汉英翻译讲义第2部分词语的翻译
第三章词语的翻译
3.1 词的指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)的理解与表达
A) 翻译下列句子，注意句中划线部分词语指称意义和蕴涵意义的表达
1. 他两岁就学会看表了。He could _________________ even when he was two.
2. 我能看出你在想什么。I can __________ your mind.
3. 你要是觉得这东西还看的过去，就买下来吧。If you think ________________________, then buy it.
4. 他看出了她的破绽。He ____________ her weak points.
5. 那是万万不行的。That’s _________________ out of the question.
6. 我万万没有想到。The idea ____________ occurred to me.
7. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。 A party member should listen carefully to the______________of the masses.
8. 他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some___________________ for the revision of the plan.
9. 大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of ____________________ about you.
10.他们就推举谁做下届总统侯选人取得了一致意见。
They have reached ___________________ on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election.
11.他们在会上闹起了意见.They got into _____________________ at the meeting.
12.两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged __________________on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.
13. 那件大衣的面子很漂亮。_________________________ of the coat is very beautiful.
14. 如果怕丢面子，就说不好英语。
If one is afraid of ________________________________, he cannot expect to speak English well.
15. 我是个爱面子的人，这种事我可做不出。I would not do such a thing---I’m _______________________________.
16. 不是我不买你的面子，实在是这事儿不好办。
I have shown _____________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you.
I’d like to ________________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you.
17. 南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to __________________________ by gong to the kitchen on the third day and
_________ a fish, _____________ stands for fortune.
18. 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。
He _____ my father. This girl is ______beautiful. This man reads _________________________. 是古非今是可忍，孰不可忍。
________ the past to condemn the present. ___________ can be tolerated, what cannot?
B) 请判断下列汉语成语的蕴涵意义与英文的equivalent是否相符
1. 打草惊蛇——to alert the enemy by accidental events before carrying out the planned attack
to beat about the bush-----try to say sth indirectly(旁敲侧击）
2. 亡羊补牢——to repair the stable after a sheep is gone, still in time to avoid further losses
to lock the stable after the horse has been stolen---贼走关门，为时已晚
3. 骨鲠在喉——to have an opinion that one cannot suppress
-----to avoid making one’s opinion known
to have a bone in one’s throat
4. 同舟共济——to cooperate and help each other in order to overcome a difficulty
to be in the same boat-----to be in the same difficult situation or danger
5. 怒发冲冠——bristle with anger; to be in violent anger; fly into a rage
-----frighten sb; to fill one with horror or fright
to have one’s hair stand on end
6. 翻天覆地——earth-shaking; epoch-making
to move heaven and earth-----do one’s utmost
7. 洗手不干——( of a thief. etc) to stop doing wrong and reform oneself
-----to refuse to take any more responsibility for sb/sth
to wash one’s hand of sb/sth
8. 扯后腿——to hinder; to be a hindrance to sb
-----make fun of sb
to pull somebody’s leg
C) 请选择最合适的表达来翻译各句中的“心”。
Heart mind brain intention wish popularity feeling 必要时可更改单复数形式
______________.
1. 心有余而力不足One’s ability falls short of one’s__
2. 您的建议我会永远铭记在心。I will always bear your advice in_________________.
3. 如果你忘了她的生日她会很伤心的。You’ll hurt her___________________ if you forget her birthday.
4. 居心叵测To nurse evil _____________________
5. 得人心者得天下Those who gain______________________ among the people will gain the power.
6. 劳心者治人，劳力者治于人。Those who work with ___________ rule and those who with their brawn are ruled.
7. 哀莫大于心死The greatest despair comes from a devastated ______________.
3.2 词语英译与语言语境
1. 我在学校读书的时候，有所谓的“强迫运动”，我踢破过几双球鞋，打断过几只球拍。因此侥幸维持下来最低的体力。
__________ physical exercises”, I went in for many In my school days, ________________________the so-called “______
sports ___________________ many pairs of sneakers and rackets, thus luckily building up a minimum of good physique.
2. 身体好，学习好，工作好。Keep____________, study________, and work_________.
3.《天下第一鼓------陕北安塞腰鼓》
译文1：No. 1 Drum in the World, Ansai Waist Drum of Northern Shannxi
译文2：The Majestic Ansai Waist Drum Dance of Northern Shaanxi
4. 布衣素食
译文1：wear clothes of cotton and eat vegetables 译文2：wear___________clothes and eat _______________ food
5. 西风，秋水，雁阵，衔着落日的远山，交融在一起，更增添打猎者的无限兴致。
译文1：The joy of hunters was enhanced by the west wind, the autumn stream and the wild geese mingled with the distant mountains that held the sinking sun.
译文2：An autumn stream ruffled by the west wind, and the lines of wild geese set against the background of distant mountains embracing the sinking sun, harmoniously merged to enhance the joy of hunters.
6. 他昨天擦破了皮，现在到医院换药去了。
译文1：He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change medicine in the hospital.
译文2：He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to ________________________ in the hospital.
7. 富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。
译文1：You will be enchanted by the unique European amorous feelings of Fuhua furniture.
译文2：You will be enchanted by the unique European _______________of Fuhua furniture.
8. 不搞改革，不坚持开放政策，我们制定的战略目标就不可能实现。这是一个关，这个关必须过。
译文1：We cannot reach our strategic goal unless we carry out reforms and adhere to the open policy. This is a barrier
we must stride across.
译文2：We cannot reach our strategic goal unless we carry out reforms and adhere to the open policy.
___________________________________________________________________.
9. 宜昌是巴楚文化的发源地，诞生了屈原、王昭君等千古风流人物。
Yichang City is the birthplace/origin/ source of Chinese Bachu Culture ____________________ many great personalities through the ages, such as _____________________________ Qu Yuan and _________________________Wang Zhaojun.
3.3 请改译（假朋友）
1. 密码— secret code
2. 救火— save a fire
3. “
银耳”汤—“white fungus” soup 4. (美国)大片— big movie
金三角”经济开发区—a special economic development zone: a “Golden Triangle”
5. “
6. 早恋— early love
7. 青春痘— youth spot
8. 方便面— convenient noodles 9. 隐形眼镜— invisible glasses
10. 课堂测验— classroom exam 11. 流动资金— circulating funds
12. 拳头产品— fist product 13. 自学—self learn
14. 听电话— listen the telephone 15. 风凉话— cold word
16. 三角债— triangle debts 17. 来信写到— the letter writes
18. 赢得市场— gain market 19. 取得成就— make achievements
20. 学习知识— learn knowledge 21.文化程度— cultural degree
22. 社会工作— social work 23. 定向培训— training for certain direction
24. 抓紧时间— grasp time firmly 25. 民族委员会— national committee
26. 提高英语水平— raise the level of one’s English
27. 寒衣— cold clothes 28. 不冻港—non-freezing port
请改译(冗长表达)
1. 难忘的记忆— an unforgettable memory
2. 不必要的浪费— unnecessary waste
3. 不切实际的幻想— impractical illusion
4. 毫无根据的诽谤— groundless slander
5. 耳朵听得见，眼睛看得见—audible to the ear and visible to the eye
6. 西边的落日— sunset in the west
7. 未来的前景— future prospects
8. 免费的礼物— free gift 9. 间接的引喻— an indirect allusion
10. 返回— return back 11. 不公正的迫害— persecute unjustly
3.4 词的搭配
1. 假花假牙假唱
假钞假酒假新闻
假冒商品假朋友
2. 大雨大风大雾
浓茶浓墨浓烟
3. 自我意识竞争意识文化意识
4. 恶性循环恶性肿瘤恶性通货膨胀
5.一次性拖鞋一次性付款
6. 发货发传单发言
发光发热发电发火
7.打电话打的打水
打井打圆场打毛衣
打农药（给车胎）打气
8. 治国治家
治病治水
9. 茶馆照相馆美术馆
展览馆科技馆
10. 基本工资基本建设基本设施
基本物质基本工业基本利益
11. 出口创汇型企业合资企业
劳动(资金、技术)密集型产业独资企业
12.经济法制化经济全球化
社会知识化国际关系民主化
国民经济信息化科研成果产业化
3.5 请填空(两个成语的比喻意义一致, 但比喻形象不同, 可套译)
_______ 2. 乱七八糟at_________ and sevens
1. 笑掉大牙laugh off one’s ____
3. 东张西望look right and__________
