2018考研英语：阅读题中的经济类文章的常识

1. 产能利用率(Capacity Utilization)

产能利用率，也叫设备利用率，是工业总产出(total industrial output)对生产设备的比率。简单的理解，就是实际生产能力到底有多少在运转发挥生产作用。

当产能利用率超过95% 以上，代表设备使用率接近全部，通货膨胀(inflation)的压力将随产能无法应付而急速升高，在市场预期利率(market expected interest rate)可能升高情况下，对该国货币是利多。反之如果产能利用率在90% 以下，且持续下降，表示设备闲置过多，经济有衰退的现象，在市场预期利率可能降低情况下，对该国货币是利空。

2. 自然失业率(Natural Rate of Unemployment)

自然失业率指充分就业下的失业率。自然失业率即是一个不会造成通货膨胀的失业率(Non-accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment，NAIRU )，也是劳动市场处于供求稳定状态的失业率。从整个经济看来，任何时候都会有一些正在寻找工作的人，经济学家把在这种情况下的失业称为自然失业率，所以，经济学家对自然失业率的定义，有时被称作"充分就业状态下的失业率"，有时也被称作无加速通货膨胀下的失业率。

例：America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. (1997年Text5)

译文：例如，美国的生产力利用率在今年前段时间创下了历史高水平，而它的失业率(8月份为 5.6%)已降至低于对自然失业率的大多数估测——过去当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率已急剧上升。

3. 经济结构(Economic Structure)

经济结构指国民经济的组成和构造，它是一个由许多系统构成的多层次，多因素的复合体。一个国家的经济结构是否合理，主要看它是否建立在合理的经济可能性之上。结构合理就能充分发挥经济优势，有利于国民经济各部门的协调发展。经济结构状况是衡量国家和地区经济发展水平的重要尺度。不同经济体制(economic system)，不同经济发展趋向的国家和地区，经济结构状况差异甚大。

4. 货币政策(monetary policy)

狭义的货币政策指中央银行(central bank)为实现其特定的经济目标而采用的各种控制和调节货币供应量(monetary supply)或信用量(credit)的方针和措施的总称，包括信贷政策(credit policy)、利率政策(interest rate policy)和外汇政策(foreign exchange policy)。而广义政策的货币政策指政府、中央银行和其他有关部门所有有关货币方面的规定和采取的影响金融变量(financial variable)的一切措施。

真题例句：Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing”or “a touch on the brakes,”makes it sound like a precise science.

译文：许多用来描述经济政策的语言，比如“控制经济软着陆”、“给经济踩刹车”，使经济政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。

5. 利率(interest rate)

利率表示一定时期内利息量与本金(capital)的比率，通常用百分比表示，按年计算则称为年利率(annual interest rate)。当经济过热(overheated economy)、通货膨胀(inflation)上升时，便提高利率、收紧信贷(credit squeeze);当过热的经济和通货膨胀得到控制时，便会把利率适当地调低。因此，利率是重要的基本经济因素(basic economic factors)之一。

6. 通货膨胀(inflation)

在信用货币制度下，流通中的货币数量超过经济实际需要而引起的货币贬值(devaluation)和物价(commodity price)水平全面而持续的上涨。

真题例句：Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.

译文：经济学家尤其对英美两国利好通货膨胀数字感到吃惊，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济，几乎没有出现生产萧条。

7. 通货紧缩(deflation)

当市场上流通货币(currency)减少，人民的货币所得减少，购买力(purchasing power)下降，影响物价至下跌，造成通货紧缩。长期的货币紧缩会抑制投资与生产(investment and production)，导致失业率(jobless rate)升高及经济衰退。

其实看看凯程考研怎么样，最简单的一个办法，看看他们有没有成功的学生，最直观的办法是到凯程网站，上面有大量学员经验谈视频，这些都是凯程扎扎实实的辅导案例，其他机构网站几乎没有考上学生的视频，这就是凯程和其他机构的优势，凯程是扎实辅导、严格管理、规范教学取得如此优秀的成绩。

辨别凯程和其他机构谁靠谱的办法。

第一招：看经验谈视频，凯程网站有经验谈视频，其他机构没有。

第二招：看有没有讲义。凯程有课程讲义，其他机构几乎没有，或者没有现成的讲义，说明他们没有辅导历史。

第三招：问问该专业今年辅导多少人。如果就招1-2个学生，那就无法请最好的老师，凯程大多数专业都是小班授课，招生人数多，自然请的老师质量高，授课量大，学习更加扎实。并且凯程和这些学校的老师联系更加紧密。

第四招：看集训营场地正规不正规。有些机构找个写字楼，临时租个宾馆，学习没有气氛，必须是正规教学楼、宿舍楼、操场、食堂，凯程就是正规教学楼、宿舍楼、食堂、操场等，配备空调、暖气、热水器、独立卫浴等。在凯程网站有大量集训营环境的照片，每个学员对我们的集训营学习气氛满意度超高。其他机构很多遮遮掩掩不提供，那就是集训营环境不行。

第五招：实地考察看看。

凯程在金融硕士、会计硕士、法硕、中传、教育学、教育硕士、财科所等名校名专业考研取得的成绩。对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程在2016年考研中，清华五道口金融学院考取13人（前五名都是凯程学员），清华经管6人，北大经院金融硕士8人，人大和贸大各15人，中财金融硕士10人，复旦上交上财等名校18人，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，会计硕士、中传、中戏、经济学等专业更是成绩突出，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。

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2018考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及参考答案 Text 1 Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found. Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it. Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found. From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics. Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing. Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is str uck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their?children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.” 1. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.? [A] trying out different lifestyles [B] having a family with children [C] working beyond retirement age [D] setting up a profitable business 答案：C 2. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to?____.

考研英语二阅读理解全文翻译

英语二T e x t 1 1---Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising(修改) their thinking on his educational ritual(例行公事). Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible (不可变更的) policy which mandates(批准) that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade。家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但最近几年来，家庭作业却受到人们的鄙视。全国的学校都在修改家庭作业的相关惯例做法。不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。 21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____。 [A] is receiving more criticism [B] is no longer an educational ritual（绝对） [C] is not required for advanced courses（正反） [D] is gaining more preferences（正反） 2---This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children。这个规定旨在提出：来自贫穷家庭或混乱家庭的学生有困难，不能完成家庭作业。但该政策是不清晰的，是矛盾的。显然，没有哪个家庭作业是在没有昂贵设备就无法完成的。但如果该学区因为学生家庭复杂而不做家庭作业就给他通过的话，那么这就意味着对于贫穷孩子，标准要降低。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析

2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析（一）一、从鸡蛋中培养流感疫菌 Modern technology has put men on the moon and deciphered the human genome. But when it comes to brewing up flu to make vaccines, science still turns to the incredible edible egg. Ever since the 1940s, vaccine makers have grown large batches of virus inside chicken eggs. But given that some 36,000 Americans die of flu each year, it’s remarkable that our first line of defense is still what Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson calls “the cumbersome and archaic egg-based production.”New cell-based technologies are in the pipeline, however, and may finally get the support they need now that the United States is faced with a critical shortage of flu vaccine. Although experts disagree on whether new ways of producing vaccine could have prevented a shortage like the one happening today, there is no doubt that the existing system has serious flaws. Each year, vaccine manufacturers place advance orders for millions of specially grown chicken eggs. Meanwhile, public-health officials monitor circulating strains of flu, and each March they recommend three strains—two influenza A strains and one B strain—for manufacturers to include in vaccines. In the late spring and summer, automated machines inject virus into eggs and later suck out the influenza-rich goop. Virus from the eggs’innards gets killed and processed to remove egg proteins and other contaminants before being packaged into vials for fall shipment. Why has this egg method persisted for six decades? The main reason is that it’s reliable. But even though the eggs are reliable, they have serious drawbacks. One is the long lead time needed to order the eggs. That means it’s hard to make more vaccine in a hurry, in case of a shortage or unexpected outbreak. And eggs may simply be too cumbersome to keep up with the hundreds of millions of doses required to handle the demand for flu vaccine. What’s more, some flu strains don’t grow well in eggs. Last year, scientists were unable to include the Fujian strain in the vaccine formulation. It was a relatively new strain, and manufacturers simply couldn’t find a quick way to adapt it so that it grew well in eggs. “We knew the strain was out there,”recalls Theodore Eickhoff of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, “but public-health officials were left without a vaccine—and, consequently, a more severe flu season.” Worse, the viruses that pose the greatest threat might be hardest to grow in eggs. That’s because global pandemics like the one that killed over 50 million people between 1918 and 1920 are thought to occur when a bird influenza changes in a way that lets it cross the species barrier and infect humans. Since humans haven’t encountered the new virus before, they have little protective immunity. The deadly bird flu circulating in Asia in 1997 and 1998, for example, worried public-health officials because it spread to some people who handled birds and killed them—although the bug never circulated among humans. But when scientists tried to make