人事部二级笔译真题_2004年5月至2010年11月部分真题集锦

The Gap Between Rich and Poor Widened in U.S. Capital

Washington D.C. ranks first among the 40 cities with the widest gap between the poor and the rich, according to a recent report released by the D.C. Fiscal Policy Institute on July 22nd. The top 20 percent of households in D.C. have an average yearly income of $186,830, 31 times that of the bottom 20 percent, which earns only $6,126 per year. The income gap is also big in Atlanta and Miami, but the difference is not as pronounced.

The report also indicates that the widening gap occurred mainly during the 1990s. Over the last decade, the average income of the top 20 percent of households has grown 36 percent, while the average income of the bottom 20 percent has only risen 3 percent.

"I believe the concentration of the middle- to high-income families in the D.C. area will continue, therefore, the income gap between rich and poor will be hard to bridge," David Garrison told the Washington Observer. Garrison is a senior researcher with the Brookings Institution, specializing in the study of the social and economic policies in the greater Washington D.C. area.

The report attributed the persistent income gap in Washington to the area's special job opportunities, which attract high-income households. Especially since the federal government is based in Washington D.C., Government agencies and other government related businesses such as

lobbying firms and government contractors constantly offer high-paying jobs, which contribute to the trend of increasing high-income households in the D.C. area. For example, a single young professional working in a law firm in D.C. can earn as much as $100,000 in his or her first year out of law school.

"In addition, high-quality housing available in Washington D.C. is one of the main reasons why high-income families choose to live here, while middle and low-income families, if they can afford it, choose to move out of Washington D.C. to the Virginia and Maryland suburbs so that their kids can go to better schools," stated Garrison.

"As rich families continue to move into D.C. and middle and low-income families are moving out, the poorest families are left with nowhere to move, or cannot afford to move. This creates the situation we face now: a huge income gap between the rich and poor."

The Washington D.C. area to which Garrison refers is the District of Columbia city itself, not including the greater Washington metro area. "The greater Washington metro area has a large population of about 5 million, but the low-income households are often concentrated in D.C. proper," Garrison explained.

Tony Blalock, the spokesperson for Mayor Anthony Williams, said resignedly, "No matter what we seem to do to bring investment into the District, a certain population is not able to access the unique employment

opportunities there. The gap between the rich and poor is the product of complex forces, and won't be fixed overnight."

Garrison believes that the D.C. government should attract high-income families. By doing so, the District's tax base can grow, which in turn can help improve D.C.'s infrastructure. "But in the meantime, the District government should also take into consideration the rights of the poor, set up good schools for them, and provide sound social welfare. All these measures can alleviate the dire situation caused by income disparity. " Garrison, however, is not optimistic about the possibility of closing the gap between the rich and poor. He is particularly doubtful that current economic progress will be able to help out the poor. "Bush's tax-cut plan did bring about this wave of economic recovery, and the working professionals and rich did benefit from it. It is unfair to say that the plan did not help the poor at all… it just didn't benefit them as much as it did the rich, " Garrison said. "The working class in America, those who do the simplest work, get paid the least, and dutifully pay their taxes, has not benefited from Bush's tax-cut plan much."

Garrison concludes, "A lot of cities in America did not enjoy the positive impact of the economic recovery. Washington D.C., on the other hand, has always been sheltered by the federal government. The wide gap between rich and poor in the District, therefore, deserves more in-depth study and exploration."

英译汉参考答案

美国首都贫富不均情况加重

美国首都独立研究机构华盛顿特区财政政策研究院（DC Fiscal Policy Institute）于7月22日公布的一份其最新的研究报告显示，华盛顿特区的贫富差距居全美40个大都会区之冠，20%最富有的家庭其年收入高达$186,830美元，是20%最贫穷家庭年收入（仅$6,126美元）的31倍。虽然亚大兰大和迈阿密两市的贫富差距与华盛顿相当，但其贫富不均的情况却不如华盛顿明显。

报告指出，华盛顿特区贫富差距逐渐加大主要是发生在90年代。在过去十年中，20%最富有的家庭其年收入增长了36倍，而20%最贫穷家庭的年收入仅仅增加了3倍。

“我认为中高收入家庭过分集中在特区的情况仍然会持续下去，在未来十年内贫富鸿沟恐怕难以拉近，”布鲁金斯学院（Brookigns Institution）专攻大华盛顿地区经济和社会形势的高级研究员大卫·盖立森（Daivd Garrison）对《华盛顿观察》周刊说道。

这份报告将华盛顿特区的贫富鸿沟归咎于当地特殊的工作机会。而这些工作往往会吸引高收入家庭搬到此地。特别是华盛顿也是美国联邦政府的所在地，而联邦政府和与政府相关的行业，如院外游说团体和政府合约承包商等等，不断提供高薪工作，也使得华府的高收入家庭有不断增加的趋势。举例来说，一个单身的年轻专业人士从法学院毕业后，在华府的律师事务所服务第一年的年收入可高达$100,000美元。

“此外，华盛顿特区也提供高品质的住宅（high-quality housing），这也是为什么高薪家庭选择在华府居住的主因之一，”盖立森分析道，“而一般中低收入家庭，在有余力的情况下，为了孩子能够上较好的学校而选择搬离华盛顿特区，移至分布于马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的住宅区。”

在高收入家庭不断迁移到特区、中低阶层的家庭移出，而最贫穷的家庭又面临无处，也无力可搬的窘境时，就造成我们现在看到的，贫富悬殊的华盛顿特区，”盖立森对《华盛顿观察》周刊说到。

盖立森此处所指的华盛顿特区指的是约有56万人口的都市（District of Columbia）本身，不包括整个华盛顿大都会区（Greater Washington Metro Area），“整个华盛顿大都会区人口高达500万人，但低收入户却只往华盛顿特区集中，”他特别解释道。

“不论我们如何努力吸引商家到华盛顿特区投资，华府有一部分的低收入家庭就是无法从中受惠，没有办法得到特区独特的高薪工作机会。” 华盛顿市长办公室发言人托尼·布拉克（Tony Bullock）说，“贫富差距的背后许多复杂的原因，是不能在一夕之间就改变的。”他言谈间颇有对特区的贫富悬殊无可奈何之叹。

盖立森则认为，特区政府的确应该吸引高收入家庭到特区居住，因为这样能够带来更多税收，对市政建设有积极作用。“但同时，特区政府也应该重视穷人的权益，设立好的学校、提供健全的社会福利等等，这些市政措施都能有效地改善特区严重的贫富不均状况。”

但盖立森对未来贫富差距是否真能拉近不是十分乐观，他尤其对这波

经济复苏是不是能帮助到穷人保持怀疑的态度：“布什的减税方案虽然带动了美国这波经济复苏，有工作的人和富人的确享受到不少好处，但对穷人的帮助虽然不能说是完全没有，也只能说是不如富人的获益高，”盖立森分析道，“美国一般的工薪族（working class），也就是那些做初级工作、拿最低工资、老老实实缴税的人，实在没有从布什的减税案得到太大益处。”

盖立森总结说：“美国许多城市并没有享受到美国经济好转所带来的积极价值，但华盛顿特区一直以来受到联邦政府的庇佑，它贫富悬殊的情况仍然如此严重，确实值得深入的研究和检讨。”

实务汉译英和参考答案

２５年来，中国坚定不移地推进改革开放，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。从１９７８年至２００３年的２５年间，中国经济年均增长９．４％。２５年前，中国年国内生产总值为１４７３亿美元，去年已达到１４０００多亿美元。２５年前，中国年进出口贸易总额为２０６亿美元，去年已达到８５１２亿美元。２５年前，中国外汇储备为１．６７亿美元，去年已达到４０３３亿美元。目前，中国经济总量居世界第六，进出口贸易总额居世界第四。中国之所以能够发生这样巨大的变化，最关键的原因是我们始终坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，始终坚持改革开放，激发了全体人民的积极性、主动性、创造性。

中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。

我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。

参考译文

Over the past 25 years, China has been firmly pressing ahead with the implementation of the reform program and the initiative of opening up to the outside world. With the establishment of a preliminary socialist market economy, and the nation’s economy attaining an outward-oriented perspective, the productive forces and the comprehensive national competence have been on the rising curve constantly. And various social undertakings have been developing in full swing. The living standard of the Chinese people as a whole has undergone a historical leap from a subsistence level to the level of moderate prosperity.

In the 25 years between 1978 and 2003, the annual growth rate of China's economy was running at an average of 9.4 percent, with its GDP jumping

from 147.3 billion US dollars to over 1.4 trillion US dollars.

25 years ago, China’s foreign trade value and foreign exchange reserves each stood at 20.6 billion and 167 million in US dollars, but last year they shot up to 851.2 billion US dollars and 403.3 billion US dollars respectively.

China has now become the sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader in the world.

The tremendous changes in China are attributed to the fact that we have adhered to the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and persevered in our reform and opening endeavors, which brought into full play the Chinese people's initiative, enthusiasm and creativeness. Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economic and social development on the other.

China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world.

To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.

We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which

involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.

2006年11月

English to Chinese

Compulsory Translation

This week and next, governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are gathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy of global Mulhollandism in water - and to chart a new course.

They could hardly have chosen a better location. Water is being pumped out of the aquifer on which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment. The result: the city is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade. You can see the consequences in the cracked cathedrals, the tilting Palace of Arts and the broken water and sewerage

pipes.

Every region of the world has its own variant of the water crisis story. The mining of groundwater for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India and Pakistan by 30 meters in the past three decades. As water goes down, the cost of pumping goes up, undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers.

What is driving the global water crisis? Physical availability is part of the problem. Unlike oil or coal, water is an infinitely renewable resource, but it is available in a finite quantity. With water use increasing at twice the rate of population growth, the amount available per person is shrinking - especially in some of the poorest countries.

Challenging as physical scarcity may be in some countries, the real problems in water go deeper. The 20th-century model for water management was based on a simple idea: that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited, dammed or diverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability.

Across the world, water-based ecological systems - rivers, lakes and watersheds - have been taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustainability by policy makers who have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over- exploitation.

We need a new model of water management for the 21st century. What does that mean? For starters, we have to stop using water like there’s no

tomorrow - and that means using it more efficiently at levels that do not destroy our environment. The buzz- phrase at the Mexico Water forum is "integrated water resource management." What it means is that governments need to manage the private demand of different users and manage this precious resource in the public interest.

二级笔译实务Topic 1

John Kenneth Galbraith, the iconoclastic economist, teacher and diplomat, died Saturday at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was 97. Mr. Galbraith was one of the most widely read authors in the history of economics; among his 33 books was "The Affluent Society" （1958）, one of those rare works that forces a nation to re-examine its values. He wrote fluidly, even on complex topics, and many of his compelling phrases - among them "the affluent society," "conventional wisdom" and "countervailing power" - became part of the language.

An imposing presence, lanky and angular at 6 feet 8 inches tall, Mr. Galbraith was consulted frequently by national leaders, and he gave advice freely, though it may have been ignored as often as it was taken. Mr. Galbraith clearly preferred taking issue with the conventional wisdom he distrusted.

Mr. Galbraith, a revered lecturer for generations of Harvard students, nonetheless always commanded attention.

From the 1930"s to the 1990"s Mr. Galbraith helped define the terms of

the national political debate, influencing both the direction of the Democratic Party and the thinking of its leaders.

He tutored Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956, on Keynesian economics. He advised President John F. Kennedy （often over lobster stew at the Locke-Ober restaurant in their beloved Boston）and served as his ambassador to India.

Though he eventually broke with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the war in Vietnam, he helped conceive of Mr. Johnson’s Great Society program and wrote a major presidential address that outlined its purposes. In 1968, pursuing his opposition to the war, he helped Senator Eugene J. McCarthy seek the Democratic nomination for president.

In the course of his long career, he undertook a number of government assignments, including the organization of price controls in World War II and speechwriting for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Kennedy and Johnson.

He drew on his experiences in government to write three satirical novels. He took on the Harvard economics department with "A Tenured Professor," ridiculing, among others, a certain outspoken character who bore no small resemblance to himself.

At his death, Mr. Galbraith was the emeritus professor of economics at Harvard, where he had taught for most of his career. A popular lecturer, he treated economics as an aspect of society and culture rather than as an

arcane discipline of numbers.

2008年

Mangoes in Africa, as elsewhere, often fall prey to fruit flies, which destroy about 40% of the continent's crop. In fact, fruit flies are so common in African mangoes that America has banned their import altogether, to protect its own orchards. African farmers, meanwhile, have few practical means to defend their fruit. Chemical pesticides are expensive. And even for those who can afford them they are not that effective since, by the time a farmer spots an infestation, it is too late to spray.

Agricultural scientists have also looked at controlling fruit flies with parasitic wasps. But the most common ones kill off only about one fly in 20, leaving plenty of survivors to go on the rampage. Lethal traps baited with fly-attracting pheromones are another option. But they, too, are expensive. Instead, most farmers simply harvest their fruit early, when it is not yet fully ripe. This makes it less vulnerable to the flies, but also less valuable.

Farmers whose trees are teeming with worker ants, however, do not need to bother with any of this. In a survey of several orchards in Benin, Dr van Mele and his colleagues found an average of less than one fruit-fly pupa in each batch of 30 mangoes from trees where worker ants were

abundant, but an average of 77 pupae in batches from trees without worker ants. The worker ants, it turns out, are very thorough about hunting down and eating fruit flies, as well as a host of other pests. Worker ants have been used for pest control in China and other Asian countries for centuries. The practice has also been adopted in Australia. But Dr van Mele argues that it is particularly suited to Africa since worker ants are endemic to the mango-growing regions of the continent, and little training or capital is needed to put them to work. All you need do is locate a suitable nest and run string from it to the trees you wish to protect. The ants will then quickly find their way to the target. Teaching a group of farmers in Burkina Faso to use worker ants in this way took just a day, according to Dr van Mele. Those farmers no longer use pesticides to control fruit flies, and so are able to market their mangoes as organic to eager European consumers, vastly increasing their income. The ants, so to speak, are on the march.

全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试

英语二级《笔译综合》试卷

Section 1: Vocabulary and Grammar (60 points)

This section consists of 3 parts. Read the directions for each part before answering the questions.

Part 1 Vocabulary Selection

In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

1. All the students of this university have free _____ to the Internet via a broadband connection.

A.acess

B.entrance

C.permission

D.passageway

2. It is rumored that Mr. Smith, the grandson of the founder of the university and a professor of philosophy, will be _____ as president in March.

A.indulged

B.inaugurated

C.induced

D.integrated

3. When I visited the area after the hurricane, I became _____ by what I saw and heard there.

A.stressed

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ce11318269.html,pressed

C.impressed

D.distressed

4. When the actor appeared on the stage again, shouts and cheers broke _____ from the crowd and continued for about five minutes.

A.in

B.off

C.forth

D.up

5. The _____ value of a coin, i.e. the value of the metal in it, is usually less than the value of what it will buy.

A.external

B.interior

C.intrinsic

D.extrinsic

6. Hotels and restaurants are an _____ part of the city, without which the tourist industry could not exist.

A.additional

B.inseparable

C.accommodated

D.integral

7. We can find a full _____ of his political belief in his newly-published books.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ce11318269.html,position

B.exposition

C.deposition

D.disposition

8. I don't think you can persuade him ; he always _____ to his own principles.

A.adapts

B.devotes

C.adheres

D.dedicates

9. In the advanced course of our training, students must take objective tests at monthly _____.

A.distance

B.length

C.gaps

D.intervals

10. Going around at the top of the mountain, we watched the fog _____ from the valley below; it seemed that we had entered a fairyland.

A.descend

B.decrease

C.arise

D.ascend

11. Richard has an _____ manner, although he comes from a middle-class family background and has received his education at Cambridge.

A.abrupt

B.absurd

C.active

D.agreeable

12. The history teacher told us the ring was a piece of _____ treasure because it had been handed down from an ancient king.

A.invaluable

B.valued

C.previous

D.precise

13. In the last few years, the _____ of regular folks going under the cosmetic knife skyrocketed.

A.amount

B.figures

C.group

D.number

14. He was too busy to do any exercise at all until he turned 58. And he is much better _____ now than ever before.

A.form

B.condition

C.look

D.shape

15. All of us in research have focused on a drug that is so _____ that it can change brain chemistry.

A.monstrous

B.powerful

C.vigorous

D.heavy

16. He was only a _____ ruler of the country, the real one was his mother, who actually handled state affairs and possessed the power of making decisions.

A.oblivious

B.notable

C.obscure

D.nominal

17. _____ that she is interested in children, I am sure that teaching is the right profession for her.

A.However

B.Provided

C.Given

D.Unless

18. She had _____ opportunity to exercise leadership, which she has dreamed of since she was young.

A. utter

B.utmost

C.ambitious

D.ample

19. They intend to remove the _____ rules and regulations that are discouraging foreign investment in their country.

A.henpecked

B.garnished

C.unmitigated

D.onerous

20. The Central Bank is interested in how much money is in _____ in the economy.

A.circulation

B.circle

C.reserve

D.rotation

Part 2 Vocabulary Replacement

This part consists of 20 sentences. In each of them one word or phrase is underlined, and below each, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part without causing any grammatical error or changing the basic meaning of the sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

21. Tom felt sure he would get the post, but he was never even considered for it. That was a smack in the eye for him.

A.nothing serious

B.nothing important

C.a humiliating rebuff

D.an expected disappointment

22. Our neighbors are so reserved and unfriendly that they never speak to us.

A.aloof

B.relieved

C.airy

D.resistant

23. Security men believe the tit-for-tat murders were the result of the bombing which had occurred in the city center.

A.furious

B.retaliatory

C.malevolent

D.chain

24. The conclusion reached at the workshop was that the manufacturing process was obsolete.

A.dilapidated

B.extant

C.archaic

D.outdated

25. Some people wish to amend the law so that children must stay at school until they are 16.

A.gratify

B.pacify

C.rectify

D.verify

26. Prof. Clark disregarded the warning from his colleagues and continued his research work.

A.ignored

B.deplored

C.explored C.implored

27. Some observers say the recent coup of a military government in that country will lead to anarchy.

A.monarch

B.maniac

C.disorder

D.discipline

28. As a conductor, Leonard Bernstein was famous for his intensely vigorous and exuberant style.

A.enticing

B.enthusiastic

C.extravert

D.exultant

29. His peers admonished him that he had to increase his study time as the final examination was around the corner.

A.astonished

B.warned

C.threatened

D.alarmed

30. Isolated cases of disaffection – or harbingers of a mass cross-border movement that threatens Europe’s economic stability? The question is pressing.

A.sing

B.forerunner

C.messenger

D.vanguard

31. Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction over the trials of some civil suits and of criminal cases involving minor offenses.

A.supremacy

B.authority

C.guidance

D.administration

32. What these young men and women need to do now is to develop a mentality to reconcile their ideals with reality.

A.interact

B.interface

C.harmonize

D.pair

33. The search for eternal youth is no less fervent now than it was 2,000 years ago. People are trying practically anything.

A.prolonged

B.external

C.protracted

D.excessive

34. SD Memory Cards are versatile high-capacity storage cards that are extremely small - about the size of a postage stamp.

A.adaptable

B.adoptable

C.variable

D.veritable

35. This book comes as a revelation to one who was nourished in his youth on the englightened English socialitst tradition represented by George Bernard Shaw.

A.replacement

B.discovery

C.representation

D.resolution

36. Johnson was so absorbed in his novel that he forgot about his dinner cooking in the oven.

A.obtained

B.enlivened

C.obliged

D.engrossed

37. The man we met this morning grows many kinds of plants in his garden, most of which are flowers including succulent and cacti.

A.rises

B.raises

C.plants

D.plows

38. The scientist contested the assumption of previous scientists that the fate of human beings could not be predicated.

A.suspended

B.rejected

C.suspected

D.repulsed

39. In the last 10 years we have all witnessed an impressive growth in our knowledge about environment.

A.impreative

B.observable

C.important

D.obvious

40. In their culture and in their eyes success all too often means imply outdoing other people by virtue of achievement judged by some single scale – income or honors.

A.outfitting

B.outbidding

C.outraging

D.outshining

Part 3 Error Correction

This part consists of 20 sentences. In each of them there is an underlined part that indicates a grammatical error, and below each, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part so that the error is corrected. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

41. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see be carrying out next year.

A.carry out

B.carrying out

C.carried out

D.to carry out

42. The examiner failed some candidates, and 15 of them being students without work experience.

A. 15 being

B.among 15 were

C.15 of them were

D.15 of whom were

43. Despite of their opposition, he went his own way and started his preparations.

A.Despiting of

B.Despited of

C.Despite

D.Despited

44. Network television, magazine, and direct mail –that will be the big gainers in advertising revenues next year.

A.which

B.these

C.they

D.all

45. I hear that he knows four languages, such as Chinese, French, German and Japanese.

A.for example,

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ce11318269.html,ly,

C.like

D.as

46. The more people you know, the less you have time to see them but you can always reach them on the Internet.

A. less you have the time

B. the less time you have

C. the less time do you have

D. less the time you have

47. Having heard the weather forecast, the boat was stopped in the harbour.

A. the boat did not sail out of

B. they did not sail out of

C. the boat remained in

D. they were stopped in

48. Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; now all that left is utter poverty.

A.that all is left

B.all that is left

C.all what is left

D.all which is left

49. Mary must have received my mail; otherwise she could have replied before now.

A.Mary should

B.Mary ought to

C.Mary shouldn’t

D.Mary couldn’t

50. We will ship the goods on Monday according to your order less we hear from you by Friday.