4. 抛砖引玉to throw a sprat to catch a__________
5. 缘木求鱼to seek a hare in __________’s nest
6. 挥金如土spend money like______________
7. 胆小如鼠as timid as a_________________ 8. 瓮中之鳖like a ________________ in a hole
9. 无风不起浪no smoke without______________ 10. 挂羊头卖狗肉cry up ___________and sell vinegar
11. 新官上任三把火 A new ______________sweeps clean 12. 偷鸡不着反蚀把米go for wool and come back ____ 13. 大海捞针look for a needle in a bottle/bundle of _____________ 14. 一箭之遥at a _____________’s throw
15. 守口如瓶dumb as an ____________ 16. 面如土色as white as a ________________
17. 一模一样as like as two _______________ 18. 蠢得象猪as stupid as a ________________
19. 犟得像牛as stubborn as a _____________ 20. 睡得死沉sleep like a __________________
21. 对牛弹琴cast pearls before _____________ 22. 掌上明珠the __________________ of one’s eye 23. 满腹文章have a _________ crammed with knowledge 24. 聋得象石头as deaf as a ____________
25. 像没头苍蝇as blind as a _______________________
3.6 四字排比结构的英译处理。
汉语喜用四字排比，对仗工整；而英语喜用长句短句相杂。
A). 汉语并列关系——英语并列结构 1. adj + n; 2. n / adj + in + n; 3. propositional phrases; 4. nominal phrases; 5.
verbal phrases.
例1. 澜沧河河底低深，水流湍急，两岸高陡，令人望而生畏。
The Langcang River is very much awe-inspiring____________________________________________________________ B). 汉语形式上是并列关系，实为主从关系——英语译文把从属关系的四字结构处理为伴随结构或状语结构。
例2. 作为世界第一大洲，亚洲幅员辽阔、人口众多、资源丰富，有着巨大的发展潜力。
译文1：Asia, as the largest continent in the world, is a vast land with a huge population, abundant natural resources and enormous potential for development.
译文2：Asia, as the largest continent in the world, enjoys enormous potential for development with a vast land, a huge population, and abundant natural resources.
例3：TY型游梁式抽油烟机结构简单，安全可靠，制造简单，维修方便。广泛应用于世界石油生产。
译文1：Type TY beam pumping unit is simple in structure, dependable in operation, easy in manufacture and convenient in maintenance. Thus, it finds wide application in petroleum production all over the world.
译文2：Type TY beam pumping unit，simple in structure, dependable in operation, easy in manufacture and convenient in maintenance，finds wide application in petroleum production all over the world.
C) 汉语因果关系——英语译文中将原因部分放在前面，中间用“导致”或“形成”等类似的动词连接。
例4. 江中多滩，易阻行舟，然而急湍澎湃，惊涛轰鸣，气势磅礴。
Many hidden shoals in the river _____________________________________ to navigators. And the surges of the swift current and roars of the terrifying waves _________________________ great momentum.
例5. 和风细雨之时，片言只语之间，就能把人吹昏大脑，捧麻手脚。
A few mild words/ praises _________________________________people muddle-headed and lost in what to do.
D) 汉语喜同义重复以加强语气或修辞——英语译文中省略。有时删繁就简，高度概括原文核心内容。
例6. 这支歌唱遍了神州大地，唱满了50年悠悠岁月，余音袅袅，一曲难忘。
The song has been sung all over China for 50 years, and the melody still lingers in the air.
例7. 他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He was determined to ___________________________________________
例8. 建立办事高效、运转协调、行为规范的行政管理体系。
We should establish a ________________________________________________________________administrative system. 【解析】“办事、运转、行为”在汉语中纯粹是为了行文对称而增添的词语，在英语中却是冗余信息。
3.7.简答题：
1. Answer the following questions about idiom translation.
隔墙有耳: Walls have ears. 眼见为实: Seeing is believing. 肉中刺: a thorn in the flesh
Questions: What kind of strategy is applied in translating the above group of idioms? Why can this strategy be considered? Try to translate the following idioms by using the same method.
浑水摸鱼趁热打铁空中楼阁
Key:
This strategy involves using an idiom in existence in English to translate a Chinese idiom. Such a strategy can be considered because an idiom in the target language conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom and, in addition, consists of equivalent lexical item. This kind of match can only occasionally be achieved.
浑水摸鱼to fish in troubled waters 趁热打铁Strike while the iron is hot. 空中楼阁castle in the air
2. Answer the following questions about idiom translation.
胸有成竹to have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth.
眉飞色舞to beam with joy
毛遂自荐to volunteer one’s service
Questions: What kind of strategy is applied in translating the above group of idioms? Why can this strategy be considered? Try to translate the following idioms by using the same method. 藕断丝连悬梁刺股
Key:
3. 春华秋实，硕果累累，两万多名教育教学人才走出学校大门，足迹遍及全国，桃李满天下。
1) Flowers bloom gloriously in spring, and fruits hand heavy in autumn. More than 20 thousand students have graduated from the university and are now teaching nationwide. Their footprints are all over the country and they bear
fruits like peaches and plums all over the world.
2) As a reward to the teachers’ efforts, more than 20 thousand students have graduated from the university and are now teaching nationwide.
Questions: Which English version do you prefer? Why?
Key:
4. Read the SL and TL versions below.
休息室rest room 食言eat one’s words酸奶sour milk 海狗sea dog
Questions: The English equivalents of the above Chinese expressions are recognized as “false friends”characteristics of such false friends? Please find out the “true friends” for the above Chinese phrases and w down on your answer sheet.
Key:
5. Answer the questions after you read the SL and TL versions below.
王利发：哎哟！秦二爷，您怎么这样闲在，会想起下茶馆来了？
Well, Master Qin! How can you spare the time to drop in on us like this?
Questions:
What meaning is conveyed in the expression “
秦二爷”? What is lost in the translation? Is such a translation acceptable? Why?
Key:
爷”, denoting complex meaning: his family name
秦”、“二” and“
Here, 秦二爷is combined by three characters “
Master Qin does not “Qin”, being the second child in the family, and people’s respect for him. However, the translation
include the concept of seniority in the original. The meanings of the two collocations therefore do not map completely.
But the change or loss here is not fatal since this is the addressing term in a performing drama, which requires naturalness and smoothness on the stage. Accuracy is no doubt an important aim in translation, but the use of common
TL patterns which are familiar to the target readers also plays an important role in keeping the communication channel
open. So a certain amount of loss, addition, or skewing of meaning is often unavoidable. The degree of acceptability of a
change in collocational meaning depends on the significance of the change in the context.
练习（四字词组的翻译）
1. 校园依山傍水，绿树成荫，花香四溢，堪称求学胜地。
2. 每年农历六月为黄龙寺庙会，方圆几百里的各族人民前来赶会。届时，帐篷连营，人马喧腾，歌舞相杂，十分热闹。
3. 自此而下，江面宽阔，水流平缓，一叶轻舟，顺流而下，沿江景色，饱览无遗。
4. 南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和虎柄千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在
这里角逐争雄一逞豪彦。（第八届“韩素英青年翻译奖”《可爱的南京》）
5. TEM 8（2003年汉译英；请注意四字词组的表达）
得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁
郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，
悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵
被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。
译文1：Before I illed, my parents spoiled me, I was like a tyrant (lorded it over, played the bully, run wild, acting as an overlord, ran amuck, crabbed at home, like a little emperor), but now isolated, I was custodied in a small house in the garden hill, suddenly, I felt very cold like in the ice house (in the moon palace, just like a wife who had lost her husband s love, drop to the bottom of ice hole, in a desert, in a limbo), very sad. A spring evening, flower bloomed in garden (a hundred of flowers angrily violently opened), my parents entertained guests in garden, at the moment the guests gathered like cloud (clouded over, crowded), laughed. I was in a small house, unfolded the curtain peered the garden scene, prosperous. My elder brother and sister, cousins, were also penetrating and inserting in it, they were very happy.
At the very moment abandoned by everybody and forgotten by the world the sad feeling struck my heart, I couldn
crying bitterly.
英汉翻译 第二讲 课后作业
9月20日作业 第二讲课后作业 Translate the following English phrases or sentences into Chinese. 一、一词多义、词的搭配 1. Take off The new dictionary has really taken off.(这本新字典很受欢迎。) Take off your wet shirt.（把你的湿衬衫脱下来。） The doctor took off his wounded left leg.（医生给他受伤的左腿做了截肢手术。） They had to take off the show because of poor audience.（观众太少令他们不得不取消演出）You can take only one day off.（你只能休一天假。） The officer leading the inquiry has been taken off.（主持这项调查的官员已经被撤职。） 2. But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.（但是他的攻击总是被一针拳打脚踢击退） 二、词序 1.定语的位置 1)We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). （我们用尽一切可能的方法去帮助他们） 2)This is the only reference book available here. （这是这里唯一的一本可用的参考书） 3)They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible （他们正努力地以可能的最快速度提高产量）. 4)This is the best solution imaginable. （这是能想到的最佳办法） 2. 状语的位置 1）A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. （一辆全速疾驰的吉普车溅了我一身的水） 2）North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single
英汉词语比较与翻译
第三章英汉词语比较与翻译对等 第一节翻译对等 Equivalence is the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first Place. 对等是翻译理论中的中心概念。 卡特福德认为翻译的中心任务就是确定翻译对等的性质和条件。 奈达提出了“动态对等”与“形式对等”这两个概念。形式对等：原语文本的形式在目的语中被机械地再现，目的是允许原语文本以自己的表达方式说话，而非经过调整来适应目的语文化，实践中，既不分句也不合句并保留标点和分段等形式标示。由于两种语言之间的差异，这类翻译扭曲了目的语的语法和文体风格，从而导致信息歪曲。运用形式对等主要是追求翻译的精确性并尽可能保留原语的形式。形式对等有其局限性，但有时却是最为合适的翻译策略。动态对等就是将原语译成目的语后，目的语读者的反应与原语读者读原语时的反应一致。它通过分析、转移和重建三个过程来实现，进行动态对等翻译包括：运用适合目的语文化的表达法去替代原语中的相应表达法；使原语文本中语言上隐含的信息明显化；为了增进理解增加一定量的冗余表达。例如，奈达将《圣经》中的“Lamb of God”译为“Seal of God”。有时功能对等也被用来代替奈达提出的动态对等。 第二节英汉词语比较与翻译对等 词的意义是它在特定的语言系统中的具体价值或通过在特定语言系统中的运用而具有的个性。 词的意义可分为四种：命题意义(propositional meaning)、表情意义(expressive meaning) 、搭配意义(collocational meaning)和唤起意义(evoked meaning)。 命题意义描述一个词与现实世界或想象世界中所指称或描述的事物之间的关系，是判断话语是真还是假的基础。语言以符号的方式描绘经验世界。 人总是能够说出他们经验当中的任何事物，因为语言符号覆盖了这个经验世界。但是，语言对经验世界的分割表现出若干层次性。词对于世界的分割应表现为不同的层次。 English: skill craft craft guild 汉语：技巧技巧行会行会
中国特别词语英文翻译
1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses） 八卦 trigram 阴、阳 yin, yang 道 Dao（cf. logo） 江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world） e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身 不由己) 道 Daoism（Taoism） 上火 excessive internal heat 儒学 Confucianism 红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia 开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world） 大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on … 合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people 乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge 铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post
脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty 治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline 2、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial） 国庆节 National Day 中秋节 Mid-Autumn Festival 春节 Spring Festival 元宵节 Lantern Festival 儿童节 Children’s Day 端午节 Dragon Boat Festival 妇女节 Women’s Day 泼水节 Water-Splashing Day 教师节 Teachers’ Day 五四青年节 Youth Day 3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods） 馄饨 wonton 锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi) 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 套餐 set meal 盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away
英语翻译技巧选修课讲义
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
英汉翻译词汇搭配
英汉翻译中的词汇搭配问题 Collocation in the Translation Between English and Chinese 代绍荣许芳 摘要：在英汉翻译中，词汇搭配问题不容忽视。本文试图通过一些实例说明词汇搭配的规律，并探讨解决词汇搭配问题的办法以及考虑这个问题的角度。 关键词：英汉翻译词汇搭配现象分析解决办法考虑角度 Abstract: Collocation is highly worth special attention in the translation work between English and Chinese. This article attempts to illustrate some general principles for collocation in translation , and proposes solutions to this problem and the seven angles from which to consider this problem. Key words: translation between English and Chinese collocation phenomenon analysis solution consideration angles 在翻译活动中，对原文的正确理解是做好翻译工作的基础，而对原文中词汇的恰当翻译是做好翻译工作的重点。在词汇翻译过程中，我们会不可避免地遇到词汇搭配问题。这个问题不解决好，翻译活动就没法进行下去，或者就不会译出好的作品来。本文拟就英汉翻译活动中经常遇到的各种词汇搭配问题作一分析，并提出解决的办法，以供参考。 一 在英汉两种语言当中，都有一些可以直接对译成目的语的词汇，包括简单的词、短语和习语等。它们的意义比较容易理解和把握，在目的语中有比较明显的对应词汇。这种直译不影响原文的意义和风格，是词汇翻译中最简单的一种，例如： He is a diligent student。 他是个勤奋的学生。 也因为如此，这类翻译中的词汇搭配问题比较容易解决，又例如： I bought a bunch of red roses for my girlfriend. 我买了一束红攻瑰送给女朋友。 这种搭配大多是因为下面的原因： （1）词汇本身意义不复杂，如diligent, bunch等。 （2）两个词汇经常搭配使用，形成惯用法。如：a lucky dog（幸运儿）, watch TV（看电视）, crude oil (原油) 等。 （3）涉及专用词汇，如in China 等 虽然这种情况下的翻译比较简单，但我们还是要注意弄清原文中每个词汇的含义，选择恰当的目的语词汇来翻译。 二 大多数情况下，词汇的翻译并不是那么容易的，需要我们动一番脑筋。词汇的搭配对所涉及的每个词汇的具体含义起相当大的限制作用。特别是有些词，本身含义比较广泛，词性也比较多，当它们和不同的词搭配时，具有不同的含义，这就需要我们熟读原文，弄清原文的准确含义、文体风格、表现手法，然后在目的语中捕捉最贴切的词汇来翻译。下面举一个例子： free competition 自由竞争free room 空房间 free medical care 公费医疗free goods 免税货物 free bloomer 开花多的植物free state 游离状态 free gait 从容和步伐free wind 顺风
汉英翻译讲义第2部分 词语的翻译
第三章词语的翻译 3.1 词的指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)的理解与表达 A) 翻译下列句子，注意句中划线部分词语指称意义和蕴涵意义的表达 1. 他两岁就学会看表了。He could _________________ even when he was two. 2. 我能看出你在想什么。I can __________ your mind. 3. 你要是觉得这东西还看的过去，就买下来吧。If you think ________________________, then buy it. 4. 他看出了她的破绽。He ____________ her weak points. 5. 那是万万不行的。That’s _________________ out of the question. 6. 我万万没有想到。The idea ____________ occurred to me. 7. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the______________of the masses. 8. 他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some___________________ for the revision of the plan. 9. 大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of ____________________ about you. 10.他们就推举谁做下届总统侯选人取得了一致意见。 They have reached ___________________ on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. 11.他们在会上闹起了意见.They got into _____________________ at the meeting. 12.两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 The two leaders exchanged __________________on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 13. 那件大衣的面子很漂亮。_________________________ of the coat is very beautiful. 14. 如果怕丢面子，就说不好英语。 If one is afraid of ________________________________, he cannot expect to speak English well. 15. 我是个爱面子的人，这种事我可做不出。I would not do such a thing---I’m _______________________________. 16. 不是我不买你的面子，实在是这事儿不好办。 I have shown _____________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. I’d like to ________________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. 17. 南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to __________________________ by gong to the kitchen on the third day and _________ a fish, _____________ stands for fortune. 18. 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。 He _____ my father. This girl is ______beautiful. This man reads _________________________. 是古非今是可忍，孰不可忍。 ________ the past to condemn the present. ___________ can be tolerated, what cannot? B) 请判断下列汉语成语的蕴涵意义与英文的equivalent是否相符 1. 打草惊蛇——to alert the enemy by accidental events before carrying out the planned attack to beat about the bush-----try to say sth indirectly(旁敲侧击） 2. 亡羊补牢——to repair the stable after a sheep is gone, still in time to avoid further losses to lock the stable after the horse has been stolen---贼走关门，为时已晚 3. 骨鲠在喉——to have an opinion that one cannot suppress to have a bone in one’s throat-----to avoid making one’s opinion known 4. 同舟共济——to cooperate and help each other in order to overcome a difficulty to be in the same boat-----to be in the same difficult situation or danger 5. 怒发冲冠——bristle with anger; to be in violent anger; fly into a rage to have one’s hair stand on end-----frighten sb; to fill one with horror or fright 6. 翻天覆地——earth-shaking; epoch-making to move heaven and earth-----do one’s utmost 7. 洗手不干——( of a thief. etc) to stop doing wrong and reform oneself to wash one’s hand of sb/sth-----to refuse to take any more responsibility for sb/sth 8. 扯后腿——to hinder; to be a hindrance to sb to pull somebody’s leg-----make fun of sb C) 请选择最合适的表达来翻译各句中的“心”。 Heart mind brain intention wish popularity feeling 必要时可更改单复数形式 1. 心有余而力不足One’s ability falls short of one’s________________. 2. 您的建议我会永远铭记在心。I will always bear your advice in_________________.
(完整版)艺术专业中文词汇及其英文翻译
设计的分类（英语） 1 设计Design 2 现代设计Modern Design 3 工艺美术设计Craft Design 4 工业设计Industrial Design 5 广义工业设计Genealized Industrial Design 6 狭义工业设计Narrow Industrial Design 7 产品设计Product Design 8 传播设计Communication Design 8 环境设计Environmental Design 9 商业设计Comercial Design 10 建筑设计Architectural 11 一维设计One-dimension Design 12 二维设计Tow-dimension Design 13 三维设计Three-dimension Design 14 四维设计Four-dimension Design 15 装饰、装潢Decoration 16 家具设计Furniture Design 17 玩具设计Toy Design 18 室内设计Interior Design 19 服装设计Costume Design 20 包装设计Packaging Design 21 展示设计Display Design 22 城市规划Urban Desgin 23 生活环境Living Environment 24 都市景观Townscape 25 田园都市Gardon City 26 办公室风致Office Landscape 27 设计方法论Design Methodology 28 设计语言Design Language 29 设计条件Design Condition 30 结构设计Structure Design 31 形式设计Form Design 32 设计过程Design Process 33 构思设计Concept Design 34 量产设计，工艺设计Technological Design
英语翻译练习上课讲义
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
商务英汉翻译讲义
1. 转换法--转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转换法--转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词（练习7） 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 3. 增词法 3.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1） 3.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2） 3.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3） 4. 减词法 4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1） 4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2） 商务英汉翻译讲义之词类转译法 目录 1. 转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 词类转译 英汉两种语言存在着巨大的差异，语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。因此，要使译文既忠实于原义又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等翻译，必须采用适当的词性转译、句子成分转译及句型转译等翻译技巧，在本单元我们主要讲解翻译中词性的转译。 在一定程度上，词的形态及形式变化是否过于繁复多变决定了词性优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词性没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词作比较时，动词的动态感强、动势强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”，因此英译汉时名词转译成动词的情况常普遍。现
第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义
第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位，那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下，进行语篇翻译时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时，即使是一个很长的句子，一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑，搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英，有时句子较长，可以根据意群进行切分，然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比，了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处，对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构，即S+V（主语+谓语动词）的结构，即使是祈使句，也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展，但总不外乎五种基本变化。 （1）S+V：He langhed. （2）S+V+Ｏ：Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3）S+V+Ｏ＋Ｏ.c. We heard them quarrelling. （4）S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. （5）S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构，而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构，其中主语一般是动作的发出者（doer\agent)或动作的承受者（doee)，即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式，有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例（1）至（5）的意思，中文也有与英文相似的结构，分别为： （１）Ｃ：他笑了。 （２）Ｃ：玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 （3）C：我们听见他们争吵。 （4）C：他给我一些一手资料。 （5）C：他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构（S + V ） 例1：他没来。（S + V ） He didin’t come. 例2：全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3：我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4：你能递给我那本书吗？( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5：他看上去很失望。（S + link. V + P） He looks disappointed.
标书中英文翻译样本及常用词汇
标书中英文翻译样本及常用词汇 1. 投标书Tender 1.1 投标人应完整地填写招标文件中提供的商务投标书、技术投标书、投标一览表和投标报价表(包括投标报价汇总表和分项报价表)。价格表（表中项目除价格数字外都要填写）及报价说明三份（一正二副）和投标人银行保函应分别单独密封，随投标文件一同递交。 Among the tender documents, tenderers shall fill out completely the Business Tender, Technical Tender, Tender List and Tender Quotation. The Quotation (all items in the Quotation shall be filled out except for the prices) and three copies (one Original and two Duplicates) of the Instructions to Quotations as well as the letter of guarantee from the bank of tenderers must be sealed separately, and be submitted together with the tender documents. 1.2 在投标文件澄清后提交的附件6价格表部分正、副本应用信封单独密封，封面上注明项目名称、招标编号、投标人名址、“正本”“副本”字样及“分项价格”和“保密”字样。同时提供单独密封的价格表电子版本一份（WORD格式）。The Attachment 6 to be submitted after the tender documents have been clarified the Original and Duplicate copies of the Quotation must be sealed separately in different envelops, on which the item names, tender codes, tenderer addresses, words of ‘Original’, ‘Duplicate’ and ‘Item Price’ and ‘Confidential’ must be written. An e-version of the Quotation (in WORD format) that is separately sealed must be furnished at the same time. 2. 投标报价Tender Offers 2.1 投标人应在投标报价汇总表和投标分项报价表上标明本合同拟提供货物的单价(如适用)和总价。 On the tender offer summary sheet and the item tender offer sheets, tenderers shall indicate clearly the unit price (if applicable) and the total price of the goods planned to be provided according to the Contract. 2.2 投标分项报价表上的价格应按下列方式分开填写： Prices on the item tender offer sheet shall be filled out in the following manner: 2.2.1从中华人民共和国提供的货物：Goods provided from the People’s Republic of China:
英语翻译讲义
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.
第二讲 翻译定义标准语义翻译
第二讲：翻译的定义及标准、语义翻译（2） 一．什么是翻译？ ---翻译是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是带着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。 ---翻译是技能，再现原文信息时，为避免信息的损失，力戒欠额翻译（undertranslation）和过载翻译(overtranslation)，译者要采用增词，减词，引申，并句和分句等技巧。 ---翻译是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先是意义对等，其次是文体对等。 二．翻译的教学标准 《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定，英汉翻译的评估项目标为： A．忠实：“原文信息全部传达，语气和文体风格与原文相一致”60% B．通顺：“断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴”40% 三．翻译技巧（2）： 语义翻译（2）---翻译时应当注意词义的褒贬。 翻译时，必须正确理解原作者的基本立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段译出。原文中词语的褒贬意义，要根据上下文恰如其分地表达出来，即使有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的。Eg. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication. She is a demanding teacher, yet she’s very kind to her students. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 四．翻译练习（2） I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the choice of words. 1.She is fidgety and restless. 2.All the inventors have a restless mind. 3.They incited him to go into further investigation. 4.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 5.The general has the reputation of being courageous. 6.He was an honest man, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. II. Improve the following translations based on the principle of faithfulness and fluency. 1.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我拜读过你的文章，我期望可以找到一个年纪稍长的人。 2.They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们跑得像他们的腿所能载动他们那样的快。 3.I will go and attend the reception, if only to make some new friends. 我将去参加招待会，但只是为了交些新朋友。 4.When she and he met again, each had been married to another. 当再次相见时，每个人都结婚了。