8种基本时态及其被动结构

英语8种基本时态

英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态。

二．种类和用法：

1．一般现在时：表示现在或现阶段经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态及客观现实和普遍真理。一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词词尾加-s或-es。

We go shopping once a week. He goes to work by bike every day.

The sun always rises in the east .The light travels faster than the sound .

※一般现在时第三人称单数动词的变化形式。

a)一般情况动词在词尾加-s . come---comes speak---speaks

b)以o, s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词在词后加-es. do---does pass---passes watch---watches

c)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的单词变y为i加-es. study---studies cry---cries

d)以“元音字母＋y”结尾的单词直接加-s. play---plays stay---stays

2．一般过去时: 表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态

I was a student 6 years ago. I went to Beijing last year.

※动词过去式变化规则。

a)一般情况下的词加-ed. work---worked call----called

b)以不发音的字母e结尾的单词直接加-d . live----lived change----changed

c)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的单词，变y为i加-ed. study----studied carry----carried

d)以“元音字母＋y”结尾的单词直接加-ed. play----played stay----stayed

e) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的（x除外）动词，应先双写这个辅音字母然后再加-ed. stop----stopped prefer----preferred

f)动词不规则变化：参照不规则动词表

3．一般将来时: 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的结构是“will+do（动词原形）”。

I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. They will have a meeting next week.

※一般将来时的其他表达法

(1) be going to do，表示“打算或即将做某事”。Tom is going to buy a new car.

(2) be to do 如：The children are to learn English next week.

(3) be about to do 如：The train is about to start.

(4) 用现在进行时表示，多与表示移动的动词come, go, leave, fly等连用。

The bus is coming soon. He is leaving for London tomorrow.

(5) 用一般现在时表示, 下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等的一般现在时表将来。主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的将要发生的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes. 4．过去将来时

过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，其常用的结构是“would+do”主要用于宾语从句中。

He said that he would have a meeting next week. They said we would leave school tomorrow. 5．现在进行时

1)现在进行时表示现在或现在这段时间正在进行的动作。基本结构：be(am, is, are)+ v-ing

I am listening to the radio now. She is writing a letter this year. Look! They are dancing.

2）动词现在分词的构成

①一般动词直接在词后加-ing read – reading work –working

②以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，应先去掉e 然后加–ing

like –liking take –taking

③以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的（x除外）动词，应先双写这个辅音字母然后再加-ing stop –stopping begin –beginning

6 ．过去进行时: 表示过去某一时刻或某阶段时间正在进行的动作，基本结构：be (was/were) +v- ing

It was raining at 7:00 the day before yesterday. We were reading when the teacher came in.

7.现在完成时基本结构have/has + done(动词过去分词)

1）表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响

I have finished this work.

2) 表示过去某时间已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态

I have not heard from her recently.

3) 过去分词的构成（规则变化同过去式的构成，不规则变化，参照不规则动词表）

8.过去完成时: 表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作或状态，强调“过去的过去”。基本结构：had + done(动词过去分词)

When I got to the cinema yesterday the film had begun already.

He had learned English before he came here.

练习：用八种基本时态翻译下列句子

1我每天早上7 点通常打篮球。

2.当今，几乎每个人都有一部手机。

3他们于1978年建这所学校。

4昨天我去游泳了。

5他说他们将于后天去参观长城。

6去年冬天这个时候他们正在盖房子。

7我们将在下学期学习法语。

8那个记者告诉我他已经报道过那个事故了。

9他现在正在玩游戏。

10我已经居住在山东20 年了。

11到上月末为止他已经学了2000个单词了。

12 我的英语老师告诉我他将于下个月出国。

英语语态(Voice)

一语态概述

英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

1 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese. 谓语speak这个动作是由主语many people来执行的。

2 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.主语Chinese是动词speak的承受者，即speak的对象。

二、被动语态的构成：基本结构是"be＋动词的过去分词"，即“be+done”。如果要指出动作的执行者，其结构则变成“be＋动词的过去分词+by+动作执行者"。句子中，人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。例如：

一般现在时：am／is ／are＋done

The song is sung by children often.

一般过去时：was／were＋done

The house was built in 1950.

一般将来时：will be＋done

The thief will be sent to prison tomorrow.

过去将来时：would be＋done

He said his homework would be finished in ten minutes.

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋done

A new school is being built here now.

过去进行时：was／were being＋done

When I went to see him, he was being beaten by his mother.

现在完成时：have／has been＋done

My homework has been finished now.

过去完成时：had been + done

Tom came and told me that his homework had been finished.

三了解另外的被动语态结构

被动语态的基本结构是“be+done”，但有时句子中也会出现另一种被动语态结构，即“get 或become+过去分词(done)”。

如：He was angry because he didn’t get invited.

The water in the river has become polluted by industrial waste（工业垃圾）

此外，情态动词的被动语态结构是：情态动词+be+done

如：This work can be finished by him alone. Your homework must be handed in after class.

练习：把下列句子变为被动句

1 Girls often borrow these books.

2 Mother gave me a present.

3 The rich boss will build a factory in the village.

4 The headmaster told us the school would organize a picnic next week.

5 The workers are repairing the road.

6 The doctors were operating on him in the hospital at that time.

7 The government has cut the price of house recently.

8 By the end of last year, he had written 20 novels.

作文题材：

作文1 : 假定由你负责接待一个外国旅游团。请你拟定一篇发言稿向游客介绍南京。要点如下：

1.南京位于中国东南部，是江苏省省会，人口约500万。

2. 南京有2400多年历史，曾有10个朝代在此建都。

3. 南京很美，有许多名胜，如玄武湖、鸡鸣寺、石头城等，还有许多现代化的工厂和高大的楼房。

词数：100左右开头结尾已给出

参考词汇：places of interest名胜dynasty 朝代

Ladies and gentlemen,

Welcome to our city.

________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________.

I’m sure you will have a good time here.

Thank you.

作文2 ：国际文化交流中心将组织一次由各国学生参加的“和平，友爱”夏令营活动，要求报名者提交英文个人简介。假设你是李琳，请根据下列信息写一篇个人简介

姓名：李琳性别：女年龄：15岁

学校：广州第一中学其他：爱好音乐，摄影；善于与人交流，乐于助人；热爱自然，热爱和平

参加夏令营的目的：结交朋友，了解外国文化

注意：词数约100词。可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：the Peace & Friendship Summer Camp “和平，友爱”夏令营活动

作文3 假如你是一名建筑工人(builder)，名叫李华。在修建地基时挖出一些古代文物。一部分人建议(suggest)卖掉，可以得到一些钱，但你不同意。请你用英语给China Daily的编辑写一封信反映此情况，阐明你的理由，并提出建议。

参考词汇：修建地基lay a foundation of；财产wealth；捐赠donate…to…

Dear Editor,

________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________.

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua