Grammar语法
Grammar 语法
1、字母与国际音标
2、
1.字母有26个，元音有5个：a e i o u ,半元音有2个：w ,y ,其余是辅音19个。
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
半元音：[w] [j]
2.国际音标有48个,元音有20个，半元音有2个，浊辅音有15个，清辅音有11个。
元音：[ei] [ai] [i:] [i] [e] [ ] [a:] [?] [?:] [?] [?:] [?] [ :] [ ] [ ?] [??][??] [??] [??] [??]
浊辅音：[b] [m] [d] [n] [l] [?] [??] [?] [?][z] [dz] [?] [dr] [ ] [?]
清辅音：[p] [f] [t] [k] [h] [t?] [?][ts] [s ] [θ] [tr]
3.开音节： late these bike rose use
[ei] [i:] [ai] [?u] [ju:]
开音节单词有很多种，其中有一种音节是：最后一个字母是e,e不发音，前面是一个辅音，辅音前面是一个元音，这个元音读字母本身音。
特殊的有：have live give some come
[] [i] [i] [?] [?]
4.闭音节：bad bed big dog bus
[] [e] [i] [ ] [?]
闭音节单词有很多种，其中有一种闭音节是：最后一个字母是辅音，辅音前面是一个元音。元音a读[ ]，e读[e] ,i读[i]，o读[ ],u读[?].特殊的有：put [u]
5. 数音节看音标：①一个元音是一个音节。②辅音+（l，m后面没有元音）n算一个音节.
如：pencil [′pensl ] 有2个音节.sleep [sli:p]有1个音节.
6.重音：语言像音乐一样优美，重音就像音乐中的音调：1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i
无重音次重音重音如：congratulation [k?n gr?tju′lei?(?)n] 祝贺 n.. 5个音节。
Revolutionary [ re ??lu:?(?)n?ri] 革命的 adj. 革命者n. 6个音节7.重读闭音节：①重音在最后一个音节上。②是闭音节。
如：begin [bi gin] 是重读闭音节开始 v ； listen [ lisn] 不是重读闭音节听 v. 3、名4、词
1. 可数名
2. 词
①注意：在可数名词单数的前面必须加冠词，物主代词或one(｀s).
②复数+s, ly结尾-lies, f(e)结尾-ves,
③以s, x, sh, ch [t],o有生命的（potato, tomato, hero, Negro）结尾的+es
④foot-feet,(wo)man-(wo)men, child-children ox-oxen
⑤单复数相同：people人,sheep 绵羊,deer鹿,Chinese中国人,Japanese日本人，fish或
fishes鱼。
⑥只有复数：colthes，trousers，glasses，cattle
⑦根据词意来决定单、复数：class班（单数），同学们（复数）；team队（单数），
队员（复数）；group 组（单数），组员（复数）；family 家（单数），家人（复数）； police 警察局（单数），警察（复数）。
⑧变复数后的读音：最后一个字母的发音是清辅音+s读[s],元音或浊辅音+s读[z]，-t(e)+s
读[ts]，d(e)+s读[dz],orange+s读[iz],+es读[iz]，除o+es 读[z]
3. 不
4. 可数名
5. 词：前面不
6. 许+a，
7. 后面不
8. 许+s，
9. water, milk, bread, paper,
meat, tea, coffee, drink, orange(橙汁)，10. news, seven cups of tea ,two
pieces of paper
11. 可数名12. 词与不13. 可数名14. 词可以互相转化。
waters 各种水，by bus 乘公共汽车, go to school/hospital 去上学/去医院看病,
go to the school /the hospital 去学校/去医院, go to bed 去睡觉,go to the bed
去上床, at school 在学校上学,at he school 在学校, at table 饭桌上,at the table
在桌旁, in hospital 住院,in the hospital 在医院, in bed 躺着,in the bed 在
床上。
5、代词
1. 单one 复
2. ones代人或者代物。
3. 人称代词：
主格： I you he she it we you they
宾格： me you him her it us you them
形容词性物主代词：my your his her its our your their
名词性物主代词： mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词： myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves oneself 亲自 by oneself 靠自己
He did it himself .同位语。 He did it by himself . 方式状语
4. 不
5. 定代词：
肯定： something sth、somebody --sb、some one
疑问、否：anything、anybody、anyone、everyone +adj
everything、everybody、nothing、nobody
no one、(none of)
4.代词 a few 肯定,few基本否定可数a little肯定, little 基本否定不可数
adj: a few(few) books, a little(little) milk, a little girl,一个小女孩， a little cat （pencil）一只小猫（铅笔）
pron: the other 范围内、another范围外
(单数)the other 范围内、others范围外(复数)
adj ( the 特指 ) another boy, (the)特指 other boys
形容词 other 修饰名词只放名词前面。else 修饰名词只放名词后面。所以something else 其于的一些东西。
词组：单数one… the other…复数（some…）some…others…
5.人称：第一人称：I，we 第二人称：you 其余都是第三人称，如果是一个就是三单。
（注意：一般现在时，主语是三单时谓语动词+s，情态动词除外。）
6、数词：
1、基数词：one + n, two, three,…+n+s
8 2 6,3 0 7,4 1 5,9 2 8
eight hundred(and)twenty six billion three hundred (and) seven million four hundred (and) fifteen thousand nine hundred and twenty eight. hundreds of，thousands and thousands of
2、序数词：基数词+ th .特殊：the first , the (a) second, the (a) third , the fifth ,
the eighth , the ninth , the twelfth , the twentieth (thirtieth ,
fortieth…)+n.
