毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译
毕业论文（设计）外文文献翻译
教学点：靖江党校函授点
专业：船舶与海洋工程
学号： 153111611245
姓名：吴红根
指导教师：孔慧敏
江苏科技大学继续教育学院
2017年4月12日
63500散货船规格书总则
第一章目的
本规格书及附带的图纸是为了描述一型单螺旋桨、柴油机驱动、单甲板、单壳运输散货船的设计、材料、建造和设备。
总布置图、中横剖面图和厂商表作为规格书整体的一部分。规格书和附带的图纸互相补充说明。
被附上的总布置图、中横剖面图和其他相关图纸仅仅是初步的，经双方同意，可以修改、完善或者改进。
承造方在船舶的设计、建造、装备、试验和交付给买方时，须与合同规格书及图纸一致。
除了在本规格书中明确由船东供应和完成的项目外，承造方应按照本规格书的要求完成一条完整船舶所需的所有项目。
设计施工、制作、安装、、检验和工艺不能超出规格书范围，或不能超出认可图纸要求，承造方应根据造船惯例予以完成。
假设建造合同和规格书有分歧、矛盾和不一致，应以建造合同为准。
假设规格书和总布置图、中横剖面图及相关图纸有分歧、矛盾和不一致，应以规格书为准。无论如何，关于规格书与相关图纸间存有矛盾，除非是在规格书签字以后发生的经双方当事人同意的一些变化，否则以前者为准。
假设规格书和经卖方同意的标准有分歧、矛盾和不一致，应以经和卖方协调一致的标准为准，如果认为有必要的话，这样的调整应该经过买方的同意，不能无理由的拒绝。
船舶在设计阶段或建造时期，建造方可以纠正规格书里的过失或错误，如必要的话也可以进一步地修改、改进和优化规格书，这些修改、改进和优化须征得买方的同意，不能无理由的拒绝。
船舶在设计阶段或建造时期，建造方可以纠正规格书里的过失或错误，如必要的话也可以进一步地修改、改进和优化规格书，这些修改、改进和优化须征得买方的同意，不能无理由的拒绝。
在“总则”里的描述适用于整个规格书的船体、舾装、内舾、机械和电气部分，如果“总则”里的描述和船体、舾装、内舾、机械和电气部分的描述有矛盾、分歧和不一致，应以“总则”
为准。
规格书中各章节的总则适用于相应的各章节，如果各章节的总则和其对应的章节的段落或句子发生冲突、矛盾和不一致，应以各章节总则为准。
如果在船体、舾装、内舾、机械和电气各部分之中有冲突、矛盾和不一致，以该布置、装置或设备所属部分的说明为准。
一些规章制度的改善或变化在5-2“规范，惯例和规章”有详细说明，在合同签字后开始生效，买方和建造方需执行和服从协商一致的在合同价格、载重量、交货日期或一些其它的项目方面的调整，即便要，根据具体情况而定。
例如“或者”，“如必要的话”，“当考虑到”，“可以”和其它的类似表达方式用在规格书里，它们的运用在于建造方的选择
除有另外明确地注明外，所有的尺寸需满足ISO体系，无论什么情况下，“或相当的”这样的描述可以理解为用相等的生产标准和质量来代替。
除非规格书另有说明的，在规格书里面任何2次或多次提到的均认为仅提供或进行一次。
厂商标准、建造方标准和/或另外公认的工业标准，只要这些标准和船级社规范不一致和/或本身有问题时，材料、机械、仪器和设备等必须由船级社认可和设计应符合中国工业标准(GB, CB)。
第二章总述
2.1 总述
“船东”和“建造方”提及的公司或者代理商同样在建造合同中详细说明。
如果没有其它说明，总则部分的描述应用于规格书的所有部分，其它部分的描述应用于相应部分。
如果规格书和图纸存在矛盾和不一致之处，以规格书为准。
除船上不同部门或特别说明外，任何在规格书里提及两次或多次、但逻辑上为同一项目的设备只供应一次。
船东任何超出规格书所列出的规则规范和/或规格书的要求，必须经双方同意后实施。如果必要，将对合同价格、载重量、航速等可能产生影响的部分进行调整。
对规格书、图纸或其他已签署的书面文件的修改和变更，由承造方和船东的受权代表进行签署. 这些作为合同的补充。
2.2 材料
除特别同意和/或在规格书和厂商表中有明确规定，材料、机械和设备等一般采用国内厂家产品。
所有的结构钢板用在船舶建造和轮机上的包括锻造和铸造应该符合正常的造船航海工程质
量，试验，检查和证书都要由船级社或监管人适时认可。
所有木材都要风干和没有瑕疵.
