毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 化学工程与工艺 中英文对照

毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 化学工程与工艺 中英文对照
毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 化学工程与工艺 中英文对照

毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

毕业设计(论文)题目:环氧树脂聚环氧基苯基硅氧烷体系在5℃/min升温速

率下的热降解反应动力学研究

外文翻译(一)题目:Thermal stability of epoxy resins containing flame retardant

components: an evaluation with thermogravimetric analysis

用热重分析法对含有阻燃剂的环氧树脂的热稳定性进行

评估

外文翻译(二)题目:Thermal analysis kinetics applied to flame retardant

polycarbonate

阻燃聚碳酸酯在热分析动力学方面的应用

外文翻译(一)

用热重分析法对含有阻燃剂的环氧树脂的热稳定性进行评估1

摘要:含有阻燃剂环氧树脂的热性能基于硅系阻燃剂、磷、和三聚氰胺,对其进行热重分析(TGA)。这个失重过程(包括减失重的温度,失重率,活化能为每个失重阶段)和热稳定性(包括的初始分解温度和积分程序分解温度)进行了表征。磷基团的环氧树脂的初始分解温度降低,硅和三聚氰胺基没有。积分程序分解温度的环氧树脂显着增加,同时加入磷和硅的,由于形成高度的抗氧化剂和热稳定的炭层。将三聚氰胺组加入到含硅环氧树脂改变树脂没有严重影响其热稳定性及降解特性。

关键词:热分析;环氧树脂;阻燃

1.引言

阻燃环氧树脂被广泛应用于复合材料和电子产品的封装材料,传统上,溴的化合物,溴类氧化物用于补偿环氧树脂的易燃性[1,2]。考虑到毒性,腐蚀性,和生成的卤化气体和释放的毒性,燃烧过程中产生的内分泌干扰物质,应避免使用溴的化合物。目前的趋势是倾向于使用无卤素阻燃剂的环氧树脂[3,4]。氮,磷,硅和氮的化合物,这些化合物大多是用于取代阻燃环氧树脂中的溴化合物[4,5]。无卤素产品通常被称为“绿色产品”,广受世界欢迎。

无卤阻燃环氧树脂的一些缺点,如低效率地阻燃,相对低的热稳定性,成本高,和复杂的合成,相关的的报道是通常的方法开发无卤阻燃环氧树脂[6–11]。因此,我们已作出努力,开发新的阻燃效率高,高的热稳定性,和合成简单的环氧树脂阻燃系统[12 - 15]。在阻燃效果上[16,17],硅和磷表现出协同效应,另一方面,增强限制氧指数值也观察到引入氮气磷阻燃体系[14,18,19]。这些组合的组合物,具有两个或两个以上的阻燃元素,表现出非常效率高的阻燃性,并提供一个减少阻燃剂的量的使用方法。因此,成本降低并增强了环氧树脂的热性能和机械性能。

在我们以前的工作中[20,21]制备的一系列磷/含硅环氧树脂表现出优异的阻燃性能和良好的热稳定性。通过与三聚氰胺的含化合物的固化,磷/氮和硅/氮的协同效应,在这项研究中也能观察到阻燃性的提高[21,22],一个阻燃剂的动作的详细的调查对环氧树脂的热稳定性的材料是兴趣,并进行热分析。

1作者:Chuan Shao Wu, Ying Ling Liu,, Yie Chan Chiu, Yie Shun Chiu.来源:Polymer Degradation and Stability 78 (2002) 41–48

2.实验

2.1物料

2DOPO-OH[13],DOPO-BQ 的[23],DOPO-PN[12],2DOPO-A[13],和BAPPPO[24,25](图1)根据报道的方法在我们实验室制备。二苯基硅二醇(DPSD )和三苯基(TPSO )是来自Aldrich 公司的双酚A 型环氧树脂(BE188,环氧当量EEW =188)O-cresolformaldehyde 的线型酚醛环氧树脂(CNE200,EEW =200),和苯酚 - 甲醛酚醛清漆(PFN ,PF5110)分别来自畅春园,台湾塑胶有限公司。经三聚氰胺改性的苯酚-甲醛线型酚醛树脂是来自于日立化成工业株式会社,日本(Melan9000)。作为固化剂使用的二氨基二苯基甲烷(DDM )和双氰胺(DICY )来自日本TCI 有限公司,从上述酚化合物与环氧树脂反应的融合过程(表1)[20,21]制备磷类和含硅环氧树脂,环氧化合物的化学结构和在这过程充当固化剂的分别示于图1和2。由各种环氧树脂的固化物和表2中的固化剂制备固化后的环氧树脂[20,21]

