西安理工大学英语考试翻译

1.Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists are using a new technique to see fingerprints on surfaces that typically make them invisible. The method uses a technology called mini-X-ray fluorescence to detect chemical elements in fingerprints without altering them, said Christopher Worley, a scientist on the project. “The conventional methods are meant to bring out fingerprint patterns with regular light and they have to treat those with powder, which alters them,” Worley said.“With this you don't have to al ter it or treat it at all. We can determine the elements in a fingerprint and get a pattern at the same time.” The technology focuses a tight beam of X-rays on surfaces with fingerprints and creates a computer picture out of those scans. The equipment cost s about $175,000. “For big labs, the method could be a great way to bring out prints that can't be seen any other way,” said VahidMajidi, another lab scientist. (照应，重复)

1.美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家们采用了一种新技术，可以观察到原本很难在物体表面上看见的指纹。参与该科研项目的科学家克里斯托弗〃沃尔利说，该方法使用了一种“微Ｘ射线束荧光技术”，可以探测到指纹携带的化学成分，却不会改变指纹的保存状态。沃尔利说：“传统的方法是通过常规光线使指纹显示出来，而且要借助粉末等物质，这会改变指纹保存的状况。有了这种新方法，你根本用不着改变或处理指纹了，我们可以测定指纹所含的化学成分，同时获取指纹图案。”这项技术将一束密集的 X 光对准留有指纹的物体表面，并根据扫描结果创建出计算机图像。这套设备造价 17.5 万美元。该实验室的另一位科学家瓦希德〃马吉德表示，对那些大实验室来说，这是获取用其他方法看不到的印迹的最好方法。

2.Finnish scientists have invented a device to make it harder to steal mobile phones and laptops by enabling them to detect changes in their owner's walking style and then freeze to prevent unauthorized use. The device is equipped with sensors that me asure certain characteristics of the user’s gait. When the device is used for the first time, these measurements are saved in its memory.Thus, it could prevent millions of portable appliances being stolen every year. The gadget would monitor the user’s wal king style and check it against the saved information. If the values differ, the user would have to enter a password. Compared with passwords and traditional bio-identification, the new method is simple: confirmation of identity takes place as a background process without any need for user’s intervention.（照应或者词汇重复，连接）

2.芬兰科学家最近发明了一种用于手机和笔记本电脑等珍贵便携式电子产品的防盗装臵。该装臵能记忆主人的行走姿势，一旦发现有陌生人盗用就会使机器停止工作。这种防盗装臵配有可以准确识别使用者步态特征的传感器。当装臵第一次被使用时，它所获得的数据就储存在了记忆库里。因此，这种防盗装臵的出现可以使小型电子产品失窃的局面得到控制。这种装臵能够检测使用者的步态，并检查是否与所存储的主人的步态一致。一旦发现使用者的步态与原来的不同，防盗装臵将会要求使用者输入密码。与常见的密码验证和传统的生物验证方式相比较，这种防盗装臵使防盗工作变得更加简单：装有防盗装臵的机器可以在工作的同时自动识别使用者的身份，而不需要使用者的附加操作。

3.Why aren’t there more women physicists, and in senior positions? One factor may be unconscious biases that could keep women physicists from advancing—and may even prevent women from going into physics in the first place. Amy Bug, a physicist at SwarthmoreCollege, examined the bias question.Her research team trained four actors—two men, two women—to give a 10-minute physics lecture. Real physics classes watched the lecturers. Then the 126 students were surveyed. When it came to questions of physics ability—whether the lecturer had a good grasp of the material, and knew how to use the equipment—male

lecturers got higher ratings by both male and female students. But when asked how well the lecturer relates to the students, each gender preferred their own. And while female students gave a slight preference to female lecturers, male students overwhelmingly rated the male lecturers as being superior. The research appears in the journal Physics World. Bug says the results may be evidence of inherent biases that could hold women back—along with economic inequalities, such as lower wages and smaller start-up grants, which reduce career acceleration and thus the amount of force available to crack the glass ceiling.（照应，词汇重复，连接）

3.为何女性物理学家较少，具有高级职称的也不多呢？有一个因素，即无意识的偏见，可能就是影响女性物理学家进步，甚至使女性无法成为物理学翘楚的罪魁祸首。艾米〃巴格，斯沃斯莫尔学院的一名物理学家，曾研究了这个偏见问题。她的研究团队训练了 4 名表演者--两男两女---给她们十分钟做物理学讲座，由就读于物理系的学生去听讲座，然后对 126 名学生进行调查。当学生对物理学科水平评价时，比如演讲者是否熟知讲课内容，是否了解如何使用设备，男性演讲者得到的评价更高。但是当问及演讲者与学生间的互动时，学生更认同与自己同性别的演讲者。不过女学生仅表示出一丝对女性演讲者的偏爱，而大多数男学生则认为男性演讲者更优秀。此研究发表在《物理世界》这个期刊上。巴格认为此项研究结果指出了对女性物理学家人们所持有的先天性偏见的证据，更别说其他经济上的不平等，比如更低的工资和更少的启动津贴。这些都会降低她们职业上的腾升速度，从而更难以积蓄力量打破升迁瓶颈了。

5.Chemical changes take place on the molecular level. A chemical change produces a new substance. Examples of chemical changes include combustion (burning), cooking an egg, rusting of an iron pan, and mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to make salt and water. Physical changes are concerned with energy and states of matter. A physical change does not produce a new substance. Changes in state or phase (melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation) are physical changes. Examples of physical changes include crushing a can, melting an ice cube, and breaking a bottle. A chemical change makes a substance that wasn't there before. There may be clues that a chemical reaction took place, such as light, heat, color change, gas production, odor, or sound. The starting and ending materials of a physical change are the same, even though they may look different.（词汇重复，词汇搭配关系） 5.化学反应发生在分子水平上。化学反应能够生成新的物质，比如，氧化（燃烧）、煮鸡蛋、铁锅的生锈以及盐酸和氢氧化钠反应生成盐和水。物理反应是与能量和物质状态相关的。一个物理反应不会生成新的物质。发生在形状和相态（熔化、凝固、汽化、液化、升华）的变化是物理反应，比如，罐状容器被压扁、冰块融化、瓶子破碎。化学反应使物质发生质的变化（不同于原物质的性质）。像光、热、颜色变化、气体生成、气味或者声音都是伴随着化学反应发生的。虽然物质形状不同，但是物理反应的起始物质和最终物质的本质是相同的。

6.Many believe that science is merely a collection of facts, that it develops by the gathering of these facts and slowly approaches the truth about nature. According to this view, the so-called scientific method is the basis for scientific development. The scientific method is said to have three steps. The first step is that of careful observation---- often involves looking for relationships among different kinds of events. If a specific relationship seems to be true in a number of cases, without any exceptions, then it may be hypothesized that the relationship holds in general. The second step of the scientific method may be the formulation of such a general hypothesis. Or it may be an attempt to explain phenomena by theorizing the existence of a deeper reality. Examples of the 3 -latter are the atomic theory of matter and the wave theory of light. No one has over

actually seen an atom with the eye nor seen light travel as a wave; that is why we call them theories or hypotheses rather than facts. The value of such theories is that they can be used to explain many unobservable phenomena. A good theory then, results in a more unified view of nature. When a theory brings together many phenomena under a single concept, the hypothesized relationship is called a natural law. The third step, the testing of the theory, may involve further experimental testing of hypothesized relationships. Or it may be experimental verification of new phenomena predicted by a new theory. For example, Einstein’s theory of relativity predicted that mass could be changed into energy; and energy into mass (this is the meaning for the famous equation E=mc2). That this change might be possible had not previously been thought of, but a few years after Einstein’s prediction it was experimentally verified. （重复，连接：时间关系）

6.很多人认为,科学只是事实的积累，科学通过收集这些事实而获得发展，并慢慢地接近自然真理。根据这一观点，所谓科学的研究方法正是科学发展的基础。科学的研究方法可以包括三个阶段。第一阶段----仔细观察阶段，常常需要寻找各种事件之间的关系。如果某一特定关系在很多情况下看来都正确而无一例外，则可以假设这种关系是普遍存在的。科学研究方法的第二阶段可能是将这种一般的假设公式化，也可能是试图通过对更深刻的现实存在进行推理来解释各种现象。物质的原子理论和光的波动理论就属于后一种情况。从未有人亲眼看到过原子，也没有人看到光以波浪形式传播，这就是为什么我们把它们称作理论或假设，而不称作事实。这种理论的价值就在于，他们可以用来解释许多无法观测的现象。因此，一个好的理论能够使人们在对自然的认识方面达成更好的共识。如果某种理论能够通过一个概念把许多现象划归为一类，那么这个假设关系就成为自然定律。第三阶段，即检验真理阶段，可能需要对所假设的关系通过实验进一步加以检验，也可能通过实验来证明新理论所预言的新现象。爱因斯坦的相对论预言，质量可以转变为能量，能量也可以转变为质量（这就是著名的方程式 E=mc2 的含义）。以前从未想到够这一转变是可能的，但是在爱因斯坦提出这个预言几年后，这一点就被实验所证明了。