3、分数：? one third, 7? seven and one eighths
4、小数：35.27908 thirty five point two seven nine 0 (zero) eight
5、百分数：80% eighty per cent(percent)
6、时间表示法：6：05 five past six, 8:30 half past eight ,10:45 a quarter to
eleven ,12:58 two to one /thirteen ( o?clock )在8点at eight ,on 天，
in比天大,on May 6 (th), 1998, in June, in 2002, in the week (century) 7、Lsson One = the first lesson 第一课Room Six = the sixth room 6号房间
We live at No. 86. 我们住在86号,No.30 Middle School = the thirtieth middle school 三十中 on Page 19 = on the nineteenth page
8、词组： morning noon morning
in the afternoon at on the of January l ( st ) ,
evening night night
on a cold evening(night)
9、 + plus (and) Four plus one equals (is) five . 4+1=5
- minus Nine minus seven is (equals) two . 9 -7=2
time (multiply) Five times six is (are) thirty .65=30
divide(Divide seven by two) Divide two into seven and you get three and a half.
用二除七得三又二分之一。15 divided 3 is 5 . 15*3=5
五、冠词：
1、不定冠词：a 后面单词开头的发音不是元音。an后面单词开头的发音是元音。
2、定冠词：the这（些），那（些），与不定冠词的区别：①特指②第二次（以上）提到。
3、a desk,useful book，（u ,t , w）, an apple (hour、uncle、l、m、n、f)
4、the sun(earth , moon ,star) , the piano ,
5、在人名、国名、地名、三餐、球类、日期、节日和称呼前什么都不加。
如：Green(格林一家the Greens),China ,Beijing ,have lunch ,play football ,on Sunday ,in September ,National Day，New Year
6、表示一类人；the poor 穷人 , the rich 富人
7、在序数词和最高级前面常加the
六、介词：
1、静： over above
前before on/at the top of
(at)in front of on(side) on the right/left
(at)in the front of
behind out side
in (side) by ,beside, near, far away from at the back of
at the end of
beneath below
under at the bottom of
around 、 about (in the end=at last)
2、动： up over
across onto to the right/left
forward(s)/backward(s) out of
to into by、past
through round、about
toward(s) down
3、其它：with He with me goes to ….for ①为了②表一段时间in①…里②表
示一段时间之后（内）如：①How long have you written the article ? I?ve written the article for two hours .②How soon will you write the article ? I ll write
it in an hour .without , during，in the middle of ,between , among,(whole, both，
all, )
4、区别：
①in里，on上，The apples are on the tree . The bird is in the tree .
②in表大地儿，at 表小地儿，in Shanghai ,at the bus stop
③旁边by表近，挨着，beside 稍远，不挨着，正当位置应用at ,at the door ,at table
④like 像as 作为（作连词是像）
⑤walk along(沿着) walk up/down上、高、大、北/下、低、小、南
⑥表具体with(a pen)；表材料、方式in(ink, English),表靠by(bus ,him)
⑦表时间at 几点, on 天, in比天大
⑧on(somebody)身上 with(somebody)随身
⑨（be）for赞同、（be）against反对、靠着
⑩besides包括、except不包括、except for+词组、except that+句子
七、形容词与副词
something somebody someone
1. adj.+n.
anything anybody someone
+adj.
everything everybody everyone
nothing nobody no one
2．V．
vi. adj.
