英语论文写作课复习资料(仅供参考)

英语论文写作课复习资料(仅供参考)

Lecture 1 General introduction

1. The basic concept of academic research paper writing

The concept: “Research ”---something new, something of significance, something that can promote scholarship, science and technology, productivity and human growth, for the

betterment of the well-being of mankind.

2. Characteristics of academic paper

A. Scientific--- based on scientific theories and objective data, and the problem is approached

with a scientific attitude and methodology．The conclusion i s backed up by reliable

evidence, the analysis or exposition is logically sound.

B. Scholarly --- more or less theoretical and concerned w ith academic matters．The subject

under discussion or investigation and the conclusion to be drawn are academically

significant.

C. Original --- a new perspective or method, develops new arguments or conclusions，or even

makes a breakthrough in a certain field．

The graduation paper is a special form of academic paper characterized by being

．

scholarly，scientific and original to the greatest extent possible

3. The style of academic writing

A. Formal because it is written in standard language and in formal style devoid of

contractions，ellipses，slangy words，vulgarisms，etc.

B. Substantial because it deals with academically important and serious issues and is of

substance and length．

C. Well-documented because it rigidly follows the rules of citation and documentation with all

borrowed ideas or facts fully acknowledged in the notes and bibliography．

4. The requirements of an academic paper.

1) A scientific attitude，a rigorous study style, a creative mind, and a great courage to

explore unknown academic areas, discovering or solving problems in the academic or

scientific fields.

2)Basic knowledge of academic research--- its nature, value, and significance，essential

features, techniques and methods，etc．To learn more about the academic circle and the

society by searching through all sorts of reference materials originating in academic and

social studies.

3) To know about scholarship, such as how to find subjects to investigate, how to collect

and evaluate source materials, how to develop their own ideas.

5. Components parts of an academic paper

1) English title and Chinese title of your paper

2) Abstract both in English and in Chinese and key words

3) Key words in English and Chinese

4) Contents

5) Introduction

6) Materials and methods used in the research (theories, tools, approaches, etc.)

7) Facts and figures in the analysis, p ros and cons in the argumentation or points of

view in the exposition;

8) Research results or findings;

9) Conclusion.

6. The steps of paper writing

1) Choosing a topic: a tentative topic, a preliminary thesis statement

2) Making a thesis proposal:

3) Data collection and evaluation:a working bibliography

4) Thesis formulation (presentation or statement)

5) Organization of ideas；

6) Writing and revising of the paper；

7) Finalizing of the paper．

Research paper writing are more often with starts and stops，setbacks and reverses，even dead ends, especially in the preparatory stages. I t is only after constant efforts，repeated modifications and alternations that you come to a satisfactory end and get everything finalized．

7. Start working on your thesis:

1) Be clear about your aims and intention: what to investigate or research into, what to write

about.

2). Choose a good topic: a tentative topic, narrowing your focus only on one of the issues, to

an appropriate topic, considering your capability, limit of time, limit of references you can find.

You may begin by inquiring into what is known to people on a certain subject；then by making comparisons or contrasts and passing judgment，you perceive loopholes, inaccuracies，errors or fallacies；by analyzing the correct and the incorrect，you draw

conclusions o f your own and develop some new ideas or views on the topic under

discussion．

3) Reading: d oing extensive and intensive reading, evaluating source materials and taking

notes of important and relevant information or points of view in your reading. Sorting out useful materials you have collected and developing your ideas.

4) Writing an outline: p lan the paper with great care and draw a good outline, organizing

your thoughts for the writing of the paper with unity，coherence clarity and accuracy.

5) Follow the writing conventions and paper format strictly: a ttach carefully and correctly

made notes and bibliography to the end of the paper, documenting properly the sources you have made use of．

6) Guard against plagiarism: making of notes and bibliography.

Lecture 2 How to choose a topic

To choose a topic is the first step of preparation for your research and research paper writing.

You must decide on what to research into and what to write about，namely，to discover the subject

．

for your research and choose the topic for your research paper

1. The two broad types:

Research areas may be divided into two broad types：theoretical and practical．

The theoretical type is theory-oriented.

The practical is application-oriented．

Theory and practice always walk hand in hand，and in fact they are usually combined in papers，which may be more theoretical or practical．

2. Academic areas for the English majors of our university

There are five areas for research and confine your topics to English-related areas and subjects as listed below：

1) The Area of Language studies (linguistics)，including English morphology，syntax，semantics, etymology，rhetoric，stylistics，pragmatics，all branches of English linguistics and their comparisons with the Chinese counterparts；

，phonetics，Pure language study of English on its structure and elements such as peculiarities grammar，vocabulary，discourse，comparisons o f English dialects，Briticism，Americanism，Australianism, etc．

2) Applied linguistics: English for Specific Purposes (ESP).

Studies of ESP: TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language); TEFL(Teaching English as a Foreign Language)，and any special know-how or expertise concerning English in use．Nowadays，language teaching and learning is becoming an independent discipline with its own theory and practice, including:

a. To study psychological mechanisms of language teaching and learning;

’ teaching and students’ learning of the English language;

b. To study the methods of teachers

c. Tocompare the acquisition of the mother tongue with that of a foreign language

，discuss the improvement and application of modem teaching approaches and facilities，or even make

，etc．

comments on and evaluate text-books in use

If you want to be more theoretical，you can try any branch of linguistics and its application to

．

language teaching and learning and the second language acquisition

3）Area of literary studies，including :

British，American，Australian，Canadian．South-African literature，comparisons between them，and their comparisons with Chinese literature；

To apply literary theories and critical methodology to the study of writers and works，literary trends and schools，literary periods，literary criticism, etc．

4）The area of translation and practice，including theories and mechanics，written translation and oral interpretation；

In the area of translation，you can research into:

a. The origin and growth of translation practice and theory;

;

b. Different theoretical schools and their doctrines on translation

c. Standards and criteria for the quality of translation;

d. Methods and techniques for doing translation of various kinds;

，etc．

e. Teaching of translation as a basic language skill

5) The area of cross-culture studies:

Comparisons of religions，philosophies，educations(?)，habits and customs of different countries and races，as well as means of intercultural communication．

3.To choose topics

1) First step to discover a subject in one area:

，for example，attending a lecture or a course；reading a

a. You may use your personal experiences

newspaper，a journal，a book or a novel；watching a movie，a TV program and so on．

b.You may also talk with others，your fellow students，your friends，and your teachers in particular，

to get enlightenment．

，such as a table of

c. The most important thing for you to do is to get help from source materials

contents，a book’s index，an encyclopedia article，headlines in periodical indexes，etc．After you have discovered the subject that suits you，you should further find a specific topic under the chosen subject.

2) Three standards．

a. Interesting to you.

An interesting topic will give you great impetus for the successful fulfillment of your research．

b. Significant or worthwhile.

Your topic should have obvious or potential theoretical or practical value．

c. Workable or manageable.

An appropriate topic should be neither too broad，or too narrow．

3) Difficulties in choosing a good topic:

a. Not fully aware of what is really significant or valuable

b. Difficult to subdivide the general subject he has discovered into topics of manageable size

and complexity．

c.The problems of a broad topic:

The topic is too general, one on which it is hard to focus your study or to finish a paper of the required length within the stipulated time.

The references available may be too many for you to finish reading within the allotted time．

Too broad a topic should be narrowed down to a workable size．

d. The problems of a narrow topic:

a. The topic is too specific，hard to enlarge upon or develop your arguments about．

b. It is usually trivial or insignificant．

．Such a

c.You can hardly find enough source materials or references to help in your research

topic should be broadened accordingly．

Therefore, choosing a good topic for research and research paper writing could be much more difficult than expected．The difficulty usually is not that the researcher is ignorant of what holds interest for him, but hard to have clear ideas.

4) Judgments of the significance or value:

Your awareness of the significance or value of the topic to be chosen largely depends on:

；

a. What aspects of your topic have or have not been explored

b. What are the findings，old and new；

c. What are controversies therein;

.

d. What are the loopholes, inaccuracies, errors, fallacies

5）The appropriateness of the topic:

a. The length of the paper as required, for example, your graduation paper required about

4,000 words；

b. The amount of time you can afford；

c. The availability of information you need for the research；

Taking these factors into account，you decide whether your topic is too broad，or too narrow.

3.To adjust your topic

1) Narrow down an abroad topic:

If your initial topic is too broad，you can narrow it down by m oving step by step from a broad to a narrow and still a narrow topic until you get the suitable one：

2) Broaden a narrow topic

If your topic happens to be too narrow，you can also seek help from the periodical indexes and your adviser，or broaden it step by step by reversing the narrowing process as illustrated above．

In short, when choosing a topic, you have to consider the significance of your research, your audience or readers, your writing situation, the availability of source materials, and other relevant conditions, which all contribute to the success of your research and research paper writing.

Remember to consult your tutor or supervisor for advice.

Lecture 3 Preliminary Bibliography

1．Making a thesis proposal

1) Preliminary bibliography：

1) find the references available.

