一:可行性研究报告通用模板 一般工业项目可行性研究报告格式模板 [政府立项-项目建议书] 第一章项目总论 第二章项目背景和发展概况 第三章市场分析与建设规模 第四章建设条件与厂址选择 第五章工厂技术方案 第六章环境保护与劳动安全 第七章企业组织和劳动定员 第八章项目实施进度安排 第九章投资估算与资金筹措 第十章财务效益、经济与社会效益评价 第十一章可行性研究结论与建议 第一章项目总论 总论作为可行性研究报告的首章,要综合叙述研究报告中各 章节的主要问题和研究结论,并对项目的可行与否提出最终建议,为可行性研究的审批提供方便。总论章可根据项目的具体条件, 参照下列内容编写。 1.1 项目背景

1.1.1 项目名称 企业或工程的全称,应和项目建议书所列的名称一致。 1.1.2 项目承办单位 承办单位系指负责项目筹建工作的单位(或称建设单位),应注明单位的全称和总负责人。 1.1.3 项目主管部门 注明项目所属的主管部门。或所属集团、公司的名称。中外 合资项目应注明投资各方所属部门。集团或公司的名称、地址及 法人代表的姓名、国籍。 1.1.4 项目拟建地区、地点 1.1.5 承担可行性研究工作的单位和法人代表 如由若干单位协作承担项目可行性研究工作,应注明各单位 的名称及其负责的工程名称、总负责单位和负责人。如与国外咨 询机构合作进行可行性研究的项目,则应将承担研究工作的中外 各方的单位名称、法人代表以及所承担的工程、分工和协作关系等,分别说明。 1.1.6 研究工作依据 在可行性研究中作为依据的法规、文件、资料、要列出名称、来源、发布日期。并将其中必要的部分全文附后,作为可行性研 究报告的附件,这些法规、文件、资料大致可分为四个部分:(1)项目主管部门对项目的建设要求所下达的指令性文件; 对项目承办单位或可行性研究单位的请示报告的批复文件。

工程管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献 中英文对照外文翻译 The Internet is Applicated in Real Estate The Real Estate Industry and the World Wide Web: Changing Technology, Changing Location.The Internet, in its Web based graphics version, has captured the imagination of both consumers and businesses. Its convenience, speed, low cost and versatility are being exploited on a daily basis in ever-changing ways. Together with its capacity to transform existing businesses, promote new businesses and facilitate exchange of information and data, its other striking attribute has been the speed with which this new technology has spread throughout the global economy. Keywords:The internet;Real Estate;Applicated The number of computer hosts grew by more than ten-fold between 1995 and early 1999. The number of Web sites increased almost 100-fold, to over two million, between 1995 and 1998.By the year 2000, there will be approximately 400-500 million Internet users in the world, and the total number of Web sites will exceed five million. This new technology has the potential for affecting the real estate industry directly and indirectly. Directly, it may become a tool that allows a real estate business to expand its information and sales network. Indirectly, it may change the location equation where and how firms do business which in turn will affect the role of firms involved in real estate development, investment and transactions. Measuring the Spread of the Web

车辆工程汽车离合器的外文文献翻译

经典文档下载后可编辑复制 湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目有限元热分析的陶瓷离合器 专业车辆工程 班级Xxx 姓名Xxxx 学号2010138xx 指导教师 职称Xxx 副教授 2014年2月25日

Fethermal analysis of a ceramic clutch 1. Introduction Abrasive dry running vehicle clutches are force closure couplings. Torque and speed transmission are ensured by the frictional force generated between two pressed surfaces. Reasons for the application of ceramic as a friction medium include good heat and wear resistance properties, which provide the opportunity to drive higher pressures, and a low density. Thus, an increasing power density is enabled with a parallel minimization of construction space. Measurements with a first prototype of a clutch disk using ceramic facings were performed at Karlsruhe University in a laboratory specialized in passenger car drive system testing. In the course of analysis the finite element (FE) model was to be constructed with the knowledge of measurement data and measurement conditions. Calculations were intended to determine the temperature distribution of the clutch disk and its environment at each moment in time corresponding to measurements. It is essential to be familiar with the temperature range in order to examine the wear characteristics of the system. Thus, important information is derived from measurement data. In critical load cases, the highest expected temperatures must be forecast in space and time in order to protect measuring instruments close to the location of heat generation. The goal of this study is to analyze and modify the clutch system to provide better operating conditions by improving the heat conduction and convection of the system or to increase the amount of the energy converted into frictional heat. Furthermore, it is desired to find better design solutions for more efficient clutch systems. Calculations were performed by the Cosmos Design Star software. During model development, great care had to be taken for proper simplification of geometry, the selection of element sizes, and the correct adjustment of time steps due to the substantial hardware requirements for transient calculations. Changes in thermal parameters such as the surface heat convection coefficient and thermal load had to be taken into consideration on an on-going basis in terms of time and location. The two sides of the analyzed test clutch system can only be managed by two independent models linked by heat partition,

奥运会项目英文翻译

奥运会项目英文翻译. Aquatics(水上运动)Swimming 游泳 freestyle 自由泳

backstroke 仰泳 breaststroke 蛙泳 butterfly 蝶泳 individual medley 个人混合泳freestyle relay 自由泳接力medley relay 混合泳接力Water polo 水球 Diving 跳水 10m platform event 十米跳台 3m springboard event 三米跳板

synchronised diving from 10 m platform 双人十米跳台synchronised diving from 3 m springboard 双人三米跳板Synchronised swimming 花样游泳 Archery(射箭) Individual events 个人赛 Team events 团体赛 Athletics(田径) Track 径赛 100 m, 200 m, 400 m 100米,200米,400米

800 m, 1,500 m, 5,000 m, 10,000 m 800米,1500米,5,000米,10,000米 110 m hurdles, 400 m hurdles 110米栏,400米栏 3,000 m steeplechase 3000米障碍赛 4 x 100 m relay, 4 x 400 m relay 4×100米接力,4×400米接力 Jumping 跳跃 high jump 跳高 pole vault 撑杆跳高 long jump 跳远

可行性研究报告模板(模板)

可行性研究报告模板(模板)

目录第一篇:可行性研究报告模板第二篇:可行性研究报告模板第三篇:可行性研究报告模板第四篇:可行性研究报告模板第五篇:房地产可行性研究报告正文第一篇:可行性研究报告模板xxxx项目可行性研究报告 报告日期xxxx年xxxx月xxxx日 1 / 6 目录 第一节项目概况 一、项目背景 二、投资方简介 三、目标公司简介 第二节拟投资行业及市场概况 第三节项目实施的必要性与可行性 一、项目实施的必要性 二、目标公司市场分析 三、项目实施的可行性 第四节项目内容及实施方案 第五节项目效益分析 一、经营收入估算 二、经营总成本估算 三、经营利润与财务评价

第六节项目风险分析及对策 一、市场风险及对策 二、技术风险及对策 三、财务风险及对策 …… 第七节投资方案 一、收购定价 二、预计投资总额 三、资金来源与支付 四、后续发展方案 第六节报告结论 第一节项目概况 一、项目背景 说明项目提出的背景、投资理由、拟投资国家的投资环境、在可行性研究前已经进行的工作情况及其成果、重要问题的决策和决策过程等情况。 二、投资方简介 1、投资方基本情况及经营情况 包括目标公司基本工商注册信息、产业布局、主要产品及用途、员工情况、股权结构及控股方信息、行业地位、历史沿革等。 2、投资方实力和优势分析 三、目标公司简介

1、基本信息 包括目标公司基本工商注册信息、产业布局、主要产品及用途、员工情况、股权结构及控股方信息、行业地位、历史沿革等。 2、经营情况 (1)经营情况 公司的产品在市场上进行销售、服务的发展现状,包括历年产量、销售收入等。 (2)资产负债情况 公司主要财务指标,要求能够反映公司盈利能力、经营能力、偿债能力等。 第二节拟投资行业及市场概况 1、国内相关行业及市场概况 2、国际相关行业及市场概况 第三节项目实施的必要性与可行性 一、项目实施的必要性 主要围绕公司战略目标,根据公司产业资源协同发展的需要以及产品规划,结合产业政策等有关因素的支持与制约,论证项目投资的必要性。 二、目标公司市场分析 运用统计分析原理,分析目标公司产品销售变化及市场发展趋势。 1、市场规模

汽车制动系统(机械、车辆工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译)

Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.

各类科研项目英文翻译名称

Acknowlegements(项目资助英文翻译) 1.国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目(863计划)(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. ) 2.国家自然科学基金资助项目(No. )General Program(面上项目), Key Program(重点项目), Major Program(重大项目)This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ) 3.国家“九五”攻关项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the National Key Technologies R & D Program of China during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period (No. ) 4.中国科学院“九五”重大项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period (No. ) 5.中国科学院重点资助项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the Key Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ) 6.“九五”国家医学科技攻关基金资助项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the National Medical Science and Technique Foundation during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period (No. ) 7.江苏省科委应用基础基金资助项目 (No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. ) 8.国家教育部博士点基金资助项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. )

可行性研究报告通用模板(完整版)

报告编号:YT-FS-1593-70 可行性研究报告通用模板 (完整版) After Completing The T ask According To The Original Plan, A Report Will Be Formed T o Reflect The Basic Situation Encountered, Reveal The Existing Problems And Put Forward Future Ideas. 互惠互利共同繁荣 Mutual Benefit And Common Prosperity

可行性研究报告通用模板(完整版) 备注:该报告书文本主要按照原定计划完成任务后形成报告,并反映遇到的基本情况、实际取得的成功和过程中取得的经验教训、揭露存在的问题以及提出今后设想。文档可根据实际情况进行修改和使用。 目录: 第一章项目总论 第二章项目背景和发展概况 第三章市场分析与建设规模 第四章建设条件与厂址选择 第五章工厂技术方案 第六章环境保护与劳动安全 第七章企业组织和劳动定员 第八章项目实施进度安排 第九章投资估算与资金筹措 第十章财务效益、经济与社会效益评价 第十一章可行性研究结论与建议 第一章项目总论

总论作为可行性研究报告的首章,要综合叙述研究报告中各章节的主要问题和研究结论,并对项目的可行与否提出最终建议,为可行性研究的审批提供方便。总论章可根据项目的具体条件,参照下列内容编写。 §1.1 项目背景 §1.1.1 项目名称 企业或工程的全称,应和项目建议书所列的名称一致。 §1.1.2 项目承办单位 承办单位系指负责项目筹建工作的单位(或称建设单位),应注明单位的全称和总负责人。 §1.1.3 项目主管部门 注明项目所属的主管部门。或所属集团、公司的名称。中外合资项目应注明投资各方所属部门。集团或公司的名称、地址及法人代表的姓名、国籍。 §1.1.4 项目拟建地区、地点 §1.1.5 承担可行性研究工作的单位和法人代表

2019年车辆工程专业毕业论文_外文翻译1.doc

Drive force control of a parallel-series hybrid system Abstract Since each component of a hybrid system has its own limit of performance, the vehicle power depends on the weakest component. So it is necessary to design the balance of the components. The vehicle must be controlled to operate within the performance range of all the components. We designed the specifications of each component backward from the required drive force. In this paper we describe a control method for the motor torque to avoid damage to the battery, when the battery is at a low state of charge. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. and Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction In recent years, vehicles with internal combustion engines have increasingly played an important role as a means of transportation, and are contributing much to the development of society. However, vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and possibly even global warming, which require effective countermeasures. Various developments are being made to reduce these emissions, but no further large improvements can be expected from merely improving the current engines and transmissions. Thus, great expectations are being placed on the development of electric, hybrid and natural gas-driven vehicles. Judging from currently applicable technologies, and the currently installed infrastructure of gasoline stations, inspection and service facilities, the hybrid vehicle, driven by the combination of gasoline engine and electric motor, is considered to be one of the most realistic solutions. Generally speaking, hybrid systems are classified as series or parallel systems. At Toyota, we have developed the Toyota Hybrid System (hereinafter referred to as the THS) by combining the advantages of both systems. In this sense the THS could be classified as a parallel-series type of system. Since the THS constantly optimizes engine operation, emissions are cleaner and better fuel economy can be achieved. During braking, Kinetic energy is recovered by the motor, thereby reducing fuel consumption and subsequent CO 2 emissions. Emissions and fuel economy are greatly improved by using the THS for the power train system. However, the THS incorporates engine, motor, battery and other components, each of which has its own particular capability. In other words, the driving force must be generated within the limits of each respective component. In particular, since the battery output varies greatly depending on its level of charge, the driving force has to be controlled with this in mind. This report clarifies the performance required of the respective THS components based on the driving force necessary for a vehicle. The method of controlling the driving force, both when the battery has high and low charge, is also described. 2. Toyota hybrid system (THS) [1,2] As Fig. 1 shows, the THS is made up of a hybrid transmission, engine and battery. 2.1. Hybrid transmission The transmission consists of motor, generator, power split device and reduction gear. The power split device is a planetary gear. Sun gear, ring gear and planetary carrier are directly connected to generator, motor and engine, respectively. The ring gear is also connected to the reduction gear. Thus, engine power is split into the generator and the driving wheels. With this type of mechanism, the

工程管理专业研究建设项目的工程造价大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计(论文) 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目:研究建设项目的工程造价 文献、资料英文题目: 文献、资料来源: 文献、资料发表(出版)日期: 院(部): 专业:工程管理 班级: 姓名: 学号: 指导教师: 翻译日期: 2017.02.14

科技文献翻译 题目:研究建设项目的工程造价 研究建设项目的工程造价 摘要 在工程建设中,中国是拥有世界最大投资金额和具有最多建设项目的国家。它是一 项在建设项目管理上可以为广泛的工程管理人员进行有效的工程造价管理,并合理 确定和保证施工质量和工期的条件控制施工成本的重要课题。 在失去了中国建筑的投资和技术经济工程,分离的控制现状的基础上,通过建设成 本控制的基本理论为指导,探讨控制方法和施工成本的应用,阐述了存在的问题在 施工成本控制和对决心和施工成本的控制这些问题的影响,提出了建设成本控制应 体现在施工前期,整个施工过程中的成本控制,然后介绍了一些程序和应用价值工 程造价的方法在控制建设项目的所有阶段。 关键词:建设成本,成本控制,项目 1.研究的意义 在中国,现有的工程造价管理体系是20世纪50年代制定的,并在1980s.Traditional 施工成本管理方法改进是根据国家统一的配额,从原苏联引进的一种方法。它的特 点是建设成本的计划经济的管理方法,这决定了它无法适应当前市场经济的要求。 在中国传统建筑成本管理方法主要包括两个方面,即建设成本和施工成本控制方法 的测定方法。工程造价的确定传统的主要做法生搬硬套国家或地方统一的配额数量 来确定一个建设项目的成本。虽然这种方法已经历了20多年的改革,到现在为止,计划经济管理模式的影响仍然有已经存在在许多地区。我们传统的工程造价控制的

载重汽车变速箱外文文献翻译、汽车车辆工程中英文翻译、外文翻译

附录一:文献翻译 载重汽车变速箱 变速箱主要指的是汽车的变速箱,它分为手动、自动两种,手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成,通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩;而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成,通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。功能为:一、改变传动比;二、在发动机旋转方向不变情况下,使汽车能倒退行驶;三、利用空挡,中断动力传递,以发动机能够起动、怠速,并便于变速器换档或进行动力输出。 手动变速箱主要由齿轮和轴组成,通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩;而自动变速箱AT是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成,通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。 其中液力变扭器是AT最具特点的部件,它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成,直接输入发动机动力传递扭矩和离合作用。泵轮和涡轮是一对工作组合,它们就好似相对放置的两台风扇,一台主动风扇吹出的风力会带动另一台被动风扇的叶片旋转,流动的空气——风力成了动能传递的媒介。如果用液体代替空气成为传递动能的媒介,泵轮就会通过液体带动涡轮旋转,再在泵轮和涡轮之间加上导轮以提高液体的传递效率。由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不够大且效率偏 手动变速器(MT) 手动变速器,也称手动挡,即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置,改变传动比,从而达到变速的目的。踩下离合时,方可拨得动变速杆。如果驾驶者技术好,装手动变速器的汽车在加速、超车时比自动变速车快,也省油。 自动变速器(AT) 自动变速器,利用行星齿轮机构进行变速,它能根据油门踏板程度和车速变化,自动地进行变速。而驾驶者只需操纵加速踏板控制车速即可。 一般来讲,汽车上常用的自动变速器有以下几种类型:液力自动变速器、液压传动自动变速器、电力传动自动变速器、有级式机械自动变速器和无级式机械自动变速器等。其中,最常见的是液力自动变速器。液力自动变速器主要是由液压控制的齿轮变速系统构成,主要包含自动离合器和自动变速器两大部分。它能够根据油门的开度和车速的变化,自动地进行换挡。 无级变速器(CVT) 无级变速器是由两组变速轮盘和一条传动带组成的。 因此,其比传统自动变速器结构简单,体积更小。另外,它可以自由改变传动比,从而实现全程无级变速,使汽车的车速变化平稳,没有传统变速器换挡时那种“顿”的感觉。 无级变速器属于自动变速器的一种,但它能克服普通自动变速器“突然换挡”、油门反应慢、油耗高等缺点。 变速器是法国雷诺(Renault)发明的 普通自动变速箱 优点:使驾驶轻松惬意 缺点:不够智能,相对费油,不利于改装 普通自动变速箱是自动挡车普遍使用的变速箱形式,它的简称AT(全称是Auto

各类科研项目英文翻译名称

A c k n o w l e g e m e n t s(项目资助英文翻译) 1.国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目(863计划)(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. ) 2.国家自然科学基金资助项目(No. )General Program(面上项目), Key Program(重点项目), Major Program(重大项目)This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ) 3.国家“九五”攻关项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the National Key Technologies R & D Program of China during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period (No. ) 4.中国科学院“九五”重大项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period (No. ) 5.中国科学院重点资助项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the Key Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ) 6.“九五”国家医学科技攻关基金资助项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the National Medical Science and Technique Foundation during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period (No. ) 7.江苏省科委应用基础基金资助项目 (No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the Applied Basic Research Programs of? Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. ) 8.国家教育部博士点基金资助项目(No. ) This work was supported by a grant from the . Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. )

相关文档
最新文档