所有使用的材料要满足安全循环使用的要求。限制使用对健康和环境有伤害的材料。石棉、制冷剂（R12/R22）和HALON、含铅油漆和含锡的防污漆也不允许使用。
如有任何规格书中描述的材料在实际情况下无法取得，承造方有权选择船级社许可的合适的替代品。
2.3 工艺
所有用于本船的建造工艺应符合中国船舶建造标准和/或承造方标准惯例，如果需要应取得船级社的批准。承造方标准、惯例应提交给船东备查。
应根据规格书和图纸，以及船级社和有关当局的要求进行施工。
2.4 标准
应尽可能采用以下标准进行船舶的建造，另外一些船级社适用的经公认的工业标准。
a)ISO标准
b)中国工业标准(GB, CSQS, CB, YB, etc.)
c)承造方标准和承造方惯例
2.5 测量标准
原则上采用ISO标准.
原则上船体、机械、设备等的设计和建造采用国际单位。
所有测量单位诸如电力、压力表、温度计、容积表、舱柜标尺、水尺等应采用国际单位。2.6 图纸和文件
所有的图纸，计算，说明书均使用英文.
所有铭板、警示牌等均使用英文。
承造方提交4份图纸给船东认可，船东退2份带船东签字和意见的认可图纸给承造方。
送船东认可的图纸范围按照经船东认可的“认可图纸清单”提供认可。
船东在收到图纸后14天退审认可图（排除邮寄时间）。
如果承造方在14个工作日内没有收到船东的回复，承造方应先发传真提醒船东处理和认可图纸。船东在承造方发出提醒后6个工作日内给出意见。
承造方在收到退审意见后14个工作日内答复船东的意见。如果承造方没能答复，船东将认为意见已经自动接受。
如果第一条船认可的图纸与后来的姐妹船相同，承造方无需提交姐妹船的相关图纸给船东认可，但需注明姐妹船的船名/船号。
在交船时，承造方提供3份完工图纸和主要机械设备的操作说明书给船东，并提供给船东一份所有可以提供的完工图纸和文件的光盘。
完工图纸范围与船东认可的“完工图纸清单”一致。
所有的完工图纸包括说明书/手册均使用英文，那些国外的设备除外。
以下各两份图纸应放在船上，在通过苏伊士和巴拿马运河时使用。
总布置图、舱容图、带设备清单的机舱布置图、中横剖面图、测深表、破损控制图
应将以下带图框的图纸挂在船上，并放置在船东代表指定的位置。
总布置图1份
带载重线标尺的舱容图1份
操纵性特性图1份
防火控制及安全图1份
美国海岸警卫队要求的油输送程序1份
无线电安全证书1份
救生衣说明书每层甲板1份
2.7 分包商
应按照技术规格书和厂商表进行材料、机械、设备和其它部件的订货。
2.8 船东供品
下列项目由船东供应，承造人负责安装到船上。承造人提供遮蔽的安全处所，贮藏并移交船上。
超出规格书规定的缆绳。
超出规格书规定的风动工具，皮管，钢丝绳等
所有海图、航海和无线电书籍、公司旗和国旗
所有消耗品
除救生艇内的所有医药和医疗设备
例如立体声的娱乐设备，录像机和电视等，除了规格书中提到的用具。
油画和图画
承造方标准以外的水手长和木匠的工具。
除床垫以外的所有床上用品（枕头、毯子，被单，被子等
所有餐桌用布（餐巾，桌布等）
所有烹调配餐用具（陶器，餐具，银器，土器，玻璃器皿，锅，盘等）
超出规范要求的消防员设备
打印机，复印机，计算机，传真机和另外的办公设备。
货物系固的活动部件
苏伊士运河探照灯，一个建在艏楼甲板用作装载，一个建在甲板上备用，吊柱由建造方提供。超出有关当局要求和/或规格书规定的航海设备。
垃圾桶
便携式货舱清理设备
便携式运煤测量设备
为船上局域网系统准备的电脑及配件（打印机，UPS,网络集线器，网卡等）
除了在交船前的试验和试航中消耗部分，所有燃油，润滑剂，油脂/液压油，工作油和其它消耗液体及串油后滑油被验证合格后的滑油。船东提供试航用的润滑油，承造方支付在试航时消耗掉的润滑油费用。
规范规则和规格书要求和供应商标准之外的所有其他备品、备件和设备，除非生产商在与
船东/承造方签订合同后，同意提供额外免费备用品的。
2.9 备件和工具
按照规范要求和供应商标准提供备件。工具按照承造方标准提供。
除了安装在指定位置的，所有备件用不同的箱子存放，并在每个箱子上注明箱子里的内容。重的备件应存放在起吊设备可以吊到的地方。重的备件和工具应安装在辅机旁的架子/基座上2.10 干船坞
在交船前无需进干船坞。
2.11 船模
交船前承造方提供每艘船一个1:200的船模。
63500 DWT BULK CARRIER SPECIFICATION GENERAL
PROVISION
SECTION 1 INTENT
It is intent of this Specification (hereinafter called the Specification) and accompanying plans to describe and set forth the design, material, construction and equipment of a ocean going, single screw diesel driven single deck bulk carrier.
General Arrangement Plan, Midship Section and Makers’ List to accompany and for m an integral part of the Specification. The Specification and attached plans to be complementary to each other. The attached General Arrangement Plan, Midship Section and other relevant drawings are preliminary only, which are subject to further modifications or improvements or optimizations to be mutually agreed by the parities
The vessel to be designed, constructed, equipped, tested and delivered to the Buyer by the Builder in accordance with the Contract, these Specifications and Plan(s)