2) reading source materials；

3) previous achievements of the subject your choose；

2) To discuss with your tutor

1）The topic→The titles of academic articles (a tentative title)

2）The anticipated result (hypothesis)

3) Write a proposal:

a. What is the subject you have discovered?

b. Why do you take interest in this subject?

c. What methods do you intend to adopt?

d. How are the source materials you have read or mean to read related to the subject?

e. What is the relationship between the previous achievements of others and your anticipated

results?

f. What practical and／or theoretical value do you think your research might have?

g. What are the limitations of your methods and materials，and the difficulties you may

possibly encounter?

h. How do you plan to overcome these difficulties?

The proposal gives the plan and the procedures you mean to follow, the background of the research, and discusses the anticipated results of your research in relation to the previous achievements of others and their potential value in theory and practice，as well as possible limitations of your research and difficulties you might meet with．

注: 一定根据研究内容和题目确定研究方法。)

2. Choosing methods and approaches.(

1) Language studies (linguistics):

The requirements:the theoretical knowledge, scientific approaches, including English linguistics，English grammar, English phonetics, lexicology, morphology, syntax, semantics, etymology, rhetoric, stylistics, pragmatics, comparisons with Chinese language, making experiments, etc. For example:

2) Applied linguistics:

The requirements:

a. The Application of the theory of Pragmatics

b. The second language teaching and learning

c. The second language acquisition

d. Applying scientific approaches, including

making questionnaires, doing investigation, etc.

3) Literary approaches:

First of all, you should know about textual scholarship, do some source study, and try to find a proper approach. Some approaches are as follows:

a. Formalism Approach

(structuralism, Semiotics, etc.)

b. Historical and Biographical Approach

c. Moral and Philosophical Approaches

d Feminism and Gender Approach

e.Psychoanalytic Criticism

f. Sociological Approach

g.Mythological and Archetypal Approaches

h Reader-Response Criticism

…….

4) Translation and practice:

a. 描述、划分和解释英汉、汉英翻译的翻译技巧。主要关注句法、词义和社会文化的现象，

即英汉之间不存在一对一的对应，必须通过补偿、非字面转换的技巧来翻译；

b. 阐述比较客观的评价等值程度的尺度及翻译等值(Translation Equivalence)的讨论：

翻译等值是翻译研究的一个基本概念。等值是翻译理论的一个中心议题。关于翻译等值的术语有“完全等值”、“功能等值”、“有区别的等值”、“在内容上保留翻译不变成分”、“语篇效果等同”等等。根据不同的翻译文本确定翻译标准。主要考虑翻译目的、翻译对

象和语篇类型三个因素，用不同的标准使翻译作品具有客观性。如：

(1) 译文必须复制原文语篇的词语。

(2) 译文必须复制原文语篇的意思(字面翻译对非字面翻译)。

(3) 译文读起来应当像原文。

(4) 译文读起来应当像译文。

(5) 译文应当保留原语语篇的文笔(风格)。

(6) 译文应当反映译者的文笔(风格)。

(7) 译文读起来应当像当代的文学作品。

（8）在一篇译文中，如果需要的话，译者可以增加或丢弃一些东西。

c. 可译性和不可译性：做比较深入的研究与比较，得出一个可接受的结论。

d.翻译方法与翻译技巧：其中包括：字面翻译（literal translation），非字面翻译或者自由翻

译（non-literal translation or free translation），语义翻译（semantic translation，或忠实于

原文的译法（faithful translation）….

e.翻译中的文化因素与翻译的文化功能：研究语言与文化的关系，影响翻译的文化因素。

如“翻译中的文化因素”、“文化因素与翻译技巧的关系”、“翻译中如何保持地方色彩”

等。

f. 译本研究：从比较多种译本，推导出翻译理论。

5)Cross-cultural studies:

a. The requirements：

Knowing about some theoretical knowledge, knowledge of humanities, history and cultural tradition, religions, philosophy, politics, society, and economics, etc.

b. Cross-culture approaches:

(1)Historical and Biographical Approach

(2)Moral and Philosophical Approaches

(3)Feminism and Gender Approach

(4)Psychoanalytic Criticism

(5)Sociological Approach

(6)Mythological and Archetypal Approaches

(7)Comparison between two cultures, etc.

3. Working on bibliography cards

Find some reference books;

1)find the primary sources;

2)prepare a set of working bibliography and list the sources you have got.

3)Such bibliography／index cards are important for three reasons:

；

a. They locate reference materials on the subject for note-taking

b. They provide information for citing the references correctly in the paper；

c. They facilitate the making of“References”or“Bibliography”or“Works Cited”at the

end of the paper．

4) Going from general to specific:

a. Narrow down your subject and approach an appropriate topic，and cast away those which are

of little relevance to the topic and the number diminish in size, separate the references

valuable to your topic．If you have too many，it suggests t hat your topic is probably too

broad．If they turn out to be pitifully few，your topic is probably too narrow．

b. Be sure to record the data for each reference on individual cards，which will ease you of your

difficulty in collating items in the alphabetical order, and also to make the information

recorded on the cards absolutely correct to avoid future errors in the documentation of the

paper．

Each working bibliography should contain the following information：

For books：

1) Author’s name／authors’names

2) Title of the book

3) Publication information (place，publisher，date)

4) Other publication data／facts (edition，editor，translator, compiler，etc．)

5) Library call number（图书编目码）, in case you find it again in the library.

6) Personal note about the content of the source, which will suggest you what you think about the

ideas of the book.

For articles：

1) Author’s name／authors’ names

2) Title of the article

3) Name of the periodical

4) Volume／Issue number

5) Publication information (place，publisher，date)

6) Page number(s)locating the article

For information on the Internet:

格式：编号，篇名，引用日期，网址

Net.1: Feminism, Ideology. And Deconstruction: a Pragmatist View. August 1, 2000 http://www.

Brocku.ca/english/courses/4F70/decostruction.html

Net.2: Deconstruction, July 30, 2000

http://www.brocku. a/english/courses/4F70/deconstruction.html

Net.3: Jacques Derrida, August 1, 2000

http://www. Brocku. Ca/english/courses/fF70/deconstruction.html

4. Searching source materials:

，collecting After you have decided upon the subject to research into and the topic to write about

source materials, from bookstores，and mainly from libraries and website:

1. Source materials may be classified into：

1) Primary sources：those providing direct evidence，such as novels，biographies or

autobiographies，memoirs，speeches，lectures，diaries，letters, interviews，case studies，data, collected by yourself, etc．

2) Recent achievements i n specific academic circle, c riticism on the subject from articles of

academic journal, Collection of Papers, and books for you to choose your topic and help make

your anticipated result ( preliminary source materials).

3) Books of specific s ubjects t o give you theoretical background to support your thesis, some of

them show you the theories, approaches, m ethods, or tools to do your research work（further references to do your research）

5. Evaluation of source materials (preliminary reading)

Go over three things quickly：

1) The table of contents，

2) The index

3) The related parts of the texts

4) Read the abstract，bibliography／references before you decide whether or not to go on to

5) Look into the views and ideas of different sources；

6) Consider the information whether it is reliable and authentic;

7) Write down the titles of the books and articles that are important to your research, so that you

can get the information on the Internet, or buy some books in the large bookstores or on the

Internet, because the source materials the Reference Room of our college are not allowed

to take away.

6. Further reading：

After choosing your topic, you may do further reading:

1) Primary sources：read and analyze the important part and specific part of your primary sources.

2) Select some of the Recent achievements in preliminary source materials.

3) Try to understand the information of the theories, or approaches, or methods（further references

to do your research）

4）find more references providing profound information about subjects and topics, from such as reference books，bibliographies，indexes，etc．

Lecture 4 Taking notes:

1. Taking notes while doing research.

Meticulous reading and note-taking follows the preliminary reading in collecting and evaluating the sources．

1) Analyzing and interpreting these materials

2) Arranging and sorting out the information useful to your research

3) Recording what facts and ideas you have found useful to your paper and where you found

them.

2. M aking the cards:

．

a. Make index cards so that you can easy to find out the note you have taken

b. Put one note the academic information；

c. You may write on the front side of the card with the back side blank for the continued part of the

unfinished note.

d. Write full notes，which would help speed your drafting of the paper．

：

3. The kinds of information are to be recorded on the note-cards

1) The facts or ideas you wish to make use of in your research paper writing, i.e. items of

information that answer research questions or relate to the issues of your preliminary thesis.

，including:

2) The source of these facts or ideas

(1) The title (short form) of the book;

(2) The author’s surname and name

(3) The date, the place, and the press of its publication;

(4) the page numbers，indicating where exactly the information is found.

(All the information must be exact in order to find them again easily.)

4. Types of notes：

Notes may be classified into four types---summary，paraphrase，quotation and personal comment．

1）Summary (the main points)：

This is a condensation of important information from the original work or a restatement i n fewer words of the facts or ideas from some part of the source materia1．

Great care should be taken to make sure that your summary is very much shorter than the original，it is certainly written in your own words. It follows the logical order of the original，and it

．

conveys the message and keeps the main idea of the original work faithfully and clearly 2）Paraphrase:

This is a restatement in your own words of what the author says．It checks your understanding of the original in relation to the subject，which enables y ou to rearrange the same information from the point of view of your paper．

：

Success in taking paraphrase notes depends on

（1) rewriting the original in about the same number of words：

（2) keeping the original tone or mood，be it anger，joy，humor，satire, or doubt．etc．：

（3) using your own words unless you quote the original language by enclosing it within quotation marks.