vt. (+n). + adv.； adv. + adv. + enough to do
3.系 be + 表（是）adj.…
表（在）：adv. here,(over) there, back, upstairs, downstairs
4.级别：①原级比较级than 最高级 of(all)/in
一个音节:fat fatter the fattest
三个（上）音节:beautiful more～ the most～
二个音节:adj. 以辅音 +y, ow, le, er,结尾+er / est其它都在前面+more/（the）most形容词最高级前面必须加the，副词最高级可以加the也可以不加。即:是adj.又是adv.按adj.变。Friendlier=more friendly
Clever比别人，more clever 比自己，表颜色，材料等只有原级：red , green , wool (oil)…
②特殊：good/well better (the) best bad(ly)/ill worse (the) worst
many/much more (the)most, little less (the) least
far farther (the) farthest 具体far further (the) furthest 抽象
③词组：the better of the two …,more and more越来越，the more…the more…越…
越…，one of the most(adj.) n.s最…之一
④修饰比较级的词有much、a little、abit、even、far
八、动词v.及物动词vt.不及物动词vi.
第一类:1.be动词2.情态动词3.助动词
am was 是：+n +adj.
1. be is was 在：+（介短）prep. +adv；（over）there、back、up/downstairs
are were There is/are+（主语）subject 某处有某人或某物。如果有主语有应
该用have/has In the school there is a playground. The school has a playground.
2. 情态动词：Can may must need dare could might must needed dared；
need与dare即是情态动词又是行为动词。+do/to do
can与be able to 的区别：
1 be able to有各种时态
2 can强调客观；be able to 强调主观。
must与have to的区别：
①have to有各种时态
②must强调主观，have to强调客观.
Will/would：①现在/过去的意原；②现在/过去的习惯③Will/Would you…?
Would更客气、委婉。
Shall用第一、三人称的请求，争求意见。用第二，三人称表示命令，威胁。一种时态。
Should应该，一种时态，用于各人称。情态动词+do,但ought to do；强：must中：ought to
弱：should；must和ought有过去时与现在时形式相同。表猜测：肯定：must、可能：may 、might
（更加不肯定），一个时态。疑问与否定：can、can′t词组：had better(not)do, would like(not)
to do；
3．助动词：will, would, shall, should, be（am、is、are、was、were）have, has, had, do,
does, did与动词合用。
第一类动词的共同特点是：
1变疑问句时把它们提到主语前面叫倒装（who、what作主语除外）
2②变否定句时在它们的后面加not。Will not=won?t, shall not=shan?t 第二类动词： 1.系动词 2.行为动词
1、系动词：除了be动词以外，还有become、seem、appear、feel、keep、remain、continue、
prove、come、go、get变，turn转变，grow长，look, sound, taste, smell也是系动词，后面
加形容词或名词。
如：The tree grew green.
In the cold winter, the water becomes ice.
2、行为动词：除了以上所提的动词以外都是行为动词。
第二类动词变疑问句时不能提前，变否定句时不能在动词后面加not而是加助动词。
如：Do you know? I don?t know.
Ⅰ、动词的时态：一共有16种时态，常用的时态有12种，最常用的时态有8种，我们掌握10个时
态就够用了。
1、一般现在时：表示每天、经常、反复、习惯性的动作。句子的构成是：主语+谓语动词。一
定要注意，主语是三单时谓语动词要+S（情态动词除外）。
Mary studies hard. Does Mary study hard ? Mary doesn?t study hard.句子中常出现的
词汇有often ,usually, always, every day等。
2、一般过去时：表示说话之前发生的动作，句子的构成是：主语+动词的过去式（一般的变法
是
+ed,特殊的变法要背下来）。Yesterday the lady saw a film.
Did the lady see a film yesterday ? Yesterday the lady didn?t see a film.
句子中常出现的词是说话之前的时间：just now，last year, many years ago,…
3、现在进行时：表示：①说话时正在进行的动作②现阶段正在进行的动作。句子的构成是：主
语+am(is ,are)+doing
Rose is reading some books. Is Rose reading any books? Rose isn?t reading any books .
常出现的词有：now ,just now , look!…,listen!…
4、过去进行时：表示说话之前某时正在进行的动作，句子的构成是：主语+was(were)+doing
Tom was writing some letters at this time yesterday. Was Tom writing any letters
at this time yesterday? Tom wasn?t writing any letters at this time yesterday.
常出现的词有在几点或出现连词when与while引导的时间状语从句和主句中表示过去的动作时
要用过去进行时，点时间动词要用一般过去时，没有过去进行时的动词也要用一般过去时。
Lucy was listening the radio while (同时)Lily was speaking French. We are studying
German when the teacher came (点时间动词用过去时)in.
5、一般将来时：表示说话之后将要发生的动作，句子的构成是：
①主语+will(shall只用于第一人称)+do强调客观They will go to the cinema next week. Will
they go to the cinema next week?They won?t go to the cinema next week.(will not =won?
t , shall not =shan?t )
②主语+am(is ,are)going to do 强调主观（打算）
I am going to swim tomorrow. Are you going to swim tomorrow?
