湘潭大学模糊控制2005秋试题答案
一、（10分）简要解释下列概念 [每小题2分] 1 语言变量 2 模糊逻辑 3 模糊等价关系 4 T-S 模糊模型 5自适应模糊控制 答：
1.语言变量是指用自然语言中的词来表示变量，如正大、正中、正小等，通常可以表示为五元体（X,X (T ),U,G,M ）
2.研究模糊命题的逻辑称为模糊逻辑。
3.把具有自反性、对称性和传递性的模糊关系，称为模糊等价关系。
4.模糊模型是指描述系统特性的一组模糊条件语句，T-S 模糊模型的语句形式为：
1122:,,i i i i i i i
m m R ifx A x A x A ===L %%%
%% then 01122i i m m y p p x p x p x =++++L
5.自适应模糊控制是在普通模糊控制器加入了一个自适应环节，用以改善和提高其性能，这种控制器具有控制和学习功能，分别是通过两个反馈实现的。
二、（10分）填空 [每空1分]
1. 模糊控制通过引入模糊_逻辑变量__及其它们之间构成的___模糊关系_，
进行_模糊推理_，从而使微机控制进入那些基于_传统控制___无法控制的禁区，以便对复杂非线性对象实现__精确有效__的控制。 2. 二值逻辑的运算法则是_布尔代数_，它可表示为（{0，1}，∧，∨，C ）；
而模糊逻辑的运算法则是模糊代数，它可表示为（[0，1]，∧，∨，C ）。 它们的主要区别在于后者不再满足补余律。
三、（10分）在论域{}123,45,,,U x x x x x =上定义两个模糊集合分别为 123450.2/0.5/1/0.5/0.2/A x x x x x =++++%
23450.3/0.6/0.8/1/B x x x x =+++%
求：0.5,,,c A B A B A B U I %%%%%%
答：
12345
0.200.50.310.60.50.80.21
A B x x x x x ∨∨∨∨∨=
++++U %% （3分)
123450.20.50.811x x x x x =++++
12345
0.200.50.310.60.50.80.21A B x x x x x ∧∧∧∧∧=
++++I %% （3分)
2
3
4
5
0.30.60.50.2x x x x =+++
{}0.5234,,A x x x =%
（或 234
111
x x x =
++） （2分) 12345
1010.310.610.811
c B x x x x x -----=
++++%
（2分） 123450.70.40.201x x x x x =++++
四、（5分）给定下述两条模糊控制规则 R 1: if x 1=1A %
and y 1=1B %
then z =1C %
R 2:if x 2=2A %
and y 2=2B %
then z =2C %
的隶属函数分别如图所示，利用MIN —MAX —重心法在图上画出当00,x x y y ==时利用这两条规则所获得的模糊集合C %
及其重心z 。
五、（15分）操作工人调节炉温的经验规则是“如果炉温高，则外加电压低，否则不很低”。如果炉温不很高，问外加电压如何调节。设论域{}1,2,3U =，定义U 上的模糊集合A =%
[高]=（0.1 0.5 1） B =%
[低]=（1 0.5 0.1）
解：A =%
[高]=（0.1 0.5 1） B =%
[低]=（1 0.5 0.1）
1A =%
[不很高]=（0.99 0.75 0） C =%
[不很低]=（0 0.75 0.99）
“如果炉温高，则外加电压低，否则不很低”所对应的模糊关系 (0.10.51)(10.50.1)c R A B A C =?+?=?%%%%
%
min
min
Δ Z 0
（2分）
（1分）
（1分）
（1分）
(0.90.50)(00.750.99)+?
=(0.10.51)(10.50.1)(0.90.50)(00.750.99)T T +o o
0.10.10.100.750.90.10.750.90.50.50.100.50.50.50.50.510.50.100010.50.1??????
? ? ?
=+= ? ? ? ? ? ???????
（5分） 由模糊推理合成规则，可得 1u A R =o %%
%
()0.10.750.90.990.7500.50.50.510.50.1??
?
= ? ???
o ()0.50.750.9= （4分） 答：由模糊推理结果可知若炉温不很高，则外加电压近似于“不很低”（或近似于高）。 （1分）
六、（15分）一条模糊控制规则：if E=PM or PB and EC=NB or NM them u=0. （1） 将该语句翻译成中文（不能使用符号、字母）。 （2） 写出该语句对应的模糊关系R %
。
（3） 若此采样时刻所得到的误差e %和误差变化为e &%，求出控制量u %
。
（4） 在阶跃响应曲线上画出该语句所对应的大致区域。 （5） 说明制定该条控制规则的理由。
解：（1）若误差为正中或正大且误差变化为负大或负中则控制量为零。 （2）()()E E u Ec Ec u R PM PB O NB NM O =+??+?????????%
（3分）
（3）()()E E u Ec Ec u u e PM PB O e NB NM O =+??+?????????&o o %%
%
(3分)
（4） （3分）
（5）根据此语句给定误差为正大或正中，但误差为负大或负中表明 被控制过程误差正在迅速减小，故不须再加控制量，否则会出现超调。
（3分）
七、（20分）一个单输入输出模糊控制系统用于控制水箱水位保持恒定，人工调节水位的经验规则是
（1） 若水位很低，则控制阀开度很大； （2） 若水位低，则控制阀大； （3） 若水位正好，则控制阀开度为零。 试问“若水位很低，模糊控制阀开度如何？ 设论域{}1,2,3,4,5U =，定义论域U 上的模糊集合
1[A =%
低](10.5000)= ，1[B =%
大](0000.51)=
[O =%
零](00.510.50)=
解：1[A =%低](10.5000)= ，1[B =%
大](0000.51)=
2[A =%很低](10.25000)= ，2[B =%
很大](0000.251)=
3[A =%
不很低](00.75111)= （5分）
由经验规则可确立模糊关系为 1122R A B A B O O =?+?+?%%%%%%%
()()10.50000000.51?+
()()()()10.250000000.25100.510.5000.510.50?+?
阶跃响应曲线上的DE 段中间处
()()10.50000000.51T
=o （5分）
()()()()10.250000000.25100.510.5000.510.50T
T
++o o
0000.5
10
000.25
1000000000.50.50000.250.2500.50.50.50000000
000000.510.50000000000000.50.50.500
00000
000000000??????
?????????
???
??????=++???
???
??????????????????
00
00.5
100.50.50.50.500.510.5000.50.50.5000000??
???
?
??=?
?
??????
（5分）
根据模糊推理合成规则控制阀 开度()300.75111u A R R ==o o %%
%%
()00.510.50.5= （4分）
答：控制阀开度近似零。 （1分）
八、（15分）回答下列问题：
1. 模糊控制器中为什么要使用模糊逻辑？
2. 模糊逻辑表现在哪几方面？
3. 模糊控制和传统PID 控制有何主要区别？
4. 通过上机仿真实验说一下你对模糊控制特点和控制性能的认识。
1. 答：模糊控制是模拟人的模糊思维的，人的模糊思维善于描述模糊现象、模糊概念等，所以模糊控制器要采用模糊逻辑。（2分）
2. 答：模糊逻辑在模糊控制器中主要表现在三个方面： 模糊变量是、模糊控制规则和模糊推理。
3. 答: 模糊控制
① 基于人的控制经验，不基于被控对象精确模型 ② 属于非线性控制
③ 具有仿人智能控制的特点。 传统PID 控制
①基于被控对像精确模型
②属于线性控制
③不具有智能控制的特点。
4.答：通过对同一类对象（一阶、二阶环节）上机仿真表明模糊控制器性能优于PID控制性能，具体表现在①快速性②对参数适应能力强。
（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。可复制、编制，期待你的好评与关注）
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2016年浙江大学博士生英语 听力 PART A Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at T aylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent. Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.----- 文章来源托福听力 听力是托福内容，完型填空是大学英语教程第四册里面的内容~~~
北京大学考博英语真题常见句子翻译方法
北京大学考博英语真题常见句子翻译方法近期很多考生问关于条件状语从句的分析和翻译问题，在此，育明考博老师结合同学提出的两个典型问题为大家分析条件状语从句，并给出相应的参考译文。 一、问题：请分析并翻译：If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. 解析：很多考生看到这样一句从横三、四行的长句会心生畏惧，对自己没有信心，自然也就无法理清这句中的各种枝节。拿到这样的一个句子，最主要的仍然是先把主干找到，然后再看其他部分和主干的关系。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 句子主干：you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties 主干是由两个并列的分句组成的，第一个分句是you will be in a position to know the experiences主系表结构，第二个分句是it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties形式主语+系表结构+不定式作真正的主语。