3) Quotation

This is a direct quoting of the exact wording (including errors) of the author’s. It should be enclosed w ithin quotation marks. Your attention is called to the following:

(1) You must take care to distinguish between a paraphrase and a quotation in the source material

，never to get them confused；

(2) If a quotation lacks clarity and needs clarifying, put the clarification in square brackets．

For example:

“I have long determined that the best thing I could do was to put an end to the existence of a being whose birth was unfortunate，and whose life has only been a series of pain to those persons who have hurt their health in endeavoring to promote her welfare．Perhaps to hear of my death will give you pain，but

(Alan Warner，A Short you will soon have the blessing of forgetting that such a crea ture ever existed as…

Guide to English Style，134)

4). Personal comment

This is just a note to yourself，usually put in the lower part of the front side or on the back side of the note-card, which may be an idea that occurs to you while taking the note，some view(s)you have developed concerning the point in question，or only a reminder for yourself to check some other reference(s)，etc．In short，it could be whatever you want it to be，only if it is of use to you.

5. Precautions against plagiarism

1) How to avoid plagiarism:

W hile writing a paper，take great care to distinguish opinions from facts and your own opinions from others’, and never get them confused. The use of source materials must conform to the following rules：

(1) Introducing the paraphrase or quotation of the borrowed material by the author’s name;

(2) Putting all the quoted matters w ithin the quotation marks；

(3) Providing specific in-text documentation for all borrowings；

References”, “Works Cited” section for every (4) Making a bibliography entry in the“Bibliography”, “

source cited：

(5) What deserves greater attention，rewording the source material in your own writing style，for mere

rearrangement of sentence patterns is not acceptable.

Sample 1

The original

s most powerful poems express her firmly held conviction that life Some of Dickinson’

cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of death．

The unacceptable

Emily Dickinson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death．(The source of the borrowed idea is not indicated or acknowledged) The acceptable

As Wendy Martin has suggested，Emily Dickinson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death．

Sample 2

The original

Everyone uses the word language and everybody these days talks about culture…

“Languaculture”is a reminder，I hope，of the necessary connection between its two parts．．．

The unacceptable

At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that we might call “languaculture”．(The source of the term“languaculture”is not indicated.)

The acceptable:

At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Michael Agar has called “languaculture”．

2) Exceptions to plagiarism

a. When you begin your research, your personal notes and comment of library sources，

together with the thesis，the outline，the analyses or expositions，and most of the

introduction and conclusion are surely yours，never in need of documentation．

，

b.Besides，known information or common knowledge, which occurs repeatedly in sources

doesn’t require documentation either．

Lecture 5 Abstract, Contents, Introduction, Conclusion

1. Writing an abstract

An abstract should include:

1) the thesis statement

2) the theoretical background

3) the research purpose

4) the supporting ideas

5) the subject of the research

6) the research methods and approaches

7) the research findings/conclusion

8) the significance

2. Analysis of the sample: （See 《英语毕业论文写作指导》

摘要写作要点：

中心论题、研究背景、研究目的、理论支撑、研究对象、方法、步骤、样本抽取、研究发现、

研究意义。

1).中文摘要详解：

摘要

语言是文化的载体，同时也对文化的形成和发展产生一定的作用。语言忠实地反应出一个国家

的历史文化、社会制度、价值观念和风俗习惯。作为语言一部分的亲属称谓语充分体现了文化的形

成与发展。由于不同国家具有各自的文化背景，其称谓语体系也各不相同。这些差异并不仅仅表

现在语言层面上，还折射出不同文化内涵和相互间的密切联系。（中心论题）

目前对亲属称谓语的研究大多局限于某种特定的语言，如英语或者汉语（研究背景）。本文作

者尝试从庞朴提出的文化结构三层面理论入手（理论支撑）对中英亲属称谓语（研究对象、样本

抽取？）进行对比研究（方法），阐释中英亲属称谓语在物质、制度、思想三层面的文化内涵差异

（研究目的）。研究发现：1)中国亲属称谓语受封建等级制度的长期影响，表现出复杂繁琐的特点

和一系列的文化内涵，如在物质层面上相对封闭的地理环境和丰富的自然资源形成了家庭为主的农

耕经济，家庭是宗法社会的重要单位，“国”是“家”的扩大，形成制度层面的政治关系是伦理关

系的延伸，而在心理层面上儒家思想严密的等级观念对中国文化形成占主导地位。2）英语亲属称

谓语受英美国家平等，独立思想的影响，表现出简单笼统的特征和各层面的文化内涵：在物质层面

上动荡的环境迫使西方人从事海洋商业经济，并建立起平等，独立的契约关系，使用法律制约着西

方人的行为；在心理层面上，基督教宣扬平等的思想对西方文化的形成起决定性作用。（研究发现）本研究意义在于有助于加强中西文化的交流，有助于我们更好的了解中西方文化，有助于全球

化进程中跨文化交际的顺利进行。（研究意义）

关键词：亲属称谓语; 文化差异; 中国文化; 英美文化; 文化阐释

2). 英文摘要详解:

中、英文摘要要求内容一致，应精练、准确地概括全文中心论题、研究背景、研究目的、理论

支撑、研究对象、方法、步骤、样本抽取、研究发现、研究意义；

ABSTRACT

Language is the carrier of culture, at the same time plays an important role in promoting the formation and development of culture. Language faithfully reflects a country’s historical culture, social system, values and customs. As a part of language, kinship terms manifest the formation and development of culture in terms of cultural connotations. Since different countries have distinctive cultures, kinship-term system in each country varies respectively. These differences not only find expressions at the linguistic level, but also reflect national cultural connotations and the relevance among them.（中心论题）

So far most of the researches on kinship terms have been confined to studying a specified language,

such as English or Chinese（研究背景）. The author of the thesis tries to make a tentative comparison

’s three-level-theory of cultural structure（理between Chinese and English kinship terms based on Pangpu

论支撑、研究方法、研究对象、样本抽取等）, trying to interpret their cultural connotations at the material, institutional as well as psychological levels（研究目的）. The research makes the following findings: 1) Chinese kinship terms influenced by the feudal hierarchical system have the specific and meticulous characteristics and reveal a series of cultural connotations. Chinese relatively enclosed geographical surroundings along with abundant natural resources at the material level lead the formation of family-centered agricultural economy. Family is the important unit in ancient Chinese patriarchal society. Chinese people deem country as family in a broad sense, the political system being an extension of moral relation at the institutional level. As to the psychological level, hierarchical notion in Confucianism is the dominant factor in forming Chinese culture. 2) English kinship terms, which are affected by the equality and independence i n western countries bear the simple and general features, and demonstrate cultural connotations at each cultural level: terrible environment at the material level compels westerners to engage in the oceanic and commercial economy. Consequently they establish relationship on equal and independent contract, and apply laws to regulate the whole society at the institutional level. Christianity at the psychological level advocates equality, which plays a decisive role in western cultures.（研究发现）As to the significance, the thesis can be helpful to promote the communication between Chinese culture and western cultures, and enhance our understanding of national culture in comparison with western cultures, thus facilitate our intercultural communication in the process of globalization. （研究意义）

Key Words: Kinship Terms; Cultural Differences; Chinese Culture; English & American Cultures;

Cultural Interpretation

2. Contents

目录写作要点：体现论文的结构及论证过程（可以看作是写作提纲）：

Contents

Part One Introduction................................................................. . (1)

1.1 Research Background....（中心论点、研究背景）.. (1)

1.2 Theories on Language and Culture (支撑理论与方法简要介绍) (2)

1.3 Research Purpose, Significance and Structure of the Thesis...（研究目的、论文结

构）............................................................ . (2)

Part Two Kinship-term Differences in Chinese and English (3)

2.1 Theories on Language and Culture.（理论或方法介绍）. (3)

2.1.1 Relation between Language and Culture......................... .. (4)

2.1.2 Culture at the Material, Institutional and Psychological Levels (4)

2.2 Specific Kinship Terms VS. General Kinship Terms (6)

2.3 Extended Family VS. Nuclear Family（研究对象或样本抽取）... . (9)

Part Three Cultural Interpretation at the Three Levels (12)

3.1 Geographical Distinction at the Material Level................ .. (12)

3.1.1 A Continental Economy....................................... . (12)

3.1.2 An Oceanic Economy................................. (13)

3.2 Ethical Inclination at the Institutional Level........ .. (14)

3.2.1 Moral-Orientation in China............................... .. (14)

3.2.2 Law-Orientation in Western Countries......... . (15)

3.3 Spiritual Support at the Psychological Level........ . (16)

3.3.1 Confucianism: a Hierarchical Doctrine....... .. (16)

3.3.2 Christianity: an Equal Conception..（论证、阐释过程） (17)

Part Four Conclusion....（研究发现、意义）. .............. (19)

Notes........................................................................... . (21)

Bibliography.................................................... (22)

Acknowledgements.................................. . (24)

Appendix.................................................... (25)

3. Writing introduction

The purpose of writing introduction:

1)To capture a reader’s attention and arouse the reader’s interest in the topic.