I am not going to swim tomorrow.
③主语+am(is ,are)+(about)to do 安排，计划好要做的事。
We are (about) to have a meeting the day after tomorrow.
Are you/we(about) to have a meeting the day after tomorrow?
We aren?t (about) to have a meeting the day after tomorrow.
④点时间动词进行时表将来，马上就要发生。She is coming .她就要来了。点时间动词有：
Come ,go ,begin, leave, borrow, buy, die,…是不是点时间动词自已可以辩别，如：
see ,hear, find ,meet ,happen,…点时间动词的句子不能跟段时间状语，比如：他已经离开
三天了。He has been away for three days. 而不能说:He has left for three days.有段时
间状语时leave应换成be away, borrow换成keep, buy换have, die换be dead,其它动词根据词
意变。
6、过去将来时：表示过去（说话之前）将要发生的动作。句子的构成是：
1 主语+would(should只用于第一人称)+do 强调客观
The pupils would go to the museum the next Sunday.
Would the pupils go to the museum next the Sunday? The pupils wouldn?t go to the
museum the next Sunday.
2 主语+was(were) going to do 强调主观（想要）
Alan was going to visit Korea last winter. Was Alan going to visit Korea last winter?
Alan wasn?t going to visit Korea last winter.
③主语+was/were+(about) to do 安排、计划好的The workers were (about) to build the
university. Were the workers (about) to build the university? The workers were not
(about) to build the university.
④点时间动词进行时表将来。表示马上发生：He was coming. Was he coming? He wasn?t coming .
7、现在完成时：表示到现在为止已完成的动作，是过去的动作对现在的影响，句子的构成是：主语+have(has) +过去分词（一般的变法是+ed，特殊的变法要背下来）。
I have recited two thousand English words now.
Have you recited two thousand English words now?
I haven?t recited two thousand English words now.
常出现的词有：already用于肯定句或疑问句中（已知），yet用于疑问句（不知）或否定句中，(n)ever , still ,so far,since二个词组的区别：①have gone to 已去②have been to 去过。
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时是表示过去的动作对现在的影响，时间状语是现在。一般过去时只说过去，和现在没关系，时间状语是过去。
如：I?ve lost my ruler now.我已丢了尺子，现在肯定没有。
I lost my ruler yesterday.我昨天丢了尺子，现在有没有不一定。
8、过去完成时：表示：①到过去为止已完成。②过去的过去。句子的构成是：主语+had + done The secretary had been to Russia twice by last year. Had the secretary been to Russia twice by last year? The secretary hadn?t been to Russia twice by last year.
My uncle said that Mr. Smith had gone to Dalian already.常出现的词汇同上，另外还有by+过去的时间，表示到…为止。
9、现在完成进行时：表示从过去开始到现在一直在进行的动作，中间没有停过。句子的构成是：主语+have(has)+been + doing
The student has been doing his homework from nine o?clock today. Has the student been doing his homework from nine o?clock today？The student has not been doing his homework from nine o?clock today.
与现在完成时的区别：The student has done his homework today.这个学生今天已做完了他的作业。只表明是说话之前做的，什么时做的，做作业时中间停过没停过都不知道。
10、过去完成进行时：表示从过去开始到过去一直在进行的动作。
句子的构成是：主语+had +been + doing
The monitor had been having a report from 8 to 10 o?clock yesterday morning. Had the monitor been having a report from 8 to 10 o?clock yesterday morning?
The monitor hadn?t been having a report from 8 to 10 o?clock yesterday morning. Ⅱ、被动语态：
由原来句子中及物动词的宾语变成了主语，这时谓语动词要变成被动词态be done,主动语态有多少种时态，被动语态也有多少种时态。变被动语态时在最后一个动词的前面加上be，这个动词是什么词形那么be就变成什么词形，然后把这个动词变成过去分词。如：I am reading the book.(主动)The book is being read (by me ).（被动）The boy can see the bird in the tree.(主动)The bird in the tree can be seen(by the boy ).(被动)，原来的主语放在后面，并在它的前面加上介词by,这个介词短语也可以省略。
Ⅲ、句子成分排列：
主语+谓语（系词+表语=谓语）+ 宾语+宾语补足语+修饰动词的状语+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语（如果强调方式、地点或时间状语，强调谁就把谁放在句子的最前面。）表示时间频率的副词often, usually, always常放在句中，句中的位置：在第一个第一类动词的后面，第二类动词的前面。Also常常放在句中，already, yet, still, (n) every, oneself可以放在句中也可以放在句尾。定语修饰名词或相应于名词的词，放在名词的前或后，排列如下：adj.(n、pron.、one…、one?s、doing动名词、doing 现在分词、done过去分词)+n，不定代词+adj., n +to do, 介词短语或非谓语动词词组。N.+dav.如：here（over）there,up/downstairs修饰前
英语语法大攻克--现在完成时的讲解
现在完成时的讲解 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead ……………… 1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1“be＋on”代start,begin 2“be＋up”代get up 3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army
英语语法-现在完成时用法及习题
目录 1现在完成时的构成 (2) 2现在完成时的用法 (5) 3 使用现在完成时需注意事项 (7) 4过去完成时与现在完成时的比较 (12) 练习题 (13) 答案 (16)
现在完成时对于我们来讲是所有时态中最难掌握的一种。因为它并不是表示发生于某一时间的事情，而是既涉及过去，又联系现在的一种时态。请参见下列三个例句： 例：1.I live in Beijing. 我住在北京。 2.I lived in Beijing. 我住过北京。（我在北京住过。） 3.I have lived in Beijing. 我一直住在北京。 例1.的live是一般现在式，表示“我现在住在北京”这一事实。 例2.的lived是过去式。这句只是表示在过去的某一时期我在北京住过，至于现在住不住在北京则不清楚。 例3.的have lived是现在完成时，表示我在过去的某一时间开始住在北京，现在也住在北京。表示从过去到现在的一种继续状态。 1现在完成时的构成 现在完成时的形式是“have （has）+过去分词”，表示继续、完了、结果和经验等四种意思。 现在完成时的否定句是在have（has）的后面加上not，疑问句是将have（has）置于主语之前。 1现在完成时的肯定句 句型：
We have lived in Beijing. 我们一直住在北京。 He has lived in Beijing. 他一直住在北京。 过去分词的三种用法 过去分词有下列三种用法（过去分词的构成详见第六章）：1.构成现在（过去）完成时 have（has）+过去分词～ I have written the letter. 我写完这封信了。 2.被动语态：参见第十三章 be + 过去分词～ He was looked after.他受到照顾。 3.用于形容词 This is a broken chair. 这是一张坏的椅子。 2现在完成时的否定句 句型：主语+have（has）+not +过去分词～. I have not seen the movie yet.
Grammar and vocabulary语法
Unit 1 Grammar 重点语法 1、一般现在时 形式： 肯定句：主语＋ do/does 主语＋ be (am/is/are) There be (is/are) + 主语＋其它成分. 否定句：主语＋do not / doesn’t do. 主语＋ be (am/is/are) not. There be (is/are) not + 主语＋其它成分. 一般疑问句: Does/Do ＋主语＋动词原形？ Be (am/is/are) ＋主语＋其它成分？ Be (is/are) + there + 主语＋其它成分.? 特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ does/do＋主语＋动词原形？ 疑问词＋ be (am/is/are) ＋主语＋其它成分？ 疑问词＋ be (is/are) + there + 主语＋其它成分.? 概念： A)现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B)经常性、习惯性动作。 C)客观事实和普遍真理。(主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态，其宾语从句的谓语动词一般也需用过去时态，但若该从句说的是客观真理，其谓语动词仍用一般现在时) D)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词）。 E)在时间和条件状语从句里。(包括具有连词作用的副词immediately，the moment，the
time，directly等引导的状语从句) 在时间和条件状语从句里，用一般现在时表示将来。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。 例如: She is always like that. 她总是那样。 He often helps others. 他经常帮助别人。 I knew the moon moves round the earth when I was a little child. 在我儿时，就知道月球围绕太阳转。 The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。 I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year. 我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。 This baby seldom cries unless it is tired. 这个婴儿除非疲倦了，否则很少哭。 When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours. 等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了大约3个小时了。 2、现在进行时 形式 肯定句: 主语＋ be（am/is/are）+ 现在分词 否定句: 主语＋ be（am/is/are）not + 现在分词 一般疑问句: Be（am/is/are）主语＋现在分词? 特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ be（am/is/are）+ 主语 + 现在分词? 概念： A)表示说话人在说话时刻正在进行的动作，可与now, at present, at this moment, these days 等时间状语连用。
(完整版)(英语语法)四种完成时态
LESSON EIGHT 四种完成时态 主系表 现在：You are rich. 过去：You were rich. 将来：You will be rich. 过去将来：You would be rich. There be 现在：There is a book on the desk . 过去：There was a book on the desk. 将来：There will be a book on the desk. 过去将来：There would be a book on the desk. 主谓宾状 现在：You study English in the school. 过去时：You studied English in the school. 将来时: You will study English in the school. You are going to study English. You are to study English. You are about to study English 过去将来：You would study English in the school You were going to study English. You were to study English. You were about to study English. You are studying English. You were studying English. You will be studying English. You woud be studying English. 课堂练习 1：你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？ 2：你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗？ 4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.
初中英语语法过去完成时
初中英语过去完成时态讲解试题 过去完成时态 1）过去完成时态的构成： 肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词 否定式：hadn't + 动词的过去分词 疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词 简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had. No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法 过去完成时的用法： 1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。他表示的时间是"过去的过去 "常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如： She said she had seen the film 4 times. When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading. By the time they arrived, the bus had left. 2、表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago. 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijin g. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
Grammar(语法归纳)
初中英语学习材料 madeofjingetieji Grammar(语法归纳) 一、写出下列动词的过去式 1. be ________ 2. bring ________ 3. buy ________ 4. come ________ 5. find ________ 6. drive ________ 7. fly ________ 8. give ________ 9. go ________ 10. hear ________ 11. leave ________ 12. let ________ 13. make ________ 14. put ________ 15. sing ________ 16. read ________ 17. take ________ 18. teach ________ 19. spend ________ 20. cost ________ 二、用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Tom and Mary _________ (come) to China last month. 2. Mike __________ (not go) to bed until 12 o’clock last night. So he _______ (get) up late. 3. My mother ___________ (not do) housework yesterday. 4. She watches TV every evening. But she ___________ (not watch) TV last night. 5. ________ your father ________ (go) to work every day last year? 6. The boy_______ (not go) to school yesterday. He _______ (be) ill in bed. 7. What _________ (make) him cry just now? 8. Last year the teacher ________ (tell) us that the earth moves around the sun. 9. There ___________ (be not) any hospitals in my hometown in 1940. 10. I was afraid when I _______ (hear) a whisper. 三、完形填空。 Can flowers sing? You must be 1 to find the answer is ‘YES’. And the plants can sing, 2 . Flowers are beautiful and they 3 nice. Most people 4 to plant them. If they can sing for us, it's really wonderful. In fact, the flowers or plants in vases really can sing. 5 can they sing? That's because there is a speaker system (音响系统) inside the vases . The speaker system uses the flowers or plants to make 6 . If you like the music or song very much, you can 7 the music or the song 8 the plants in your garden. Music and plants are 9 for you .Do you like to 10
英语语法分词grammar12-1
Exercise 12 Identify participles or participle phrases and point out their grammatical function in each of them. 1.H e?d be in that, too, right at the front of it, as Grand Marshal or something, on a white horse hired from a livery stable.past participle phrase as attributive 2.They?d cook food there and drink beer and sit about listening to his stories.present participle phrase as accompanying adverbial 3.I knew we had them licked.past participle phrase as object complement 4.An orderly riding by had told him, because the orderly knew how thick he was with Grant.present participle phrase as attributive 5.I?m all covered with mud.past participle phrase as predicative 6.if there wasn?t anything to eat in the house, he?d go off visiting around at farmhouses.infinitives as attributive 7.She?d never say a word about all the weeks he?d been away, not leaving us a cent for food.present participle phrase as adverbial 8.once I heard her speaking to a woman in our street.object complement 9.As though some man….maybe a Congressman, had married my mother, thinking his wife was dead and then it turned out she wasn?t.present participle phrase as adverbial 10.He found me alone in the house, reading by the kitchen table.present participle phrase as accompanying adverbial 11.He sat and looked at me for a long time, not saying a word.present participle phrase as accompanying adverbial 12.It was still raining hard and there were flashes of lightning followed by thunder.past participle phrase as attributive Rewrite the sentences using participles where possible. 1.They talked to her for a good hour and tried to persuade her to stay on. They talked to her for a good hour, trying to persuade her to stay on. 2.when she read the book again, she discovered that she had missed a lot in the reading. Reading the book again, she discovered that she had missed a lot in the reading. 3.Anything that is grown in new ground like this has a better flavor. Anything grown in new ground like this has a better flavor.
现在完成时的构成英语语法大全
现在完成时的构成 一）肯定式 主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它 说明：这里的have ／has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词 用has，其余人称一律用have。has，have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构 成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例： 1）I've just copied all the new words ．我刚抄写了所有的生词。(表示不要再抄了) 2）She has lost her books ．她丢失了她的书。（表示到目前为止还没有找到） (如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到) 3）We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的） 二）否定式 主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它 说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have ／has后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为haven't ，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分 别改成any，yet。实例： 1）I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业。 2）She hasn't travelled on a train ．她没有坐火车旅行过。 3）We have never spoken to a foreigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。 注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如： 4）I have never seen him before．以前我从来没有见过他。 三）一般疑问式 助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？ 说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ，主语＋have／has．否定回答用“No，主语＋haven't／hasn't．”有时也可以用“No，not yet．／No ，never．／No，not even once．”等。实例：
英语语法大攻克--过去完成时专项练
过去完成时专项练习 1. 1. 单项选择 1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays. A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever? A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done 3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。 A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt 4. She ______lived here for ______ years. A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of 5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already. A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked 6. She said she __________ the principle already A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen 7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war. A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with 8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________. A. has completed university B. has completed the university B. had completed an university D. had completed university 9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year. A. for B. in C. by D. at 10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old. A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano. 11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten? A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done 12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army. A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work
English grammar 语法概述
English grammar English grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. There are historical, social, and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammar described here occur in some dialects of English. This article describes a generalized present-day Standard English, the form of speech found in types of public discourse including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain differences in grammar between the standard forms of British English, American English, and Australian English, although these are inconspicuous compared with the lexical and pronunciation differences. Contents [hide] ? 1 Word classes and phrases o 1.1 Nouns ? 1.1.1 Noun phrases o 1.2 Determiners o 1.3 Pronouns ? 1.3.1 Personal pronouns ? 1.3.2 Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns ? 1.3.3 Relative pronouns ? 1.3.4 There as pronoun ? 1.3.5 Other pronouns o 1.4 Verbs ? 1.4.1 Verb phrases o 1.5 Adjectives ? 1.5.1 Comparison ? 1.5.2 Adjective phrases o 1.6 Adverbs ? 1.6.1 Adverb phrases o 1.7 Prepositions o 1.8 Conjunctions ? 2 Negation ? 3 Clause and sentence structure
英语语法完成时篇
完成时篇（一）——现在完成时 [提问] 请问在句子“Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far. （Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page71）”中，为什么时间状语是完成时的情况下，主句仍然可以使用现在完成时呢？ 答：完成时态通常表示已完成或已经开始从事的动作，它可以分为现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时以及完成进行时。根据定义我们可以了解到，除了表示到现在为止动作已经完成或已经开始以外，还有多种情况可以用现在完成时来表达。 一、动作从过去某个时间开始发生，延续到现在，并且说话前已经完成。 例如：The mission has been carried out well.任务已经很好地完成了。 Those girls have eaten two big cakes.女孩们已经吃了两个蛋糕了。 二、某个动作或状态发生在过去，持续并影响现在，有可能会继续保持下去。 例如：My brother has been abroad for several years.我哥哥已经出国好几年了。 It has rained all morning.雨下了一个早晨。 Up to now, parents have accepted the pop music youths prefer to.现在，家长们 已经接受了年轻人喜欢的流行音乐。 I have known him since the summer in 2001.自2001年的那个夏天，我就认识他了。 三、动作发生在现在之前的某个时间，可能是多次动作的集合，也表示习惯性的动作或 状态。 例如：Xiao Qin has come over here three times in the daytime.白天小覃已经来过三次了。 Which countries have you traveled recently?最近你都去过那些国家？ How many papers have you read today? 你今天看了几篇论文？ 四、动作过去曾发生过一次或多次，也可能是一种经历。 例如：Students are very pride that the president has once visited their school. 学生们为总统曾访问过他们学校而骄傲。 Accidents like this have happened more than 20 times these years.这几年此类事故发生不下20起。 在现在完成时态的句子中，常伴随的时间状语有：already，yet，ever，never，just，before，lately，recently，till/until，always，now，since，today; in past years，all morning，all one’s life，up to now，these days，this week/month/year，for a long time。 现在完成时中有几点语法点要注意的： 1）for引出的时间状语只能修饰表示延续性动作的动词。不能用来修饰表示瞬间、短 暂动作或位置转移的动词。如John has come to China for three years，此句错误，come这个动作是短暂性动词，不可能持续发生，因此可改为John has been in China for three years，约翰已经爱中国生活了3年。短暂性动词有appear, begin，borrow，buy，come，close，die，fall，find，finish，join，kill，leave，lend，lose，see，start，stop。 2）在表示时间或条件的状语从句可以用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作。 例如：He will not quit my job until his parents have permitted.父母允许后他才会辞职。 I will arrive at 6 o’clock if the car h as been prepared then.如果到时车准备好了，我能在6 点到达。 3）It is the first/second time that…这个结构中，that从句要用现在完成时。 例如：It is the first time that I have heard of his deeds.这是我第一次听说他的事迹。
英语语法现在完成时的基本例句精修订
英语语法现在完成时的 基本例句 SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
现在完成时的基本例句： 1．I have worked here since 1970. 自1970 年以来我就在这儿工作。 2．He has been to the Great Wall twice. 他已经去过两次长城了。 3．Mike has just finished his homework. 迈克刚做完他的作业。 现在完成时是描述过去发生的而与现在情况有关的事或状态（例2， 例3），或是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间中发生的情况（例1），换言之，现在完成时是表现从过去到现在的事情。2 现在完成时的用法现在完成时的形式皆以“ have(has)+过去分词”来表示，有“继续”、“完了”、“结果”、“经验”等用法。 继续 I have studied English for three years. 我已经学习英语三年了。 She has been sick since last month. 她从上个月就生病了。 经验 I have visited Beijing many times. 我访问过北京好多次了。 Have you ever been to Hawaii 你曾经去夏威夷吗 完成 I have just finished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。 Has he finished his work yet 他作好工作了吗 结果 My brother has become a teacher. 我哥哥已经成为一名教师了。 I have lost my watch. 我手表弄丢了。（我现在仍旧没有表）
初中英语语法过去完成时
【初中语法系列】过去完成时，过去的过去！对于理解过去完成时来说，其要义只有一点，那就“过去的过去”。 一.过去完成时的概念与结构 概念： 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past ）”。 构成： “助动词had +过去分词”，其中had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃过了早饭。 二.过去完成时的用法 1.表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。例如： When I woke up, it had stopped raing. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（雨停发生在醒来之前，即“过去的过去”） 2.表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。例如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。（到去年年底为止已工作了20年，还有继续进行下去的可能） 三.过去完成时的判断依据 1.由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （1）by +过去的时间点，例如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 到昨天晚上九点钟为止，我已经读完了这本小说。 （2）by the end of +过去的时间点，例如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止，我们已经学了两千多单词。 （3）before +过去的时间点，例如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 在xx之前，他们已经植了六百棵树。 2.由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指在过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。例如： She said that she had seen the film before. 她说她之前看过这部电影。 （2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。例如：
Grammar(基本语法)
Grammar 1st basic sentence pattern Everybody laughed. People suffered. The sun sets in the west. Google becomes one of the most admired companies. Ipad2 looks gorgeous! My face turned red. They fall in love. 常见系动词：look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall (ill/asleep), stand/sit (still), become, turn等Tips： of + 名词 It is of + 名词，意思等同于it is + 该名词的形容词形式，是很地道的说法。 例：This book is of great help to me. 这本书对我很有帮助。= This book is greatly helpful to me. Oil hits its highest price since September 2008. Premier Wen Jiabao made a report on the work of the government. Beijing impose d house purchase restriction policy. 常见动词总结： pass, give, show, tell, lend, take (to) buy, cook, get, sing, make (for) I gave him my address. Give me your bank card. => Give your bank card to me. buy me a big house. . => Buy a big house for me. to 表示动作方向或for 表示动作目标 I found the box empty. On Facebook, How to Keep Your Group Secret The Technology Made Mobile Payments a Reality I find it sensible 【that you are participating in the South Stream project】. 常见动词：make, keep, find, see, leave 注意：感官动词（see hear notice watch feel observe）后跟宾补，有两种形式。 动词不定式：某一次的，具体的；现在分词：经常的，反复的 I hear somebody singing somewhere. I often hear him sing in the next room.
英语语法大攻克--完成时考查点
现在完成时 现在完成时 一、结构： have / has +动词过去分词 haven’t / hasn’t + done Have / Has + 主语+ done 二.用法：表示到说话时刻为止已经做或尚未做过的动作。常用already, yet, so far, by now, since two days ago, for a few days 等词语作状语。 注：give, see, come, arrive, leave(离开)，begin, start, finish, join, become, borrow, lend, die, end 等点时间动词可以用于完成时，但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时的since和for 短语连用，因为点时间动词不能延续，而在否定句中可以与表示一段时间的for短语连用，因为否定的点时间动词可以看作是一种可延续的状态。 Mike has come for a year.( 〤) Mike has been here for a year( √) Mike hasn’t come for a year.（√） 过去完成时 表示截止到过去某一时刻或在过去的动作之前（过去的过去）已经做或尚未做的动作。 B y (=up to )last weekend we hadn’t got any information. When he appeared, we had waited for 30 minutes. 现在完成时考点 考点一：考查基本概念 例Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know 考点二：考查时间状语 例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still 例2. Have you met Mr Li ______？ Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago 例3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written 例4.—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better 例5. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying