英国文学发展史一览Word版
英国文学发展史一览
1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period
Time: about 7th century
Features: verse literature （唱诗）
two groups: pagan （非宗教性的） and religious
Main works:
“Beowulf”
poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf
2.English Literature of Middle Centuries
Time: mid 11th Century – 15th Century
Features:
1.influence of the Norman Conquest
2.Main works and writers:
3.the Romances （骑士文学）
4.Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”
3.English Literature of Renaissance
Time: early 16th Century—mid 17th Century
Features: the first glori ous period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds …” （百家争鸣，百花齐放）
Main writers:
1.Thomas More
2.Edmund Spencer
3.Francis Bacon
4.Shakespeare
4.English Literature during the Bourgeois Revolution
Time:1625—1688
The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642
Features:
Puritan age represented by John Milton
Main literary form: Poetry
Main writers:
John Milton 1608--1674
5.English Literature of the 18th Century
Features:
Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期）
It is divided into 3 stages:
1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730’s;
2.The mature period (1740’s—1750’s);
3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century.
Main authors:
（小说家）Daniel Defoe， Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding
（诗人）Alexander Pope
6.Romanticism in England
Time: 1798--1832
Features:
1.是英国文学史上诗歌最为繁盛的时期；
2.分为消极和积极两组。
Main poets:
1.以William Wordsworth 为代表的消极派“湖畔派诗人”
2.以Shelley, Baron, Keats 为代表的积极派诗人。
7.English Literature of the Mid & Late 19th Century
Features:
又被称为“Critical Realism Period”即批判现实主义阶段；
以Charles Dickens 和William Thackeray 为代表的现实主义小说家；
作品集中反映19世纪英国的社会现实；
开始涌现一批女作家：有大家熟悉的Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte, 她们的代表作有《呼啸山庄》和《简爱》
8.English Literature of the 20th Century
Features:
二十世纪以来，英国在世界上的主导地位日渐趋淡，二战以后更是附属于美国；国内女权运动高涨；
文学作品多反映中下层人民的生活，涉及诸多生活侧面；
抒情诗再领潮流。
Main writers:
1.Bernard Shaw 的戏剧；
2.D.H. Lawrence 的情爱小说；
3.James Joyce 的意识流小说，“Stream of Consciousness”
4.William Butler Yeats 的诗歌。
Appreciation of poetry from the aspect of Versification
Contents
Ⅰ. Meter
Ⅱ. Foot
Ⅲ. Rhythm
Ⅳ. Sound patterns
Ⅴ. Rhyme
Ⅵ. Rhyme Scheme
Ⅶ. Forms of poem
Ⅷ. Appreciations
Ⅰ.meter （格）
1.concept:the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
2.types:
“︶” stands for unstressed syllable and “_” represents stressed syllable. “\” is used to separate different feet.
1．抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,
Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
注:art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：
︶－／︶－／︶－／（︶－）
2．扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake: The Tyger
上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－︶／－︶／－︶／－
3．抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaest foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
三音步抑抑扬格︶︶－／︶︶－／︶︶－
4．扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。
ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,
ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.
-- Thomas Hood
两音步扬抑抑格－︶︶／－︶︶
5．抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。
如：三音步抑扬抑格︶－︶／︶－︶／︶－︶
下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight.
注：在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
Ⅱ. Foot （音步）
1. Concept: a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllable
2.Types:
?Monometer: one foot; Pentameter: five feet ?Dimeter: two feet; Hexameter: six feet ?Trimeter: three feet; Heptameter: seven feet ?Tetrameter: four feet; Octameter: eight feet
Distinction between “foot” and “meter”
Foot is not to be confused with meter, though the names for feet end with “-meter”. Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. Foot is applied with a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line.
Note: Meter+foot =metrical rhythm/versification
Ⅲ. Rhythm （节奏/韵律）
concept: The passage of regular or approximately equivalent time intervals between definite events or the recurrence of specific sounds or kinds of sounds or the recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables is called rhythm.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Ⅴ.rhyme （押韵）
1.concept: the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds
e.g. Home, Foam; chair, there
2. types:
Ⅵ. Rhyme Scheme（韵式）
1.Concept: The arrangement of rhymes in a poem or stanza.
2.types:
1．end rhyme（尾韵）occurs at the end of a line.
1）联韵：“aabb”型。
I shot an arrow into the air, a
It fell to earth, I knew not wh ere a
For, softly it flew, the s ight b
Could not follow it in its fl ight. b
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
2）交叉韵：abab型。
Sunset and evening star, a
And one clear call for me! b
And may there be no moaning of the bar, a
When I put out to sea, b
Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 头韵(alliteration)：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner
3．内韵：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring
Ⅶ.Forms of poem （诗体）
Form is the design of a poem, the particular pattern it takes when it is written on paper. In each poem, we usually find a number of similar units. Each unit may have three lines, four lines or more. This recurring unit of
a
poem is called stanza.（诗节）
2. Forms of Poetry
1）.Blank verse （无韵诗体）
Blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter, a line consisting of five feet of unstressed and stressed syllables. （由不押韵的诗行组成的诗体，通常是抑扬格五音步）
Examples: Shakespeare's plays, Milton's Paradise Lost and Wordsworth's Prelude are written in blank verse. The following is from Shakespeare's As You Like It :
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances.
2）.Couplet （对偶句）
Couplet: a pair of rhymed lines which may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Popular in the eighteenth century, a couplet may be long or short, but usually contain a complete thought in itself, the first line ending with a pause and the second line with a full stop.(包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位。)
Examples: Geoffrey Chaucer and John Dryden among others have written in couplets. The following is from Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe".
All human things are subject to decay
And when fate summons, monarchs must obey.
3）.Tercet（同韵三行诗节）
Tercet:a three-line stanza, also called terza rima, which, if rhymed, keeps to one rhyme sound. （由三行诗文组成的一个诗节，通常压同韵或与另一三行诗节压韵）
Example: Dante's Divine Comedy and Shelley's "Ode to
the West Wind" used this stanza. The following is from Shelley.
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
4）.Quatrain(四行诗)
Quatrain: a four-line stanza in many line lengths and sometimes in lines of varying length, rhymed usually in lines two and four.
（四行一节的诗）
Example: This stanza is used very often in English poetry, most notably in ballads, and in Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" and Tennyson's
In Memoriam. Here is an example from Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break".
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
5）.Sonnet(十四行诗)
Sonnet: a fourteen-line stanza of iambic pentameter. Coming originally from Italy and used often to write love poems, the English sonnet has different rhyme schemes. The Italian sonnet, or Petrarchan sonnet（(意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的) 彼特拉克体十四行诗）, consists of an octave (8-line stanza) and sestet (6-line stanza), rhymed abba abba cdecde. The English sonnet, initiated by Edmund Spenser called Spenserian Stanza, rhymed abab-bcbc-cdcd-ee S hakespearean sonnet, consists of three quatrains and a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg. Most English poets have written sonnets and some have written a series of sonnets on certain subjects. The most famous sonnet sequences are Spenser's Amoretti, Shakespeare's Sonnets and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese.
6）. Epigram (讽刺短诗;警句;隽语诗,)
Epigram: a short poem ending in a witty turn of thought. Brief and rhymed, epigram is usually satiric, mercilessly playful and sometimes malicious. Example: The following is from J.V. Cunningham (1911-1985) :
This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained
Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained
7）. Limerick: (五行打油诗)
Limerick:five anapestic lines usually rhymed aabba. Made popular by Edward Lear (1812-1888), author of nonsense poems, limerick is humorous and playful. （一种通俗幽默短诗，有五行组成，韵式为aabba）
Example: The following is from an anonymous author and about Einstein's theory of relativity.
There was a young lady named Bright
Who traveled much faster than light.
She started one day
In the relative way
And returned on the previous night.
Ⅷ.Appreciate the following sonnet
That Time of Year
By Shakespeare
That time of year thou may’st in me behold
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,
In me thou see’st the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west,
When by and by black night doth take away,
Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest.
In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.
As the deathbed whereon it must expire,
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
Notes:
may’st: may
behold: see
late: no long ago
thou: you see’st:see
fadeth: fades
doth: does
seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬
thy: your
perceivest: perceive
ere long: before long
Hints
Write your criticism according to the following guides.
1.forms
2.foot+meter
3.rhyme
4.Chinese translation
5.imagery
Sonnets appreciation
1. Italian Sonnet
2. Spenserian Sonnet
3. Shakespearian Sonnet
Bacon, Francis
LIFE Bacon, Francis (philosopher) (1561-1626), English philosopher and
statesman, one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought.
WORKS
Bacon's writings fall into three categories:
philosophical,
purely literary,
professional.
The best of his philosophical works
The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》 (1605), a review in English of the state of knowledge in his own time, and Novum Organum《新工具》(1620).
Chief contributions to literature
Bacon‘s Essays《随笔》, his chief contributions to literature, were published at various times between 1597 and 1625. His History of Henry VII 《亨利七世王朝史》(1622) shows his abilities in scholarly research. In his fanciful New Atlantis《新大西岛》 Bacon suggested the formation of scientific academies.
Professional works
Bacon's professional works include Maxims of the Law (1630), Reading on the Statute of Uses (1642), pleadings in law cases, and speeches in Parliament. The theory that Bacon, rather than an obscure actor from Stratford-upon-Avon, is the true author of William Shakespeare's plays has been thoroughly discredited.
Essays---Of Study(论读书）1
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves go give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
Of Study 2
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.（2） Some books
are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have more cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.
Of Study 3
（3）Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are Cymini sectores. If he be not able to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer’s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
Translation of the underlined
1.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
2.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。
3.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩，凡有所学，皆成性格。
Translation of the whole 1
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。
2
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。（王佐良先生译）
?English Literature
◆Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature
?By Tiger He
◆The Old English Period
?Origin of the English Nation
?The Roman Conquest
?The English Conquest
?The Old English Language
?The literature of the Old English Period
?Beowulf
?Assignments
?2.T h e M e d i a l E n g l i s h P e r i o d
?Overview of Periods of Early English History
Pre-History—1066 A. D.
◆Pre-Roman/Pre-Historical à up to 55 B. C.
◆Roman Occupation à 55 B. C. – 410 A. D.
◆Anglo-Saxon Period 410 – 787 A. D.
◆Viking Invasions 787 – 1066 A. D.
◆Norman Conquest begins in 1066
?Origin of the English Nation
?Many centuries ago, the Celts were taken as the earliest natives, who were later also called the Britons. The Celt is One of an Indo-European people originally of central Europe and spreading to western Europe, the
British Isles, and southeast to Galatia during pre-Roman times. They actually knew nothing of a written language.
英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学发展史一览
英国文学发展史一览 1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period Time: about 7th century Features: verse literature （唱诗） two groups: pagan （非宗教性的）and religious Main works: “Beowulf” poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf 2.English Literature of Middle Centuries Time: mid 11th Century – 15th Century Features: 1.influence of the Norman Conquest 2.Main works and writers: 3.the Romances （骑士文学） 4.Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales” 3.English Literature of Renaissance Time: early 16th Century—mid 17th Century Features: the first glori ous period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds …” （百家争鸣，百花齐放） Main writers: 1.Thomas More 2.Edmund Spencer 3.Francis Bacon 4.Shakespeare 4.English Literature during the Bourgeois Revolution Time:1625—1688 The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642 Features: Puritan age represented by John Milton Main literary form: Poetry Main writers: John Milton 1608--1674 5.English Literature of the 18th Century Features: Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期） It is divided into 3 stages: 1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730’s; 2.The mature period (1740’s—1750’s); 3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century. Main authors: （小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding （诗人）Alexander Pope 6.Romanticism in England Time: 1798--1832 Features:
《英国文学选读》课程简介
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英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结
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英国文学简史
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英美文学流派整理
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(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
英美文学导论
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基础英语考研(英美文学简史)考研复习考点归纳
基础英语考研（英美文学简史）考研复习考点归纳 一、《英国文学简史》考点笔记 1.1 复习笔记 早期英国文学 Early English Literature Ⅰ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成） 1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年） A. Brief Introduction（简介） Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
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History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.