The Builder to furnish all items required for the completion of the vessel in accordance with the specification except items specifically stated herein as to be furnished and supplied by the Owner. Details in design, fabrication, installation, inspection and workmanship not covered in this Specification, or not covered by the approved plans, to be performed under the Standard practice of the Builder.
In case of any discrepancy or inconsistency or contradiction between the terms and conditions of Shipbuilding contract and the SPECIFICATIONS, the former should govern and prevail.
In case of any discrepancy or inconsistency or contradiction between the terms and conditions of this SPECIFICATIONS and associated plans/drawings including General Arrangement Plan and Midship Section, the former should govern and prevail. However, with regard to such inconsistency or contradiction between Specifications and associated plans/drawings as may later occur by any change or changes agreed by both parties after signing of the SPECIFICATIONS, then such change or changes shall govern and prevail.
In case of any discrepancy or inconsistency or contradiction between the terms and conditions of the SPECIFICATIONS and the standard of agreed vendor , the former can be adjusted in accordance with the vendor’s standard , if deemed necessary by builder. Such adjustment should be
subject to buyer’s consent , which can not be unreasonably withheld.
In design stage or construction period of the vessel, the Builder may correct any errors, mistakes or omissions contained in the SPECIFICATIONS and also make any changes or improvements or optimization to the SPECIFICATIONS if deemed necessary by the Builder, such corrections, changes and improvements should be subject to buyer’s consent, which can not be unr easonably withheld.
It is to be understood that the descriptions in "General provisions" are to be applied to the whole of the subsequent parts of Hull , Outfitting, Accommodation ,Machinery and Electric parts, if there should be any discrepancy or inconsi stency or contradiction between the “General provisions” and Hull, Outfitting, Accommodation, Machinery and Electric parts, the “General provisions” shall prevail
The general provisions of each subsequent part should apply to whole of the part, In the event of any conflict or inconsistency or contradiction between general provisions of each subsequent part and other paragraphs or sentence of the part, the general provisions should prevail and govern.
If there should be any conflict or inconsistency or contradiction among the Hull, Outfitting, Accommodation, Machinery and Electric parts, the description in the part that specifically describes or governs the arrangement, installation or equipment shall prevail.
Any amendment or change in the Rules and Regulations as specified in Section 5-2" RULES, CONVENTIONS AND REGULATIONS ", coming into effect after signing the contract, is to be carried out subject to the agreement between the Buyer and the Builder in terms of adjustment of the contract price, deadweight, delivery date or any other item, if any, as the case may be.
When words such as “or” “if necessary”, “when considered”, “may” and other similar expressions are used in the Specifications, their application shall be at Builder’s sole discretion.
All dimens ions to be in ISO system unless where explicitly stated otherwise. Wherever the term “or equivalent” to be understood to mean that any substitute shall be of the equal performance standard and quality.
Anything twice or more mentioned or enumerated in this Specification is to be only supplied once or executed unless otherwise specifically mentioned.
Materials, machinery and equipment etc. to be approved by Class as required and designed in accordance with the GB/CB standard , manufacturer’s standard , builder’s standard and/or other recognized industry standard as long as these standards are not inconsistent with the requirement of Classification and/or Regulatory body concerned.
SECTION 2 GENERAL DEFINITIONS
2-1 GENERAL ARTICALS
The terms "Owner" and "Builder" refer to companies or their agents as defined in detail in the Building Contract.
The description in Part I General Provision to be applied to all parts of the Specification, where as the descriptions in the other parts to be applied to the respective parts, if not described otherwise.
In the event of any contradiction or any inconsistency between the descriptions of proper part and other parts in the Specification, the descriptions in the proper part to govern.
Unless those for different department on board or specifically described, repeated mention of the logically same item in the Specification does not mean that the item to be supplied more than once.
Any requirement of the Owner, which is in excess of the requirements of the Rules and Regulations listed herein and/or the content of this specification, to be subject to agreement and possible adjustment to the contract price, deadweight, service speed, etc., which may be affected.
Amendments and changes to the Specification, plans or other written documents to be signed by an authorized representative of the Builder and Owner. These documents to be the supplement to the contract.
2-2 MATERIAL
Materials, machinery and equipment, etc. to be of Chinese make unless specifically agreed and/or describe d in the Specifications and the Makers’ List.
All structure steel used for the construction of the vessel and machinery including key forgings and castings to be of normal shipbuilding and marine engineering quality, tested, inspected and certificated as when required by the Classification Society and Regulatory Bodies concerned.
All wood to be well seasoned and free from defect.
All using material can be safely recycled. Minimizing the use of materials known to be potentially hazardous to health and the environment. Especially asbestos, refrigerants ( R 12 / R 22 ), HALON, Lead-based paint and Tin-based anti-fouling paint to be not used.
If any material described in these Specification cannot be obtained under certain circumstances, the Builder to have the right to substitute suitable equivalent material to meet the requirement of the Classification Society.
2-3 WORKMANSHIP
All workmanship entering into the construction of the vessel to be in accordance with the Chinese ship building standards and/or Builder's standard practice, applicable to this kind of vessel, subject to the approval of the Classification Society where necessary. The standards of Builder's practice to be submitted to the Owner for reference.
All work to be carried out according to Specification and plans and to the requirement of Classification Society and also regulatory bodies mentioned hereinafter.
2-4 STANDARDS
The following standards to be applied to the construction of the vessel, as far as practicable .The other recognized industrial standards than below mentioned may be applied to meet the requirements of the Classification Society.
a) ISO standard
b) Chinese industrial standards (GB, CB, CSQS,YB,etc.)
c) Builder's standards, and Builder's standard practice
2-5 UNIT OF MEASURE
ISO standard to be followed generally.
SI units to be adopted for design and construction of hull, machinery, equipment, etc. in general.
All measuring units such as power, pressure gauge, thermometer, volume gauge, tank scales, etc. to be in accordance with SI system.
2-6 PLANS AND DOCUMENTS
All drawings, calculations, instruction manuals, etc. to be written in English.
All name plates, caution plates etc. to be in English.
The Builder to submit plans for approval to the Owner in four (4) copies and Owner to return two (2) copies of the plans to Builder with the Owner's signature and comment if any.
The scope of plans for submitting to the Owner's approval to be in accordance with the drawing " Approval Drawing List " which to be approved by the Owner.
The Owner to return approved plans within 14days (excluding express mailing time) after receipt of the drawings.
If the Owner fails to return the drawings and/or to send by any comments to the Builder within14 days, the Builder to send fax reminder to Owner first prior treating the drawing approved by Owner automatically. The Owner to send his comments, if any, within 6 days after Builder’s reminder.
The Builder to give answer for Owner's comments within 14 days from the date of receiving. If the Builder fails to answer, the Owner to deem that the comments have been automatically accepted.
In the event that any of the already approved plans for the first vessel are same as those for the subsequent sister vessels, the Builder may leave out the submission of such plans for the subsequent vessels. In which case the plan to clearly state the name/yard number of vessels. The builder to furnish three(3) copies of the final drawings and instruction books of the major machinerys and equipments to the OWNER at the delivery of the vessel. One (1) CR-ROM with all available finished plans and documents to be provided to the Owner.
The scope of finished plans to be in accordance with the "Final Drawing List" which to be submitted to Owner for approval.
All finished plans including instruction books/manuals to be written in English, except those attached with the equipment from abroad.
Two (2) copies of each following drawings to be submitted on board for passing through Suez and Panama Canals:
General Arrangement Plan
Capacity plan
Engine Room Arrangement with Machinery List
Midship Section
Sounding Table for L. O. & F. O. Tanks
Damage control plan
The following plans to be provided in frames and placed on board at such locations as designated by the Owner's representative:
General Arrangement One (1) copy
Capacity plan with Deadweight Scale One (1) copy
Maneuvering characteristics diagram with time and distance, One (1) copy
Fire control plan with life saving appliance in color coding One (1) copy
Oil transfer procedures as per USCG One (1) copy
Safety radio telegraphy certificate One (1) copy
Instruction of Life Jacket and immersion suits One for each deck
2-7 SUB - CONTRACTORS
Ordering of materials, machinery, equipment and other components to comply with the Specification and Makers’ List.
2-8 OWNER'S SUPPLIED ITEMS
Following items to be furnished and supplied by the Owner at their own expense, and installed on the vessel by the Builder. The Builder to provide sheltered and secure storage, handling in storage and handling on-board.
?Tow line and mooring ropes in excess of the Specification
?All air tools, hoses, steel wires, etc. other than those mentioned in the Specification
?All charts, nautical and radio station books, house flag and national flag
?All consumable stores
?All medicine and medical equipment except those for life boat and rescue boat.
?Recreation equipment such as Stereophony, Video tape recorder and TV etc. and stationery other than mentioned in the Specification
?Painting and pictures
?Boatswain's and carpenter's tools over and above the Builder’s standard
?All bedding and linen (pillows, blankets, sheets, covers, etc.) but excluding mattresses.
?All napery (serviettes, table clothes, etc.)
?All cook's and steward's utensils (crockery, cutlery, silverware, earthenware, glasses, pots, pans, etc.)
?Firemen’s outfit addition to the Rule requirement.
?Typewriters, copy machine, computers, fax machine and other office machines.
?Loose lashing/securing fittings for cargoes
?Suez Canal searchlight, but one foundation in side forecastle deck for stowing and one foundation on deck when used, and davit to be supplied by builder.
?Navigation equipment in excess of those required by the authorities and/or those specified in this Specification
?Garbage cans.
?Portable wash cleaning machine for cargo hold.
?Portable measuring equipment for loading coal.
?The computers and accessories (printer, UPS, network HUB, network cards, server unit etc) for ship’s local area network system.
?All bunkers, lubricants, grease/hydraulic oil, working oil and other consumable liquid to be at owner’s account except those consumed during construction and test/trials before
delivery. The Owner to supply lub. oil for sea trials and the Builder to pay the cost for the
quantities of lub. oil consumed during the trials.
?All other spare, store and equipment in excess of Rule and Specification requirements and maker's standard, unless maker agrees to supply additional spares free of charge after
agreement with Owner/Builder.
2-9 SPARE PARTS AND TOOLS
Spare parts to be furnished in accordance with the requirement of Rule and maker’s standard.
Tools to be furnished in accordance with the Builder’s standard.
All spare parts, except those fitted on the arranged position, to be stowed at suitable compartment (store) in different boxes, each to be properly identified including list of each box's content inside individual boxes.
Heavy spare to be stored within reach of overhead crane in general. Heavy spare parts and tools to be mounted on suitable brackets/seats near the auxiliaries/ machinery for which they are intended.
2-10 DRY DOCKING
No dry docking to be carried out before delivery.
2-11SHIP MODEL
One (1) set of model ship (scale 1:200) for the series to be provided.
机械设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
建筑设计参考文献综述
文献综述 建筑设计参考文献综述： [1]《房屋建筑学》，邢双军主编 建筑学作为一门内容广泛的综合性学科，它沙及到建筑功能、工程技术、建筑经济、建筑艺术以及环境规划等许多方面的问题。般说来，建筑物既是物质产品，又具有一定的艺术形象，它必然随着社会生产生活方式的发展变化而发展变化，并且总是受科学技术、政治经济和文化传统的深刻影响*建筑物—一作为人们亲手创造的人为环境的重要组成部分，需要耗用大量的人力和物力。它除了具行满足物质功能的使用要求外，其空间组合和建筑形象又常会赋予人们以精神上的感受。 [2]《建筑设计防火规范》（GB50016-2006） 1.0.1 为了防止和减少建筑火灾危害，保护人身和财产安全，制定本规范。 1.0.2 本规范适用于下列新建、扩建和改建的建筑： 1 9层及9层以下的居住建筑（包括设置商业服务网点的居住建筑）； 2 建筑高度小于等于24.0m 的公共建筑； 3 建筑高度大于24.0m 的单层公共建筑； 4 地下、半地下建筑（包括建筑附属的地下室、半地下室）； 5 厂房； 6 仓库； 7 甲、乙、丙类液体储罐（区）； 8 可燃、助燃气体储罐（区）； 9 可燃材料堆场； 10 城市交通隧道。 注：1 建筑高度的计算：当为坡屋面时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其檐口的高度；当为平屋面（包括有女儿墙 的平屋面）时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其屋面面层的高度；当同一座建筑物有多种屋面形式时，建筑 高度应按上述方法分别计算后取其中最大值。局部突出屋顶的瞭望塔、冷却塔、水箱间、微波天线间或设 施、电梯机房、排风和排烟机房以及楼梯出口小间等，可不计入建筑高度内。 2 建筑层数的计算：建筑的地下室、半地下室的顶板面高出室外设计地面的高度小于等 于 1.5m 者，建筑底部设置的高度不超过2.2m 的自行车库、储藏室、敞开空间，以及建筑屋顶上突出的局部设备用房、出屋面 的楼梯间等，可不计入建筑层数内。住宅顶部为两层一套的跃层，可按1 层计，其它部位的跃层以及顶部 多于2 层一套的跃层，应计入层数。 1.0.3 本规范不适用于炸药厂房（仓库）、花炮厂房（仓库）的建筑防火设计。 人民防空工程、石油和天然气工程、石油化工企业、火力发电厂与变电站等的建筑防火设计，当有专门的国家现行标准时，宜从其规定。 1.0.4 建筑防火设计应遵循国家的有关方针政策，从全局出发，统筹兼顾，做到安全适用、技术先进、经济合理。 1.0.5 建筑防火设计除应符合本规范的规定外，尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。
平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
建筑结构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and
包装设计外文翻译文献
包装设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
包装对食品发展的影响 消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的运输和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有着显著的提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在规定的贮存温度条件下产品保持其质量和安全性的时间。在保质期内，产品的生产企业对该产品质量符合有关标准或明示担保的质量条件负责，销售者可以放心销售这些产品，消费者可以安全使用。 保质期不是识别食物等产品是否变质的唯一标准，可能由于存放方式，环境等变化物质的过早变质。所以食物等尽量在保质期未到期就及时食用。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。
包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性会是视觉发现的一个问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包开启（百货配送研究所，IGD）。 对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。 自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添
毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
java毕业论文外文文献翻译
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish