英语句子结构 词法 句法
英语词法和句法
1.词法(morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。
英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数、格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。
2.句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律。
词类和句子成分的关系
在句子里，一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。现将哪些句子成分通常由哪些词类来担任列述如下：
主语：名词和代词
Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我国的首都。(名词Beijing 作主语)
She is fond of sports.她爱好运动。(代词She作主语)
谓语动词：动词
My brother rides. his bicycle to work.我哥哥骑自行车上班。(动词rides 作谓语动词)
表语：名词、代词和形容词
His father is a doctor.他父亲是个医生。(名词doctor作表语)
The lesson is easy and Short.这课书又容易又短。(形容词easy和short 作表语)
That classroom is ours，那个教室是我们的。(代词ours作表语)
宾语：名词和代词
I love music.我热爱音乐。(名词music作宾语)
The medicine is good for her.这药对她有效。(代词her作宾语)
定语：形容词
Li Hong is an excellent teacher.李红是一位好老师。(形容词excellent 作定语)
状语：副词
Our monitor does well in English.我们班长英语学得好。(副词well作状语)
句子成分(members of the sentence) 概念
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。
▲句子成分分类
1．主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：
讲述“谁”
We work in a big factory.
讲述“什么”
The classroom is very big.
数词作主语
Three are enough. 三个人就够了
不定式作主语
To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job.
从句作主语
What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.
▲在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：
There are some bottles of milk in the box.
▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：
It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.
It took two workers about three months to build the house.
2．谓语
谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，
谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：
He is very generous.
She looks very smart and cool
We have finished the job.
He can speak German.
3．表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。
形容词作表语
You look younger than before.
名词作表语
My father is a teacher.
副词作表语
Everyone is here.
介词短语作表语
They are at the theatre.
不定式作表语
My job is to teach them English.
动名词作表语
Her job is training the nurses.
从句作表语
That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.
4．宾语
▲宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：
名词作宾语
He never forgives others for their mistakes.
代词做宾语
He often helps me. 不定式作宾语
He likes to sleep in the open air.
动名词作宾语
The Americans enjoyed living in China.
从句做宾语
I believe that they can finish the work in time.
▲直接宾语和间接宾语
及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：
We brought them some food.
主谓间宾直宾
间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或for。
5．宾语的补足语
在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 名词作宾补
If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
形容词作宾补
Don’t make your hands dirty.
副词作宾补
We found Li Ming out when we arrived.
介词短语作宾补
Make yourself at home.
省略to的不定式作宾补
I saw a girl go into the building.
带to的不定式作宾补
The boy ordered the dog to lie down.
现在分词作宾补
The boss kept them working all day.
过去分词作宾补
Yesterday he got his leg broken.
在英语中,常见的“宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构有：
▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。
We call him Jack.
They made Li Lei their monitor.
▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：
Do you think his idea wrong?
We must keep our classroom clean.
We can’t leave him alone.
Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?
▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如：Let him in/ out.
Mr. Li drove us home.
When got there, we found him out.
▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：
We found everything in good order.
We regard him as our good friend.
He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.
▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：
A 要求带to的不定式
The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.
B 要求不带to 的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等
The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.
I often hear him read English in his room.
C 单词help 后可加to 或不加to
She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.
▲“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。
I saw them playing on the playground.
I heard Mary singing in the classroom.
▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。
I had my bike stolen.
The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.
▲形式宾语＋形容词
We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.
▲宾语+what 从句
Call me what you like.
Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.
The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.
6．定语
▲定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如：
形容词作定语
The black bike is mine.
代词作定语
What’s your name?
名词作定语
They made some paper flowers.
介词短语作定语
The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.
不定式作短语
I have lots to eat and drink.
从句作定语
The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.
▲在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。
▲修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如：
We’ll go to have something English.
If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.
Do you have anything important to tell me?
▲介词短语作定语时要后置。如：
Do you know the boy behind the tree?
The students in the room are all my friends.
I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.
▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置
What about something to drink?
I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.
注动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。
Do you have any piece of music to listen to?
▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：
We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?
The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?
They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.
7．状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：
He did it carefully
They missed me very much.
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
When I was young, I could swim well.
短语、从句和句子
短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语。短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。短语的种类很多，但本书只用下列几个短语名称：
a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的to read newspapers after lunch。
b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如：
Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。
c)分词短语(participial phrase)如：
I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的walking along the lake。
d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如：
He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的by bus。
从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不成为一个独立句子的一组词，叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分，一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。
从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分；
a)主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say。
b)表语从句(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的what I want to say。
c)宾语从句(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的what I want to say。
d)定语从句(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的I want to say。
e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something，say it clearly(假如你要说什么，就应说清楚)中的if you want to say something。
从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：
a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分，如：
The people's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。
b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连
词连接，如：
Tom's father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚，但挣得的钱很少。
c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句，如：
It's a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。
从说话人说话的目的来看，句子可分为：
a)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事，如：
I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。
b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问，如：
Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?
c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等，如：
Please come in.请进来。
d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感，如：
What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!
英语句型
一、简单句（the simple sentence）
在英语中，每出现一次主谓结构就构成一个句子。
主语(Subject)+谓语（Predicate）
谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。
简单谓语是指谓语由一个动词或短语动词充当。复合谓语包括两种情
况：动词性复合谓语、名词性复合谓语。其中动词性复合谓语由“情态动词(modal verb)+不定式”构成；名词性复合谓语由“系动词（vi）+表语”构成。
谓语的形式及时态被主语所限定，因主语的改变而相应的改变，因此称谓语为限定形式；称非限定形式为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词由不定式（to do）、动名词(-ing)、分词(-ed、-ing) 充当。
第一句型
主语+不及物动词(vi)
1. We study hard at school everyday.
主语vi 方式状语地点状语时间状语
2.He slept alone for three hours in the bedroom.
主语vi 方式状语时间状语地点状语
3.Stpehen apologized to us for his words at once.
主语vi 宾补原因状语时间状语
第二句型
主语+系动词+表语（Predicative）
系动词不能独立构成谓语，须和表语连在一起才能构成谓语。
系动词的分类：
感官动词Look, sound, taste, smell, appear 终止性动
表变化的动词Become, come, get, make, run, work
词
表依旧的动词Remain, stay, stand, keep,
continue
延续性动
词
1.House are too expensive in the big city now.
主语系动词程度状语表语地点时间状语
2.None of these answers is right.
主语主语的定语系动词表语
3.He is my brother’s best friend in their school.
主语系定语表语地点状语
(修饰名词的单词或短语叫定语；修饰谓语动词的单词或短语叫状语)
第三句型（并列宾语）
主语+及物动词（vt）+宾语(Object)
1.He left his wallet at home this moring.
主语vt 宾语地点状语时间状语
2.My mother enjoy the play very much.
主语vt 宾语程度状语
3.You must have meet her yesterday.
主语助动词vt 宾语时间状语
第四句型（双宾语）
主语+vt+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）
○1一般情况句型四中间接宾语放在直接宾语之前，若要把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前则要在直接宾语与间接宾语之间加“to”或“for”（sth. to\for sb.）。
常见的"to" "for"动词如下:
○2句型四的被动语态只能提前一个宾语，另一个宾语仍放在谓语For
buy, choose, cook , fetch, find, do
Get, leave, make, order, paint, play
Save, sing, spare, win, gain, prepare
To Afford, allow, assign, award, bring, deny Give, hard, lend, offer, owe, pass Promise, send, post, pay, refuse, recommend Return, sell, show, teach, tell, throw, wish
动词之后，未被提前的这个宾语叫保留宾语(画“——”的部分)。
1.The firm give Sam a beautiful gold watch 前位定语主语vt 间接宾语前位定语宾语as a present for his work.
目的状语
被动语态1(提前间接宾语)：Sam was given a beauitiful gold watch as a present for his work.
被动语态2（提前直接宾语）：A beautiful gold watch was given to Sam as a present for his work.
2.He showed me his new cellphone bought last week
主语vt 间宾直接宾语过去分词短语作定语
just now.
时间状语
上面句中的“a”“beautiful”“gold ”“his”“new”为单个的定语（非短语、句子）其位置应在所修饰的词之前。
第五句型（复合宾语）
主语+vt+宾语（Object）+宾语补足语
○1该句型中“宾语+宾语补足语”这种结构合称为复合宾语（The structure of complex object）。
常见复合宾语：
drive\make sb mad\crazy\wild
get sth clean\dirty\dry\wet\open\shut\closed
keep\leave sth\sb cool\fresh\shut\open\safe\orderly wipe sth clean\dry\out
○2该句型变被动语态时宾补（在被动语态中叫主补）不得提前。
○3该句型中宾补由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语及非谓语动词充当，其中非谓语动词包括不定式和分词，在该句型中不定时可以省略不定时符号“to”。
省略不定式符号的动词共“11个半”：
help(可省可不省)
feel
hear,listen
have,make,let
see,notice,watch,observe,look at
半个“帮助”，一个“感觉”，两个听说，三个“让”，四个“看”。
以上这些词其后有不定时做宾补时省略“to”,被动时还原“to”。
1.The parents called their baby “Tony”.
前位定语主语vt 定语宾语宾语补足语
2.We all made my deskmate monitor of the class. 主语同位语vt 定语宾语宾补宾补的定语
3.We found it hard to keep food fresh in hot days. 主语vt 形式宾语宾补keep的复合宾语状语
词序(word order)
词序就是词或句子成分在句子中的排列顺序。英语里的词和句子成分在句子里的位置比较固定。现将句子成分和虚词在陈述句中的一般位置举例说明如下：
1)主语的位置在陈述句基本结构的最前面。如：
We help each other.我们互相帮助。
2)谓语动词的位置在主语之后。如：
We go to school every day.我们每天上学。
3)表语的位置在连系动词之后。如：
It's fine today.今天天气很好。
4)宾语的位置在及物动词或介词之后。如：
I like this place.我喜欢这个地方。(及物动词的宾语的位置)
There are many trees in this place.这地方有许多树。(介词的宾语的位置)
5)定语的位置单词作定语，一般放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。如：
The school library has many books on agriculture.校图书馆有许多关于农业的书。(many和on agriculture，都修饰books，many在books的前面，on agriculture则在它的后面)
6)状语的位置修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语一般须放在宾语之后。如：
The Summer Palace is very beautiful.颐和园非常美丽。(very为状语，修饰形容词beautiful，放在beautiful之前)
I know him well.我十分了解他。(well为状语，修饰动词
know，放在know之后)
The students often go on a picnic.这些学生经常出去野餐。
(often为状语，修饰动词go，放在它的前面)
We take exercise every day.我们每天都运动。(every day为状语，修饰动词take，在宾语exercise之后)
[注]关于以上所讲各个句子成分在句子里的位置，详见第十六章各有
关部分。
7)冠词的位置冠词在名词之前。如：
I met a friend at the bus-stop.我在公共汽车站遇到一位朋友。
8)介词的位置介词一般也放在名词或代词之前。如：
There is a map of China on the wall.墙上有一幅中国地图。
9)连词的位置连词一般放在同类的词、短语或从句之间。如：
They worked quickly and efficiently.他们工作速度快，效率高。
He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.他尽管六十多岁了，仍和大家一样努力工作。
10)感叹词的位置感叹词常放在句子最前面。如：
Oh，it's you!啊，是你呀!
英语动词时态
英语时态是英语语法中的第一首难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。
英语各种时态构成表：以play为例：
一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态
现在play is has has
plays am playing have played have been playing
are
过去played was had played had been playing
were playing
将来shall shall shall shall will play will be playing will have played will have been playing 过去should should should should
将来would play would be would have would have been
playing played playing
一、一般现在时：
1.构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
(1) 直接加“s”，works, takes
(2) 以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”,再加“es”
carry → carries
(3) 以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
2.功能：
(1) 表现在的事实、状态或动作：
eg： . Birds fly.
. She loves music.
. Mary’s parents get up very early.
(2) 表习惯性动作或职业，常与often, sometimes, usually, always, every week,
seldom, occasionally, frequently等时间副词连用。
eg： . I always take a walk after supper.
. She writes to me very often.
. Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picenic occasionally.
(3) 表客观真理，格言警句或事实：
. The earth moves round the sun.
. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
. Two and two makes four.
. No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。
(4) 表将来：
A. 在由when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。（黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）
例如：
. I’ll tell her wh en she comes tomorrow.
. Even if it rains this afternoon, I’ll meet you.
. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型，背下！！）
. I’ll be right here waiting for you wherever you go. （很感人的句型！）
B. 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
. The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
. When does the plane take off?
. He leaves for that city next week.
. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）
测试精编：
1. The Brow ns _______ a nice car and brown’s brother _______ a nice jeep.
A. have/have
B. has/has
C. have/has
D. has/have
2. If their house _______ not like ours, what _______ it look like?
A. is/is
B. is/does
C. does/does
D. does/is
3. _______ you think he will come?If it _______ tomorrow, he will not come.
A. Do/rains
B. Are/rains
C. do/will rain
D. Are/will rain
4. The little child _______ not even know that the moon _______ around the earth.
A. do/move
B. do/moves
C. does/moves
D. did/moved
5. Many a student _______ fond of films, but a good student seldom _______ to the cinema.
A. are/goes
B. is/goes
C. are/go
D. is/go
二、现在进行时：is/am/are +现在分词
1. 表示现在正在进行的动作。如
. The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?
. Don’t you think you eat too much? You’re putting on weight. (体重增加)
. The workers are building a new bridge across the reiver.
2. 表示现阶段正进行的动作。
. He is taking physics this semester. （本学期）
. We are preparing for our final examination this week.
3. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
. Look! The bus is coming. 看！车来了！
. The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
. Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
4. 与always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情
色彩：赞赏或厌恶。
. He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别人。）
. The boy is continually making noises. （这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）
. The teacher is constantly (always)criticizing her for being late. （老师一直在批评她迟到。）
5. 下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
（此条戒律请背10遍！！！）
believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道）understand（理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得）look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有）sound （听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心）
like（喜欢），hate （讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）
【简单记忆】：
● 永远不要说I’m believing…或He is seeing a house.再简单一点说，这些
动词后面不要随意加–ing.
● 可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！
● 注意：have a party / think about可以用进行时，因为这里have 意为“举
行”；think 意为“考虑”。
测试精编：
1. How can you _______ if you are not _______?
A. listening/hearing
B. hear/listening
B. be listening/heard
C. be hearing/listening to
2. The girl even won’t have her lunch before she _______ her homework.
A. will finish
B. is finishing
C. had finished
D. finishes
3. Those who have applied for the post（职位）_______ in the office. （此题超前）
A. are being interviewed
B. are interviewing
C. interviewing
D. to be interviewing
4. The old scientist _______ to do more for the country.
A. is wishing
B. has been wishing
C. wishes
D. has been wished
5. If he _______, don’t wake him up.
A. still sleeps
B. is still sleeping
C. still has been sleeping
D. will be sleeping still
三、一般过去时。定义动词的过去式：
1. 表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
. We visited the school last spring.
. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
. China was founded in 1949.
2. 表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（参）
. She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.
. They would not lave until she came back.
. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.
3. 一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你
不一定明白。）● Her brother was a chemist. （已去世）
● Her brother is a chemist. （尚健在）
● That’s all I had to s ay. （话已说完）
● That’s all I have to say. （言之未尽）
● It was so nice to see you. （离别时用）
● It is so nice to see you. （见面时用）
● Jane did a lot of work this morning. （已是当天下午或晚上）
● Jane has done a lot of work this morning. （仍是上午）[本句现在完成时，此乃后话！]
测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确形态填空）。
1. Yesterday I _______ (think) that you were not in Beijing.
2. Alice usually _______ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she _______ (sit) at
the back this morning.
3. He _______ (tell) the news to us three days ago.
4. He _______ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
5. She would not telephone me if she _______ (have) no time.
测试精编II：
1. They _______ the trip until the rain stopped.
A. continued
B. didn’t continue
C. hadn’t continued
D. would continue
2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _______
of hunger and cold. (without 在这里表示条件，你知道吗？)
A. would die
B. will die
C. would be dead
D. would have
died
3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth _______ around the sun.
A. moved
B. has moved
C. will move
D. moves
4. When all those present （到场者）_______ he began his lecture. （重点题)
A. sit
B. set
C. seated
D. were seated
5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact _______ not.
A. have
B. would have
C. had
D. had had
四、过去进行时：were/was+现在分词。
1. 表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
. I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
. When I arrived, they were watching TV.
. They were doing housework this time last week.
2. 用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
. She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
. I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3. 过去某时将发生的事。可参考2(4)
. They told me that they were leaving for New York.
. He was going out when I arrived.
测试精编：
1. My brother _______ while he _______ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell/was riding
B. feel/were riding
C. had fallen/rode
D. had fallen/was riding
2. He _______ his leg as he _______ in a football match.
A. broke/played
B. was breaking/was playing
C. broke/was playing
D. was breaking/played
3. My father will be here tomorrow.
I thought that he _______ today
A. was coming
B. is coming
C. will come C. comes
4. Jcak was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who _______ in.
A. come
B. was coming
C. had been coming
D. had come
5. Michike couldn’t come to the telep hone when Mr. Smith called her because she
_______ in the lab.
A. had been working
B. has been working
C. was working
D. worked
五、现在完成时：have/has +过去分词
1. 表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet, just, before,
recently, lately（最近），ever, never 等表时间的副词搭配使用。
● He hasn’t seen her lately.
● I haven’t finished the book yet.
2. 表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表
示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far （迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for along time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past/in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）… …
. He has worked here for 15 years.
. I have studied English since I came here.
. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
. So far, I haven’t received a single letter from my brother.
3. 某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点：
I. 常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），
go, refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish, buy, marry, divorce（离婚），
awake（醒），borrow ，lend …（背三遍!）
II. 这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III. 但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
● She has gone away for a month.（误）
● She has been away for a month.（正）
● The man has died for two years.（误）
● The man has been dead for tow years.（正）
● How long have you bought the book?（误）
● How long have you got the book.（正）4. 注意since 的用法：
. They haven’t had an trouble since they came here.
. It has been ten years since we me last time.
. He has been here since 1980.
. He has been here since ten years ago.
5. 几组对比：
He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。
He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。
She is gone. 她缺席了。（or 她死了）
The door has been closed. 门关上了。（动作）
The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
测试精编:
1. The prices _______ going up all the time in the past few years.
A. keep
B. kept
C. have kept
D. are keeping
2. For the whole period of two months, there _______ no rain in this area.
A. is
B. will be
C. has been
D. have been
3. Today is Jane’s wedding day. She _______ John.
A. have just married with
B. was just married to
C. has just been married to
D. just has been married to
4. No wonder the flower have withered, they _______ any water for ages.
A. hadn’t
B. haven’t
C. haven’t had
D. hadn’t had
5. Nowadays computer _______ a wide application with the development of production and science.
A. found
B. has found
C. finds
D. had found
六、现在完成进行时：have/has +been +现在分词
1. 表示从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。（最好将此定义读5遍）
. I’ve been waiting for an hour but she hasn’t come.
. He has been running after her for 8 years. (run after:追求)
2. 表某种感情色彩。
. I’ve been wanting to see you for so many years.
. Who’s been telling you such nonsense.
释惑要点：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
. I have thought of it. （我已想到了这一点。）
. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）
测试精编：
1. They _______ us since five o’clock this morning.
A. are helping
B. have been helping
C. have been helped
D. have helped
2. I _______ the book the whole day, yet I haven’t finished it.
A. have been reading
B. have read
C. am reading
D. had been reading
3. Please come in. We _______ about your paper.
A. talk
B. had been talking
C. have been talking
D. would have talked
4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum _______.
A. gradually are exhausted
B. are being gradually exhausted
C. have gradually exhausting
D. have been exhausting gradually
5. It _______ almost every day so far this month.
A. is raining
B. rained
C. rains
D. has been raining
用所给动词正确时态填空。
1. You should go to bed. You _______ (watch) TV for 5hours.
2. I _______ (write) letters since breakfast.
3. I _______ (write) 3 letters since breakfast.
4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith _______ (leave) for Beijing.
5.I _______ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be?
七、过去完成时：had+过去分词
1. 表示过去某表动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。
● They had got everything ready before I came.
● The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2. 过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely... when, no sooner… than等固定句型结构
中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一…… 就”）
● She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
● No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.（注
意no sooner在句首时句型倒装。）
3. intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）
等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
● I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just
when I was about to leave.（……原想昨天去看你……）
● They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to
cancel it because he had weather.（…原计划上周举行一场足球赛……）测试精编：
1. Let’s hurry! The president is coming.
Oh, I was afraid that we _______ .
