【最新】高考英语专题讲座-语法填空—语法复习整理
专题2 语法填空（二）——语法复习
方法与知识
优等生基本没有知识的问题，所以优等生的备考冲刺重点在于： 1.梳理正确的做题方法和技巧； 2.精选难度适中的训练题。
动词的时态和语态
命题规律
时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能
力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。高考对时态的考查非常灵活且
难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对
固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。
时态和语态高考常考点：
（1）一般现在时考点分析：①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）。②表示现状、性质、状态时多
用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。③表示
知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。
但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。⑤少数用于表示起止的
动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替
将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
（2）一般过去时的考点分析：①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体
的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的
事通常用过去式。②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓
语动词连用过去式。③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常用用一般过去时。
（3）一般将来时考点分析：①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边
用如tomorrow、next week等）。②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准
备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从
句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、
禁止，可能性等。be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
（4）现在进行时考点分析：①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；
表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行
时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作
的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
（5）过去完成时考点分析：①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用
had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示
即：hoped / planned … + to have done。（C）“时间名词+ before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；
“时间名词+ ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语+ 过去分词+ when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态
代替过去完成时。
（6）过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。
（7）过去进行时考点分析。①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。②某一动作发
生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
（8）现在完成时考点分析。①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短
语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。②下列句型中常用现在完
完成时；This(Tha t 成时It is (has been) + 一段时间+ since从句；This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that +
从句+ 完成时。
完成时；This(that / It)is the best / finest / m ost interesting … + that
/ It)is the only … + that +
③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
（9）被动语态考点分析：被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受
者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题：①主动变化被动时双宾语的
变化。②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。
【考例分析】
【例1】He ______ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.
可确定，用过去进行时，构成并列谓语。
【解析】was pretending 由“and giving”
【例2】Where men control the household, less money ______ (spend) on healthcare and food, which results in poorer health for children.
【解析】is spent money与spend之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态，从句时态提示应用一般现在时。
【例3】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ______ (find) that he has run out of salt.
可知，用一般过去时。
【解析】found 主格代词he后应为谓语动词，由语境由One day和“invited”
【例4】In 1969，the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It ____(be)
新课标全国卷Ⅰ]
unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. [2014·
【解析】was考查动词时态。上文提到的事情是1969年的事情，所以这里应该用过去式。
【例5】One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop . . . . . . A boy on a bike __65__(catch) my attention. [2014新课标全国卷Ⅱ]
可知本文叙述【解析】caught考查动词时态。根据文章第一句“One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop…”
的是一件过去发生的事情，所以使用一般过去时。
辽宁卷] 【例6】Jonny：Be patient！Tai Chi ____(call) “shadow boxing” in English. [2014·
【解析】is called 考查被动语态。这句话的意思是：太极在英语中被称为是shadow boxing，这里用一般现在时的被动：is called。
广东卷]
【例7】He walked in as if he ____ (buy) the school. [2012·
【解析】had bought考查虚拟语气及时态。在主格人称代词he后，显然是作谓语；又因他不可能买下了这个学校，故应用虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，故填had bought。
【例8】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen .Suddenly, he _______ (find)that he had run out of salt.【2013·广东卷】
【解析】found。考查谓语动词的时态。根据句意：他突然发现他没有盐了。此处缺谓语，再根据本文为讲
述一个故事，故这里谓语动词应用一般过去时。
【方法总结】规律方法5：如何判断空格处应填时态、语态、语气？
(1) 寻找关键信息词。题干中的某些关键信息对于解答时态、语态、语气类的题目尤为重要。[来源学科网ZXXK]
(2) 利用上下文语境。利用上下文语境是解决时态、语态、语气类题目常用的最有效的方法，
(3) 判断是否是客观真理。如果句子所表达的是客观真理、寓言故事、谚语、格言等，通常用一般现在时。
非谓语动词
命题规律
非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点。考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；
非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足
语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、
语义下的运用。
非谓语动词高考常考点：
（1）非谓语动词的时态和语态
主动形式被动形式
动词不定
式
一般式to do to be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done
to have been
done
完成进行式
to have been[来源学科网Z|X|X|K]
doing
动词－ing[来源学&科&网Z&X&X&K]形式
一般式doing being done[来源学§科§网Z§X§X§K]
完成式having done
having been
done
过去分词只有一种形式done
（2）非谓语动词作状语
①不定式作状语： a.作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。b. 作结果状语，常用结构enough to，too...to...，only to等。c. 作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised
等。d. 在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”的结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。
②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语：a. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同
时或几乎同时发生，having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生的动作。 b. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。
③过去分词作状语： a. 过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
b. 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时作状语时相当于形容词作状语。
④不定式与动词－ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语的比较：不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果；而
动词－ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。
⑤动词－ing形式(现在分词)与过去分词作状语的比较：作状语时，是用动词－ing形式(现在分词)还是过去分词，取决于该动词与主语之间的关系，若为意义上的主动关系，则用动词－ing形式(现在分词)；若为动宾关系，则用过去分词。
（3）非谓语动词作定语
①不定式作定语： a. 不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物
动词，一般要跟相应的介词。但是，如果不定式修饰的名词是time，place，way等，不定式后面的介词习
惯省去。b. 若名词前有序数词、最高级或no，all，only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。 c. 用来修饰抽象名词时常用不定式作定语，常见的有ability，chance，attempt，warning等。
②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作定语：动词－ing形式(现在分词)作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上
的主谓关系，表示动作的主动和进行。
③过去分词作定语：过去分词作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示动作的被动和
完成。
（4）非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语：
①不定式作宾补： a. 常跟不定式作宾补的动词有advise，allow，ask，tell，teach，encourage，cause等。
b. 感官动词和使役动词后面作宾补的不定式不带to，但变为被动语态，作主补的不定式需带to。常见的词有：一感觉：feel；二听：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作宾补的不定式符号to可有可无。
c. 下列结构中用不定式作主补，例如be said/reported/believed/considered to等。
②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作宾补：动词－ing形式(现在分词)作宾补时强调宾语发出的动作正在进行。
常见带有这种复合宾语的动词有：六让：make，let，have，get，keep，leave；三看：look at，see，watch；两听：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一发现：find；一感觉：feel等。
③过去分词作宾补：过去分词作宾补时其动词形式与宾语发出的动作有逻辑上的被动关系，且表示完
成。
（5）非谓语动词作宾语：
①有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语，常见的有agree，afford，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise等。
②有些动词或短语只能跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，常见的有admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，imagine，mind，miss(错过)，risk，suggest, be used to(习惯于)，can't stand(无法忍受)，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to等。
③有些动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，意义区别不大，但表示经常性的动作
常用动词－ing形式(动名词)，表示具体的动作常用不定式，常见的有begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer等。
④有些动词或短语既可跟不定式又可跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但意义有着明显的区别，常见
的有：forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)；forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)；remember to do sth. 记得去做某事(未做)；remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)；try to do sth. 尽力去做某事；try doing sth. 试着做某事；regret to do sth. 对即将做的事感到遗憾(未做)；regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到后悔(已做)；stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事(此处不定式作状语)；doing sth. 停止做某事；mean to do sth. 打算做某事；mean doing sth. 意味着做某事；go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事；go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事；can't help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事；can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
⑤动词need，want，require后跟doing作宾语时，主动形式表示被动含义，另外be worth doing也是主动表示被动。
⑥介词后一般跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前面有实义动词
do则不带to，反之则带to。
⑦动词如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等词后接不定式作宾语，宾语后跟形容词或名词作
宾补，此时要用it作形式宾语。
⑧某些动词跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但需跟不定式作宾补，常见的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。
（6）非谓语动词作主语和表语：
①不定式与动词－ing形式(动名词)作主语和表语的区别：不定式表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动
作；动词－ing形式(动名词)表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时常用it作形式主语而把不定式或动词－ing 形式(动名词)置后。
②过去分词与动词－ing形式(现在分词)作表语的区别：两者作表语时基本都是已经形容词化的动词－
ing形式(动名词)或过去分词，此时表示“令人……的”用动词－ing形式(现在分词)；表示“感到……的”用过
去分词。
【考例分析】
【例1】It is so dangerous that our guides will have guns (scare) the animals away if they come too near.
【答案】to scare
【解析】考查非谓语动词。不定式表目的。
【例2】H The next day, a man named Zhi Sou saw them working and tried to stop them, ______ (say), “You are silly!...”
【答案】saying
【解析】考查非谓语动词。现在分词做状语, 表示主动。
【例3】Later, ______ (move) by Yu Gong, the God of the Heavens ordered another god to take the two big mountains away.
【答案】moved，
【解析】考查非谓语动词。过去分词做状语，表示被动。
【例4】But she is thinking of (switch) to a different way of transport--a bicycle．
【答案】switching
【解析】考查非谓语动词。think of后面跟动名词，作宾语。
【方法总结】如何判断空格处应填非谓语动词？
(1) 正确判断非谓语动词。句子按照结构可分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要
连词来引导，如果句子中出现了连词，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语
动词。
(2) 正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系。
确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其
逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。非谓语动词作
状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语
动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管
是作什么成分的非谓语动词都具有以下特点：
1．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词；
2．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。
(3)正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序
非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动词发生
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