考研英语长难句练习句

定语从句（上）

一、定语从句的概念什么是定语从句？

例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.

用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。有两个必备的基本元素。一个是先行词；一个是关系词。

1.名词或代词做先行词。

例：He laughs best who laughs last.

2.短语做先行词。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

3.用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

I am a student which you all know.

当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.

找先行词的方法。反证法。把它带进去。哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。

1.翻译定语从句。

2.结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。

定语从句（下）

二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。

1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。Whom现在用的很少。前面有介词只能用which，不能用that。

2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。

What:1)它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。What前面不应该在出现先行词。如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用what来引导。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用what.

All---is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life

A.what is the need

B.the things need

C.for our needs

D.that is need

2)what单独使用，后面不加名词。

例如：She is not what she used to be.

3)what 后面加名词

例如：What money I have has been given to you.

1997年考题：______he knows about it is out of date and in accurate

A.What little

B.So much

C.How much

D.So little

1.like

2.作为

3.when

引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语从句一般式固定用法。如as…as, such…as

as引导非限制性定语从句

例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替换。

As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

as引导限制性定语从句

考试中往往考固定搭配。

例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.

than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句

More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less

supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure .

A.than

B.that

C.which

D.as

特点：

1)than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。

2)than 前面的主句必须要有比较级

3)比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象

三、关系副词

When引导的定语从句。

1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。

Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.

2)如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.

从两方面区分：

When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。

从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当……时候。

When=on which

Where

where=in which

where引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：

I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.

先行词表示地点,不一定用where来引导。例如：

I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.

A.where I’dlike to visit

B.in which I’d like to visit

C.I most want to visit

D.thar I want to visit it most

名词从句

讲五个问题：

一、名词从句的本质。

概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。主语、宾语、表语、同位语。

引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：1）that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how等连接副词或what,who,whose等连接代词。

That引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。what一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。Which 和whose 后面必须接名词。例如：

Concerns were raised __witness might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

A.what

B.when

C.which

D.that

3)多重的名词从句现象。例如：

I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.

考题：Prof. Lee’s book will show you ________ can be used in other contexts.

[A] that you have observed

[B] that how you have observed

[C] how that you have observed

[D] how what you have observed

二、名词从句中的主语从句

主语从句有如下几种表示方式：

1.用which, that放在句首引导主语从句。例如：

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.

3.用it is +ved+that…例如：

It is believed that you are good boy.

3.用whether引导主语从句。例如：

Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.

三、宾语从句

需要掌握的几点：

及物动词后面的宾语从句。2005年例句：

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us

四、表语从句

就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。就是把从句放在系动词的后面。1997年例句：

A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friendly, cautious and hopeful most Americans were to them.

五、同位语从句

就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。结构是：名词+that+从句。

同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别：引导宾语从句和定语从句的的that, which可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that 不能省略。定语从句中的that必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。同位语从句的that不扮演任何成分。例如：

There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that不做句子成分。

状语从句（上）

第三讲状语从句（上）

一、状语从句的本质。就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。

状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。

2005年例句

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.

A. when

B. since

C. for

D. whereas

难点：1.When

常考的句型：Hardly…when; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991年例句：

____to speak when the audience interrupted him.

A. Hardly had he begun

B. No sooner hardly had he begun

C. Not until he begin

D. Scarcely had he begin

1998年例句：

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.

A. before

B. as C since D. when

2.地点状语从句

Where 引导地点状语一般总是放在主句的后面。例如：

A driver should slower down where there are schools.

3.原因状语从句

Since从……起；因为……

比较特殊的连词：in that因为的意思。例句：The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling.

Now that…因为；given that…

4.目的状语从句

lest…唯恐，害怕;for fear当心，害怕引导的是虚拟语气。谓语是should +动词原形。should常省略。

5.结果状语从句有两种引导法so…that; so that; such…that; such that

2001年例句：Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.

A. as

B. which

C. that

D. what

把so…that; so that; such…that; such that中的so或such放在句首形成倒装句。例如：

So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine it’s speed.

to the extent (that)表示结果

to some extent 表示在……之内。在某种程度上

6.条件状语从句用unless；if 引导

难点：only if ; if only

only if是“只有”的意思; if only是“只要”意思。2000年例句：

He can continue to support himself and his family ____ he produces a surplus.

A. only if

B. much as C .long before D. ever since

要记住：supposing (that)…;provided (that)…;on condition that…

例如：He will surely finished job on time ____he has left to do it in his own way.

A.in that

B.in case

C.as far as

D.so long as

状语从句（下）

7.让步状语从句although; though; even if; even though

1997年例句：__ __ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers.

A. Even though

B. Now that

C. If only

D. Provided that

2004年例句：All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __ _ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

A. provided

B. since

C. although

D. supposing

表示让步转折的介词：in spite of; despite例如：__what he achieved in medicine he remained modest.

A. Despite

B. Although

C. If

D. Whereas

However; nevertheless; nonetheless

1998年例句：This view; __,is generally thought to be wrong.

A. however

B. meanwhile

C. therefore

D. more over

While当……时候；然而，但是

重点：与as有关的让步状语从句

由as 引导的倒装句

adj.,adv.,分词，名词，短语+as+主语+谓语。

例如：Child as he is, he can remember a lot of things.

as 或so+adj+as+主谓结构

例如：As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.

8.比较状语从句

重点讲倍数为题

1.倍数+比较级A is three times bigger than B.

2.倍数+as…as 结构。A is three times as big as B.

3.倍数+名词结构A is Three times the size of B.

No more than 特点：

1.No more than=not any more than

2.从功能上看往往表示两个事物之间的类比关系。

3.从意义上看是和……一样。

Not so much as

结构上有两种1.Not A so much as B.

2.not so much as B.与其说A，不如说B。

例如：It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.

A. rather

B. so

C. than

D. as

并列句

一、并列句

并列句的结构要从后面往前找。例如:I like apples from Japan and bananas.

and 可以连接两个并列的词语、短语、句子成分、从句以及句子。

1.有and 就肯定有并列。有并列就一定要弄清楚并列的成分。

2.and 有并列。但并列在考研中有几十种情况。要根据每一种不同的并列进行不同的处理。

3.有and 的并列就要从and 的后面往前找，而不是从前面往后找。

二、定语后置

She is a beautiful girl.

一个形容词定语就相当于一个of引导的名词作后置定语。上句可写成She is a girl of beauty.

插入语

能够从句子中拿出来而不影响整个句子主谓结构的部分就是插入语。插入语与同谓语的区别：插入语往往是插在主谓之间。例如：I am an ugly man.可换成I am a man who is ugly.

还可换成I ，who is a man , am ugly.

1.从命题角度来看插入语的两个逗号就相当于两个括号。表示对插入语前面的解释和说明。

从长难句的处理角度来看。插入语扮演的角色就是可以作为整体提出来放到一边最后处理，就是直接把

插入语翻译后放在括号里。

分词现象

主要有四种考法。（略）

插入语

语法应用上

考研中不一定专门考语法。主要是应用语法知识进行阅读、完型、写作等等。关键就是运用语法处理长难句。

例如：She ,who is her mother’s daughter ,is a girl of beauty which is envied by lily who is of ugliness which we all know.

剥洋葱似的分析句子的方法和步骤：

1.以句号为单元判断这个句子中有几个洋葱。

1）看句号句子中有没有and和or。还要看它们连接的是不是句子。如果是词和短语那么and前后就不是独立的洋葱。

只有当两个句子并列的时候才是连个洋葱。例如：I like apples and bananas.其中的apples and bananas是宾语并列。

再如：I am 22 and Jim is 23.这时就是两个洋葱。

2）看句号里有没有but.有but 也不一定就是两个洋葱。例如：But I am a boy.

3）看句号里有没有特殊的标点符号。

冒号“：”从命题的角度看如果问题出在冒号的前面，答案一般出现在冒号的后面。如果问题出在冒号的后面，答案大多数情况下出现在冒号的前面。

从长难句解读角度看冒号前后是独立的。

破折号“—”考研英语中破折号“—”等于冒号“：”功能是一样的。

分号“；”分号前后独立各自成为一个洋葱。

对每一个洋葱分别剥皮。每一个洋葱的第一层皮就是这个句子的核心内容。此后从第二层开始，每一层皮就

表示一个语法现象。

3.把每一层皮分别翻译成中文。

4.在剥皮处设问。用设问的方式把每一层皮连接在一起。这就是化整为零，再从零到整。

语法应用下

综合运用以前所奖的语法知识。继续讲解利用剥洋葱的方法在考研的长难句中的应用。

1994年真题第一篇文章。

Passage I

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen , striving to make profits , produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive , operating under competitive pressures , largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American eoonomic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system .

The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private progeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .

51 . In Line 11 , Para 1 , "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means__.

A. Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

B. Americans tend to oven Tate their incomes

C. Americans want to have their incomes increased

D. Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

52. The first two & ntences in the second paragraph tell us that__.

A. producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

B. consumers can express their demands through producers

C. producers decide the prices of products

D. supply and demand regulate prices

53 . According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.

A. private property and rights concerned

B. manpower and natural resources control

C. ownership of productive resources

D. free contracts and prices

54. The passage is mainly about__.

A. how American goods are produced

B. how American consumers buy their goods

C. how American economic system works

D. how American businessmen make their profits

考研英语：几类长难句总结及介绍

https://www.360docs.net/doc/cc12218091.html,/ 考研学习群：432164727 1考研英语：几类长难句总结及介绍考研英语中，有大量的长难句，让同学们感到十分头疼，在考研阅读里面，长难句更是一个命题点，很多同学都是对长难句望而却步，感觉自己无法逾越这个鸿沟，导致在考试中失分，其实如果考生研究一下长难句其实不难，大多数同学还是可以攻克长难句的。首先要了解考研英语长难句是如何构成的，命题人员在简单句基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过三种方式来使句子更加复杂。修饰成分复杂；大段的插入与或同位语;语序调整或倒装。这三种方式往往相互结合形成错综复杂的句子即混合型句子。目的是提高难度、增强干扰、打乱考生的思维从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这三种方式进行解析。第一类：修饰成分复杂句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰;介词短语修饰;不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。对于这种长难句，同学们一定要注意抓住句子主干，先把主干给梳理清楚了，在此基础上再进行添枝加叶，这样才能知道这句话在说什么内容。例：As a discovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. 分析：主语是the interaction and confrontation，谓语是transforms，伴随状语为As a discovery claim works its way through the community,定语为between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved，修饰主语the interaction and confrontation 译文：随着发现声明通过科学界起作用，科学和技术涉及到的共有的互动和冲突把个人的发现声明转化为科学界可信的发现。第二类：大段的插入与或同位语。对于有很长插入语的句子，其实是假老虎，本质上是不难理解的，只不过学生很难把主谓的关系联系起来，在阅读的时候我们要先把句子主干找出来，先不用管插入语的，先从整体上去理解，然后在其基础上再把插入语给充实进去。例：The Internet --and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it --is making access to scientific results a reality. 分析：在浏览该句时，发现句子中出现了双破折号，其中间的内容and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it 为插入语，浏览的时候先跳过。这样就可以看到把主干The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality 理解了。然后再把具体插入语给填充进去就可以了。

考研英语长难句解析

考研英语长难句解析长难句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Stre et Bank ruling. (2010 Text2) 难句分析主句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order 主语谓语宾语宾语从句1 that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges 从属连词主语谓语宾语宾语从句2 that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its 从属连词主语定语从句系动词表语从句

本句为多重复合句，句子主干为The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order，stating that...and that...现在分词短语作宾语order的后置定语，说明order的内容。其中stating后面由and并列两个that引导的宾语从句，从句1中由并列连词rather than并列两个名词短语all 12 of th e court’s judges和a typical panel of three，作by的宾语。从句2中主语one issue后面是省略引导词that的定语从句，表语是whether引导的表语从句。

考研英语长难句分析之_特殊句式

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考研英语长难句分析

https://www.360docs.net/doc/cc12218091.html,/menu/201209/198057.shtml 2012 1. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weaken the court's reputation for being independent and impartial. 【分析】复合句。主句主干为justices acted。in several instances 和in ways作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰ways。【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。【临摹】不同于硅谷的那些企业，印度这些公司在思路上可能更有创意。 2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements. 【分析】复合句，主句为That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是that 引导的名词性从句。【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。【词法拓展】

it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary. 【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰the code of conduct。【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。 4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support. 【分析】复合句。主句为They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期，以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者，且无需拉拢政治支持。 5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property. 【分析】复合句。主句为Constitutional law is political。because 引导原因状语从句；其中分词短语rooted in... 作定语修饰choices, 介词短语like liberty and property 修饰concepts。

考研英语长难句经典总结长短句ok啦

化繁为简—破解英语长难句一长难句基本句型特征考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂： 1、复合从句 2、成分省略 3、使用插入成分 4、改变句序这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。必须牢记。最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。请看下面例句： , ’s , , Africa. (46 ) 我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。整个处理过程是从点到线再到面的，也就是要求我们必须按照信息的复杂程度来处理。即单词→意群→句子。万万不能尝试一下子理解或者翻译全句。再次强调一下，理解句子不同于做翻译题。一、复合从句在考研中，复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。此类句子就像一棵信息树，树上生枝，枝上生杈，杈上生叶。必须找出树的主干从哪里分出枝，枝上哪里分杈，依此类推。只要抓住句子的各个连接点，就能理出句子层次，才能完全把握整个句子。遇到长难句时，需要根据题型来决定处理的深度。如果是阅读理解通读文章时，抓大放小，抓主放次。即抓住主谓宾或主系表。如果是阅读理解问题相关句，需要快速罗列理顺主次意群，如果是翻译，则需要进一步处理意群的顺序，润色汉语的选词。如果从句长，可以借助汉语的代词来加快理解过程。尤其是连续出现的从句里套从句，可以反复利用这些汉语代词做节点，这样就能很快理清思路。后面会有详细讲解。二、成分省略句子成分省略是为了避免重复。考研中一般难度大的省略不是主语和谓语的语法省略，而是为了某种具体表达目的省略。在这里列出一些出现频率高的类型。要求我们必须根据上下文判断并补充省略的成分，否则理解句子时可能漏掉重要信息。

考研英语长难句特点分析(一)：成分超长

和托福、雅思等国外流行的考试一样，现在的考研英语也表现出一种成分越来越长的趋势，而考生在练习阅读的过程中要尽可能适应这样一种出题方式，比如充当主语的可以有：名词，非谓语动词，从句等。下面举两个例子进行说明：例：Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 分析：这句话的复杂之处在于句子的主语是一个动名词短语结构，主语从Creating…到Old Continent, 而且在主语中还有两个定语从句，一个是由that 引导的，另一个是由which来引导。此句话的特点是主语和谓语结构极其不协调，主语超长，但是谓语越短。因此，理解这句话的关键是要首先能够从句中提取出主语，并且正确理解两个定语从句，然后才能顺利完成整个句子的阅读。译文：不同文化和不同的传统把欧洲大陆编织在一起，要创造出一种尊重这些文化和传统的欧洲品牌(欧洲所独有的东西)绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性选择。类似的结构如With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. 意为“尽管网上有成千上万个与职业相关的网站，但是想找到有前景的职位空缺却是耗时而又没有效率的”。除了超长的动名词短语外，考研中还时有出现主语从句来充当主语。主语从句充当主语的情况在考研中有两种：一种是把从句放在句首，还有一种是把从句放在句尾，句首用it做形式主语。比如， However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is as yet, an unanswered question. 分析：这句话主语是由两个whether引导的主语从句构成的，并且在第二个主语从句中还有一个由that引导的定语从句。译文：然而，这种公平感是卷尾猴和人类分别进化的结果，还是源自3500万年前这一物种共同的祖先，还是一个没有结论的问题。再如， Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 分析：这句话中就是非常典型的it做形式主语，真正的主语是由that引导的两个主语从句。译文：再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力