2)to present your thesis statement

3)to provide some background information so as to clarify the idea.

The introduction may contain a few paragraphs, including:

1) to present the thesis statement of your thesis；

2) to suggest the significance or value of your research；

3) to provide some background information and historic context so as to clarify the your idea or to

make it stand out (it may challenge generally held assumption, the subject you are going to write about or the current state of debate and argument on your topic, etc.).

4) to define the key term or special term used in your thesis.

6) to explain why you do the research in this aspect, and to show how you will approach your topic.

7) to state your assumption to establish the direction of the study to point towards your conclusions；

8) introducing each part of your thesis；

（注意：主要是提出问题和观点；对于上述的引言要点和叙述顺序可以根据情况灵活运用）The introductory paragraph may start with the most general background information to the specific, and then brings forth the most specific topic--- the thesis statement. You can also use historical information to start the first paragraph.

4. Conclusion

The conclusion is a very important part of the thesis because readers will know the final findings you have mainly discussed in the thesis. The conclusion may consist of several paragraphs for 4000 words.

The conclusion may contain:

1)to make a concise restatement of the thesis;

2)how to draw the conclusion;

3)to show the final findings;

4)to point out the limitation, or further study, where you would explore the topic further.

5)to point out the significance or to put forward a solution of a problem, etc.

Focus on your topic, a summary of your thesis or restatement (paraphrase) of your thesis in different ways, but it is not a simple repetition, it is a concise well-organized conclusion in theory, including statement of the subject’s significance, to let readers know the value of your study.

Remember to avoid new ideas (additional ideas), irrelevant information , or asking questions that raise new issues，etc．(注意：在结论部分，避免提出论文以外的观点，不相干内容、问题等)

注：具体的摘要、目录、引言、结论的写作方法请参照论文样本。

Lecture 6 Key words

1. Key words of your thesis:

1) key words to show study subjects, study ranges, etc.

For example:

(1) Chinese political speeches, verb phrases;

(2) John Updike, Rabbit, Run;

(3) Nabokov, Lolita;

(4) Numbers, Cross-cultural Communication,

Influence;

(5) Kinship Address Forms, Social Address Forms, Differences, Culture Communication

2) key words to show theories, approaches, academic terms

Skopostheorie; Subconsciousness, Oedipus Complex; Misreading, Motif parody, Anxiety；

Metaphor;

’s view

3) key words can be used in the titles and sub-titles to show the thesis of the author

For example:

(1) Title: Translation of Verb Phrases in Chinese Political Speeches

Key Words: verb phrases; Chinese political speech; Skopostheorie

Rabbit, Run

（2）Title: Analysis to Oedipus Complex in John Updike’s

Key Words: Subconsciousness; Oedipus Complex; John Updike; Rabbit, Run

2. Search more information with your key words

With the key words of your topic, you may search more useful information or books, articles on the Internet, in the Reference Room, in the library, or in large bookstores. Then you can record, copy, borrow, or buy some valuable books in the bookstores.

For example:

Chinese political speeches; John Updike, Rabbit, Run; Nabokov, Lolita; Cross-cultural Communication;

Skopostheorie; Subconsciousness, Oedipus Complex; Misreading, parody, Anxiet

3. More key words of approaches (for reference):

Allegory 讬喻: 多义性，没有具体的所指….

Eco-criticism 生态批评: 生态链被破坏，人与自然的冲突；帝国文化，殖民与被殖民

Ethnicity 族裔：自我展示文化的特殊性格

Eurocentrism 欧洲中心主义：在文学作品中，将欧洲视为单一的核心，以贬抑的眼光来看待

其他民族。

Feminism 女性主义

Gender 性别

Identity 认同：（多元文化身份开始得到重视，弱势群体开始争夺空间和权利等）

Modernism 现代性：强调旧的传统价值以及固定不变的观念都在逐渐的消失中，all that is solid melts into air.(Marshall Berman)

Sublime 雄浑

Subjectivity 主体性: 主体是个体的自我意识

Transculturation 文化汇流

Lecture 7 Revising, proofreading, punctuation, and preparing your thesis defense

1. The standards of good writing

1) Clarity: clear presentation of the ideas in appropriate grammar and in appropriate vocabulary.

Avoid ambiguity.

2）Accuracy: to express your ideas precisely and exactly.

3）Fluency: smoothly flowing ideas through unity and coherence. A void broken sentences o r abrupt switches of ideas.

2. Revising after the first draft:

In this process，you will make the second draft to bring your paper step by step to perfection．In the second draft，you should make efforts to：

1) Introduction:

a. To check if the introduction draws the readers’ attention.

b. To check if the introduction presents your thesis clearly.

c. To check if the introduction include some background information.

d. To check if you give a clear introduction of the thesis structur

e.

2) The main parts of your thesis:

To make the thesis focus and support your thesis statement.

a. To reconsider the structure to make sure it is logically sound；

b. To evaluate again if the evidence, facts, figures, data, opinions, arguments, and sources reliable.

c. To examine the citations to make the sources unmistakably clear and accurate to ensure t heir

correctness and appropriateness；.

d. To check if you have used good and exact examples to defend the key words.

e. To check if there is any gap in your argument need to be made up, or any points are inadequately

supported.

f. To check if there are unnecessary or irrelevant materials need to be deleted.

3) Conclusion

a. To check if the conclusion summarizes the main points that you have presented in support of the

thesis.

b. To check if your thesis is briefly and clearly restated in the conclusion.

c. To think if there is some limitation or further study need to point out.

d. To see if there is some significance pointed out in your conclusion.

e. To think over if your conclusion has a satisfactory sense of completion.

3. Proofreading

In the third draft，clarity is still the key keynote. You will be careful editing and proofreading: checking every detail of the paper including grammar, word choice, spelling, punctuation, etc. You should make efforts to:

a. To check if a term and some multi-syllable words may cause confusion or misunderstanding.

We can solve the problem by using synonyms or short definitions.

b.Striving for accuracy. The best way to avoid malapropism is to consult a regular dictionary or

synonym dictionary.

．

4. Polishing the language until it is appealing to the readers

1) Long involved sentences may cause confusion, misunderstanding, or make your writing

unnatural and dazzling, for this you can simplify them.

2) To check if you avoid wordiness, and delete unnecessary words, phrases, or clauses.

a. Dropping needless repetition;

b. Avoiding needless expansion.

When a word may work, we need not use a phrase instead to express an idea. When a phrase

is effective, we need not change it into a clause.

c. Omitting the piling –ion words

3)Attending to word formality: to make your wording formal and standard in conformity with

the requirements of the academic paper writing；

s, and dialect in your thesis:

Try to avoid colloquial language, slang, jargon, cliché

For example:

quit →resign; clever →intelligent

exam →examination; expect →suppose;

fellow →man cool →very good

5.Punctuating correctly: (American style for reference) （注意容易出错的标点问题）

(omitted)

6. Preparing for thesis defense

After you have handed in your thesis, a thesis defense is required. Your thesis will be read by a group of committee members.

In an oral defense, you are asked to present your final paper to the committee and answer their questions.

Then the committee will also give the final grade based on your tutor’s comment and evaluation.

Here are some guidelines about how you can prepare for your oral defense effectively.

1) Read your completed thesis after you turn it in and be familiar with its structure, contents,

research method, major findings and major argument.

2)Usually you will be given about 10 minutes to explain your thesis briefly. Prepare your

presentation accordingly.

3)Prepare your presentation your focus should be:

b.define your topic or scope of your paper briefly;

c.your research method or perspective of your analysis;

d.your major research findings or argument.

e.be ready to support your argument with clear, brief and convincing examples or evidence.

4)Think about the questions the committee will ask and prepare your answers in advance. Work

with your friends or classmates and see how you will respond to the main objections of

alternative argument or counter-argument.

5)In the defense itself, be confident and relaxed as best you can. Listen to committee members’

specific questions and present your answers to the point. Please speak clearly and in normal

speed and not to talk too fast.

6)In case you are not clear what they are asking about, just say “Pardeon”, and let them repeat or

explain their questions.

7)If you don not have the ready answer to the difficult questions, do not feel panic. You can either

say something related to the issue, or give them a broad smile and say “I don’t know” and you

are ready to learn.

8)At the end of the oral defense, some committee members may make comments on your thesis or

suggestions f or improving your research. Y ou should respond politely with gratitude for their

suggestions.

In a thesis defense, it is an opportunity for you to demonstrate your understanding of your research topic. Sometimes professors would like to challenge you with a difficult question or counter argument to create a mood of debate and argumentation. Then, do your best.

Lecture 8 2011届英语本科毕业论文格式

（参见2011《英语毕业论文写作指导》）

注意：由中文资料翻译成英语的引文需要在中文人名后加注汉语拼音。例如：

1. Translated by the author. The Chinese quotation is from刘海平（Liu Haiping）、王守仁(Wang Shouren)

(2002)，《美国文学史》（第三卷），上海教育出版社，上海, 第53页.

2. Translated by the author. The Chinese quotation is from杨亦农(Yang Yinong，1991)，约翰?厄普代

克小说述评，《湖南大学学报》，第5期，85页.