医学博士英语真题及答案
2010 医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷
Paper One
Part ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)
Section A
Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example.
You will hear:
Woman: I feel faint.
Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.
Question: What's the matter with the woman
You will read:
A. She is sick.
B. She was bitten by an ant.
C. She is hungry.
D. She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Now let's begin with question Number 1.
1. A. She's looking for a girl.
B. She needs a new purse.
C. She's going to give a birthday party.Sample Answer
A B C D
D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.
2. A. She bears noises in her ears day and night.
B. She has been overworking for a long time.
C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.
D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.
3. A. He'll go to see Mr. White at 10:30.
B. He'd like to make an earlier appointment
C. He'd like to cancel the appointment.
D. He'd like to see another dentist.
4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:45
5. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.
C. In the supermarket.
D. In the department store.
6. A. To resign right away.
B. To work one more day as chairman.
C. To think twice before he makes the decision.
D. To receive further training upon his resignation.
7. A. She didn't do anything in particular.
B. She send a wounded person to the ER.
C. She had to work in the ER.
D. She went t skiing.
8. A. A customs officer. B. The man's mother.
C. A school headmaster.
D. An immigration officer.
9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.
B. It feels like a kind of unsteadiness
C. It feels as if she is falling down.
D. It feels as if she is goingaround.
10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.
B. John himself should be blamed
C. John has a dog that barks a lot.
D. John is unlucky.
11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult,
B. The chemistry homework is fun.
C. The math homework is difficult.
D. The math homework is fun.
I2. A. His backache.
B. His broken leg,
C. His skin problem.
D. His eye condition.
13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.
B. Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.
C. Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.
D.
Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles
14. A. Saturday morning, B. Saturday night.
C. Sunday afternoon.
D. Next weekend.
15. A. He's lost his notebook.
B. His handwriting is messy.
C. He'll miss class later this week.
D. He cannot make it for his appointment.
Section B
Direction: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Conversation
16. A. He is having a physical checkup.
B. He has just undergone an operation.
C. He has just recovered from an illness.
D. He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.
17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.
B. He had his gallbladder inflamed.
C. He was suffering from influenza.
D. He had developed a big kidney stone.
18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.
C. Couldn't be better.
D. Okay, but a bit weak.
19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.
B. To stay indoors for a complete recovery.
C. To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.
D.
To move about and enjoy the sunshine.
20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.
C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.
D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.
Passage One
21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.
B. The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.
C. The link between weight loss and physical exercise.
D. The link between weight gain and physical exercise.
22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.
C. More than 60,080,
D. More than 60,008.
23. A. Seven-hour sleeper gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.
B. Five-hour sleepers gained mote weight over t/me than 7-hour
ones. C. Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.
D. Short-sleepers consume fewer calories than long sleepers:
24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.
B. Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.
C. Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.
D. Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep,
25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.
C. Go on a diet.
D. Sleep more.
Passage Two
26. A. She is too hard on me.
B. She asks too many questions.
C. She is always considerate of my feelings.
D. She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.
27. A. A university instructor B. A teaching assistant.
C. A . student.
D. A psychiatrist.
28. A. They usually say no. B. They usually say yes.
C. They usually wait and see.
D. They usually refuse to say anything.
29. A. They are overconfident. B. Their brains grow too fast.
C. They are psychologically dependent.
D. Their brains are still immature in some areas .
30. A. Be easy on your teen. B. Try to be mean to your teen.
C. Say no to your teen when necessary.
D. Don't care about your teen's feelings.
Part II. Vocabulary (10%)
Section A
Directions: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.
A. harassed
B. distracted
C. sentenced
D. released
32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.
A. irrigated
B. irradiated
C. inoculated
D. intoxicated
33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .
A. twilight
B. spotlight
C. streetlight
D. torchlight
34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.
A. suspend B: supervene C. supervise D. suspect
35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be
satisfactorily .
A. alleviated
B. abolished
C. demolished
D. diminished
36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.
A. donations
B. pensions
C. advertisements
D. accounts
37. More legislation is needed to protect the properly rights of the patent.
A. integrative
B. intellectual
C. intelligent D, intelligible
38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the general
public.
A. adapt
B. confine
C. commit
D. assess
39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.
A. drawing on
B. touching on
C. leaning on
D. dwelling on
40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.
A. perspective
B. dimension
C. insight
D. reflection
Section B
Directions: In this section each of the following statements has a word or. phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark. the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET,
41. The chemical was found to be detrimental to human
health.
A. toxic
B. immune
C. sensitive
D. allergic
42. It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.
A. permanent
B. desperate
C. destructive
D. sudden
43. He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.
A. verifiable
B. explicit
C. precise
D. ambiguous
44. The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.
A. credibility
B. commitment C; honesty D. talent
45. He left immediately on the pretext that hah ad to catch a
train.
A. claim
B. clue
C. excuse
D. circumstance
46. The nurse was filled with remorse for not believing her.
A. anguish
B. regret
C. apology
D. grief
47. The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.
A. delicate
B. communicative
C. skillful
D. considerate
48. Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.
A. disposition
B. qualification
C. temptation
D. endorsement
49. The doctor ruled out Friday's surgery for the patient's unexpected
complications.
A, confirmed B. facilitated C. postponed D. cancelled
50. It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.
' A. cautious B. motionless C: calm D. alert
Part IlI Cloze (10%)
Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D listed below the passage, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the
ANSWER SHEET.
Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.
These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at least 15% less than their normal weight.
The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or {he disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 6l pounds.
A person with anorexia first develop joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the
blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman's breathing, heartbeat,, and. blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, sometimes causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may suffer from fearfulness or continued deep sadness. Called depression. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.
Anorexia is a serious eating 60 . lf it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.
51. A, specifically B. purposely C. particularly D .passionately
52. A. from B. of C. at D. in
53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen
54, A. When B. While C . As D. Since
55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized
56. A. what B. why C. how D. which
57. A, good B. high C. lower D. poor
58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert
59. A. medication B. illusion C motion D. action :
60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. pattern
Part IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: In this section there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, 13, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of
your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Children should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit
The independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don't fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.
There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have sort of
biological effect on the brain.
John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and
Research Agency's site at Portan Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. "If you have a developing nervous system, it's known to be more susceptible to environmental insults," he says. "So if phones did prove to be hazardous -- which they haven't yet -- it would be sensible."
In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain. "What we've found is an effect, but we don't know if it's hazardous," he
says.
Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children's exposure would be greater. "There's a lot less tissue in the way, and the skull is thinner, so children's heads are considerably closer," he says.
Stewart's report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. "The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary," says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. "But we accept that it's difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body."
61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm
human tissue, according to the government report, it does not mean that .
A. the government should prohibit children from using cell phones
B. we should put down the phone for the sake of
safety C. the industry can have a right to promote
phone use D. children are safe using cell phones
62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in term of
A. their neural development
B. their ill-designed cell phones
C. the frequency of their irrational use
D. their ignorance of its possible health effects
63. On the issue in question, Preece .
A. does not agree with Tattersall
B. tries to remove the obstacles in the way
C. asks for further investigation
D. would stand by Stewart
64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK
A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stewart's plan
B. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone use
C. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international ones
D. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones' energy emissions
65. Which of the following can be the best candidate for the title of the passage
A. Brain Wave.
B. For Adults Only.
C. Catch Them Young.
D. The Answer in the Air.
Passage Two
Advances in cosmetics dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and mom openly today than even in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.
Evidence of the smile's ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs, voluptuous nudes, or middle-class
family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains (like the torturers in
martyrdom and crucifixion scenes) may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.
Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator of Yale University's Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples of Leonardo's Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the "Smiley Face" logo perfected (though not invented) in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R. Ball.
In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily
indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.
Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.
Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public. "Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the 'true' smile," and .therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.
With tattooing, body piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow's beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These corner-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one's favorite celebrity.
What can you say to that except "Have a nice day"
66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .
A. people would not have been as happy as they are today .
B. the rate of facial birth defects would not have declined
C. there would not have been many more open smiles
D. we would not have seen smiling faces in public
67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile et not in the portraits or pictures is
decided by
A. one's internal sense of the external world
B. one's identity or social position
C. one's times of existence
D. all of the above
68. Trumble's study on smiles shows that .
A. an open smile can serve as a cover-up
B. the famous portraits radiate varying smiles
C. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotions
D. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures
69. What Trumble expects to see is .
A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in public
B. further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western cultures
C. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smiles
D. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public
70. At the end of the passage, the author implicates .
A. a fortune to come with cosmetic
advances
B. an identical smile for everybody
C. future changes in life style
D. the future of smiles
Passage Three
Adolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the help of penicillin made by the
Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from- bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffiel , a noted historian of microbiology.
In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Thee Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler's desk, Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.
Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a
recent translation of Morrell's own diary .I happened to be reading it for interest when the word
penicillin jumped out at me," he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might
have got the
drug. At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies; German and Czechoslovakian: teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. "It's generally accepted that it was no good," says Wainwright.
He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectious if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. "My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy position as Hitler's doctor, would only have used pure stuff." And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it
Wainwright's investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such as Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.
"I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries," says Wainwright. 'I'm saying this
would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler's doctor and the higher echelons of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin."
"We can never be certain it saved Hitler's life," says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler's henchmen,
Reinhard Heydrich, otherwise known as the "Butcher of Prague died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. "Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicaemia," says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.
71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .
A. might have used biological weapons in the war
B. could not have committed suicide as confirmed
C. could have died of bacterial infection
D. might have survived a bacterial plague
72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler
A. began to exercise precautions against his personal
attacks B. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his
country
C. received an injection of penicillin for blood poisoning
D. was suspected of being likely to get infected
73. As Wainwright reasons, Hitler's personal doctor
A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to
him
B. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infection
C. would have had every reason to assassinate him
D. must have tried to produce penicillin
74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich
A. met the fate of collapse as expected
B. butchered millions of lives on the earth
C. was severely struck by bacterial plagues
D. did have channels to obtain penicillin
75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts
B.
Morrel Loyal to His German Premier
C. Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs
D.
Penicillin Abused in German
Passage Four
Get ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn't involve huffing and
puffing as you burn off calories, Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the
machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.
The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body's effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. "The smart thing is that we've put them in one machine."
And it is not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition
as children develop, while patients remover from injury, or during pregnancy, And since it uses
radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp's device is safe to use repeatedly.
Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that is not fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.
To find out a body's volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject's volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.
There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body's resistance. But this method does not take body shape into account -- so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That is because skinny legs -- with a lower cross-sectional area -- will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower -- rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.
Tapp's method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.
76. The new machine is designed
A. to picture the body's hidden fat
B. to identify those at risk for obesity
C. to help clinically treat specific cases
D. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects
77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that
A. it performs a dual function
B. it is of great accuracy in measurement
C. it has significant implications in clinical practice
D. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy
78. Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to
spare
A. A minuscule current.
B. A radioactive tracer.
C, A water tank.
D. All of the above.
79. In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner
A. quickens the pace of the patient's rehabilitation
B. is highly appreciated for its safety
C. features its measuring precision
D. is easy to operate in the clinic
80. For scanning, all the subject has to do is
A. take up a form of workout in the gym
B. mm round the body fat scanner
C. lie on the electromagnetic field
D. stand in the system
Passage Five
There is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at
universities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.
Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject.
Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another
viewpoint yon see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.
So it is with science, Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.
Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as "nerd" or "technocrats", generalists are often criticized for being too "soft" or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering.
81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see