图1 环氧树脂的化学结构i i f T T T K A IPDT +=)-(**)(℃

2.2热重分析

用热分析仪(TA )TGA2900热重分析仪在升温速率为10℃/分钟在氮气或空气气氛中进行热重分析。取出大约7.0毫克样品用于测量。

2.3热稳定性参数的测定

初始热分解温度(IDT )是由样品的开始发生重量损失时的温度确定。根据高峰值的微分热重(DTG )热得出最大重量损失率(Rmax )和最大重量损失率时的温度(Tmax )。积分程序分解温度(IPDT )是根据计算[26?28]

i i f T T T K A IPDT +=)-(**)(℃ (1)

其中,A*是总实验曲线的面积比总TGA 热分析的定义,K* A *的系数,T i 的初步实验温度,和T f 最后的实验温度[27]。 S 1,S 2,S 3计算A *的表示[A* =(S 1+ S 2)/(S 1+ S 2+ S 3)]和K*[K* =(S 1+ S 2)/ S 1]中示于图3[27]。

2.4样品分解的活化能计算

根据热重分析(TGA )热分析计算固化环氧树脂的活化能,通过积分的方法的基础上的何Witz 的梅茨格方程[27,29]:

其中,α是分解率,θ是T 和Tmax 的差值,Tmax 是最大重量损失率时的温度,R 是理想气体常数,活化能是根据关于ln{ln(1-α)-1}和θ的直线得出。

3结果与讨论

3.1环氧树脂的降解

环氧树脂的降解是当所谓的阻燃元素是纳入聚合物材料,聚合物的重量损失的模式被改变。磷基在相对低的温度下分解,形成耐热性因子,延缓聚合物在高温下[12?14]的重量损失率,硅迁移材料的表面,并形成阻隔氧化剂和热分解的保护层,由于硅在高温下的低表面能和高的抗氧化剂的稳定[16,17]。三聚氰胺组在温度高于350℃分解释放非可燃氨气并形成高度热稳定的蜜白胺和密勒胺产品[14,15]。所有上述过程在火焰燃聚合物材料通过凝聚相和气相机制过程中起到重要的作用。

图4示出了在本研究中环氧树脂的一些TGA 热分析,发现含有阻燃剂的环氧树脂的失重过程遵循以上讨论的模式。然而,特别值得注意的是,同时含有磷和硅的的环氧树脂由于高效率形成的炭层在高温的空气气氛下得以保存。含硅环氧树脂低炭产率树脂还表明,硅只能作为一个炭层保护,但没有一个炭子。加入三聚氰胺的环氧树脂没有显著的增加焦炭含量,因此在约350-500℃丢失一定量的氨,释放氨后,三聚氰胺基蜜白和白胺形成基于炭层的高度的热稳定性。 含有多种阻燃元素的环氧树脂降解过程的差异可以清楚的从差示热重(DTG )的热读出,在DTG 热峰的数值的基础上,环氧树脂的失重过程可视为几个阶段。由于阻燃元素的作用和大气环境,才观察到非常不同退化行为和发现不同数量的失重阶段阶段。从DTG 的峰值热(表3和表4)读出最大失重速率(T max )时的温度和每个失重阶段最大失重速率(R max )的价值。含氮,磷的含环氧基树脂的重量损失(被指定为第1阶段的重量损失)在温度低于400℃的失重阶段并没有观察到的磷 - 自由环氧树脂。此外,引入硅或磷的环氧树脂第二阶

段的失重(来自分解的树脂基体中)转移到了较高的温度(见Tmax2在表3中)。重量损失率(Rmax2)也减少了。另一方面,观察在空气中由于氧化更复杂的失重过程。在温度低于400℃时,观察到含磷环氧树脂一个失重过程。第2阶段失重来自树脂矩阵的分解。第3阶段失重,没有观察到样品在氮气中分解,是由于焦炭的氧化后阶段的2重量损失。第2阶段失重的失重率由于掺入磷和硅明显变小,可以发现环氧树脂的分解释放的可燃产品量和速度的显着降低,因而,降低了树脂的可燃性。此外,额外的重观察到的树脂具有高磷含量和一定的量的硅(样品,PSE PSE-21-I-11-I和CNE-Si40-II)。量损失阶段(阶段4),这些高磷含量树脂导致焦炭含量高,和这些字符显示出良好的热稳定性的抗氧化剂的硅层的保护作用。第4阶段的失重,因此,应该从少量的字符在温度850℃以上,对于通过氧化损失其他环氧树脂,这一阶段的失重并非如此显而易见的,因为没有一个足够大的量的字符保藏在如此高的温度下表现出失重的占主导地位的阶段。

使用公式(2),每一个阶段的活化能得到的固化的环氧树脂的重量损失的直线对应的ln{ln(1-α)-1}与加热速率(θ)(图5)。所有的斜率数据得到具有良好的相关性系数,更高在0.99以上。所计算的活化能值中列出的每一个阶段的环氧树脂的重量损失表3和表4中。

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DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

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Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,

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Project Budget Monitor and Control Author:Yin Guo-li Nationality:American Derivation:Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。

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