8.Thanks to its simplicity and scalability, electromagnetic induction is still the technology of choice among many of the remaining companies in the wireless-charging arena. But, as Splashpower found, turning the theory into profitable practice is not straightforward. One of the main difficulties for companies has been persuading manufacturers to incorporate charging modules into their devices. But lately there have been some promising developments. The first is the formation in December 2008 of the Wireless Power Consortium, a body dedicated to establishing a common standard for inductive wireless charging, and thus promoting its adoption. The new consortium’s members include big consumer-electronics firms, such as Philips and Sanyo, as well as Texas Instruments (TI), a chipmaker. Menno Treffers, chairman of the consortium and director of standardization at Philips, says universal standards are the single most important requirement for the adoption of wireless charging. Philips is one of the few companies to have commercialized wirelessly charged devices—notably, electric toothbrushes and something it calls an “intimate dual massager”. Meanwhile, Mr. Treffers acknowledges that a more 5 collaborative approach is needed to ensure that different devices, such as mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras, can share the same charging equipment. (照应，连接，搭配关系，词汇重复)

8.由于电磁感应的简易性和扩展性，电磁感应仍然是许多涉足无线充电领域公司的首选技术。但是，就像斯比力公司认为的那样，要把理论转化为可盈利的实际产品并非易事。虽然其中一个最主要的困难就是公司要说服设备制造商在他们的设备中加入充电模块，但是最近的一些进展让人看到了一线希望。首先就是无线电源协会于 2008 年 12 月成立。该协会致力于建立一个统一的无线充电行业标准，并推动其实践应用。该协会成员包括大的电子消费品生产厂商，比如飞利浦和三洋，以

及芯片制造商德州仪器（TI）。无线电源协会主席门诺，同时也是飞利浦公司标准化部门主任，认为统一标准是无线充电得以应用的关键。飞利浦公司是少数几家生产商用无线充电产品的厂商之一,特别是电动牙刷和一款称之为“贴身双面按摩器”的产品非常引人注目。同时，门诺也认为应该寻求一种方法，使众多的设备（比如手机、笔记本电脑和数码相机）的充电设备能够通用。

9.If you are looking for information, library shelves are a good place to start. But if you need up-to-the-minute data or have specialized needs, you may find a computerized database more useful, less expensive, and less time consuming. A database, a file of information on one subject or family of subjects, can be stored and maintained in a computer’s memory. The speed of the computer then enables you to recall any item in this file almost instantly. The three main types of databases are statistical, bibliographic, and full text. Statistical databases store vast amounts of numerical data, such as wage and price indexes, census information, foreign exchange rates, and bond prices. Bibliographic databases store references to and summaries of articles in periodicals and newspapers. Full-text databases offer the complete texts of such materials as newspaper, magazine, and journal articles. (连接，词汇重复)

9.如果你想获取信息，去图书馆的书架上寻找是个不错的选择。但是，如果你需要最新的信息数据，或者有特殊的需求，你会发现电脑数据库更有用，更便宜，也更省时。数据库是一个科目或一类科目的信息文件，它可以被存储并保留在电脑记忆库中。电脑的速度能使你即刻就能调出该文件中的任何一个文件。数据库主要有三种类型：统计文件，文献目录和资料全文。统计数据库储存大量的数字数据，如工资和价格指数，人口普查资料，外汇比价以及债券价格。文献目录存储各类期刊和报纸文章的有关情况和内容概要。资料全文数据库提供诸如报纸，杂志以及期刊文章的全文。

10.Energy in nature comes in many different forms. Heat is a form of energy. A lot of heat energy comes from the sun.Heat can also come from a forest fire or,in much smaller quantities,from the warm body of an animal. Light is another form of energy. It also comes from the sun and from the stars.Some animals and even plants produce small amounts of light energy.Radio waves and ultraviolet rays are other forms of energy. Then there is electricity, which is yet another sort of energy. There are some things about energy that are difficult to understand. The fact that it constantly changes from one form to another makes energy rather like a disguised artist. When you think you know what energy is, suddenly it has changed into a totally different form. But one thing is certain: energy never disappears and,equally,it never appears from nowhere. People used to think that energy and matter were two completely different things. We now know that energy and matter are interchangeable. Tiny amounts of matter convert 6 into unbelievably huge amounts of nuclear energy. The sun produces nuclear energy from hydrogen gas and, day by day, its mass gets less, as matter is converted to energy. (连接，词汇搭配，照应)

10.自然界的能量有许多不同的形式。热能就是一种形式的能量。热能有许多是来自太阳。森林大火也可以产生热能，甚至一个动物温暖的身体也可以产生少许的热能。光能是能量的另一种形式，也是来自太阳和星星。一些动物甚至植物也可以产生少量的光能。无线电波和紫外线也是能量形式。另外，电能也是一种能量形式。有关能量的一些事情很难理解。宛若一位化妆师，能量不断从一种形式转变为另一种形式，当你自认为了解它的时候，它突然变成了另一种完全不同的形式。但是有一点是肯定的：能量永远不会消失，同样，它也不会无端地产生。过去，人们认为能量和物质是两种完全不同的东西。现在我们知道，能量和物质是可以转换的。微量的物质可以转换为令人难以臵信的巨大核能。太阳利用氢气产生核能，但当氢气转化为能量，其质量也日益减少。