A. already miss him
B. had already missed him
C. will miss him already
D. have already missed him
2. Your letter came just as I _______ my office.
A. was leaving
B. would leave
C. had left
D. left
3. I _______ my keys, I can’t remember where I last saw them.
A. was losing
B. lost
C. had lost
D. have lost
4. Nobody knew where the teacher _______.
A. has gone
B. would have gone
C. had gone
D. would be gone
5. The sportsmen ______ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off
for rest.
A. have been
B. are
C. had been
D. were
八、一般将来时：shall/will + 动词原形
1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
● He will graduate form the college next year.
● We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2. 将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！）
I: be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美国口语中常读做be gonna）
● I’m going to buy a new coat this fall.
[be going to 与will的对比：下列情况须用will]
● I’ll be sixteen years old next year.
● It will be the 20th of August tomorrow
● When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. be + to do sth. 表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
● Am I to take over his work?
● We are to meet at the gate.
III. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。
● The talk is about to begin.
3. 重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
set out to do sth. 着手做某事
set about doing sth. 开始做某事
测试精编：
1. “The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o’clock.”
“But _______ a delay.”
A. it will be
B. there’d be
C. there will be
D. there is
2. He’ll leave for Paris before you _______ next week.
A. will come back
B. will be back
C. come back
D. came back
3. Our next meeting _______ on 1st December.
A. has been held
B. will hold
C. is to be held
D. is holding
4. Where _______ a will, there is a way.
A. there will have
B. has been there
C. there is
D. there has been
5. It _______ be Wednesday tomorrow.
A. is going to
B. will
C. is about to
D. is to
九、过去将来时：should /would + 动词原形
1. 表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
● He said tha t they would meet me at the station.
2. 此用法常用于间接引语中。
测试精编：
1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader _______ on Saturday.
A. is arriving
B. will arrive
C. would be arrived
D. would arrive
2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we _______ ready.
A. will be
B. would be
C. were
D. are
3. My aunt _______ to see us, she would be here soon.
A. is coming
B. was coming
C. came
D. had came
4. They would be given a new house if more _______ the next year.
A. will be built
B. would be built
C. are built
D. were built
十、过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词
表过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
● She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
比较：
. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy.
. The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
测试精编：
1. It _______ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining
B. would be raining
C. had been raining
D. has rained
2. He told us that he _______ there since 1982.
A. has been living
B. had been living
C. would have lived
D. was living
3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and _______ now.
A. is still learning
B. had been learning
C. was still learning
D. has been learning
4. By the end of last week, he _______ in the company for 10 years.
A. had worked
B. had been working
C. will have worked
D. would have worked
5. Not until then did people know that he _______ important military information to
the enemy for a long time.
A. sold
B. would sell
C. had sold
D. had been selling
十一、将来进行时：shall/will be + 现在分词
1. 表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作:
. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
〖比较：〗
. Tom won’t cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图）
. Tom won’t be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）
2. 用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。
. Will you be having supper with us this evening? 3. 将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。
. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
十二、过去将来进行时：should/would be + 现在分词
表示过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
. He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.
测试精编：
1. Tomorrow, I _______ the book all morning.
A. am reading
B. will be reading
C. will read
D. have
read
2. “Can you attend the meeting tonight?”
“No, _______ the manager about something urgent.”
A. I see
B. I’ll have seen
C. I’ll be seeing
D. I can
see
3. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people _______ long
enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?
A. will the live
B. they will be living
C. will live
D. living
4. He told us that he _______ visiting Japan by this time next year.
A. will be
B. would be
C. was
D. is
5. It _______ when you wake up tomorrow morning.
A. is snowing
B. will snow
C. will be snowing
D.
snows
十三、将来完成时：shall/ will have + 过去分词
表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。
. They will have been here for 5years next Friday.
. By the en of next term, the students will have finished the book.
十四、过去将来完成时：would/should have + 过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
. He said that they would have arrived by seven o’clock.
十五、将来完成进行时：shall/will have been + 现在分词
表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。
. We shall have been staying here for four weeks when tom arrives.
. It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
[注: 此句型过于复杂，人们很少运用，了解而已。]
单项自测题（综合训练）
1. Simple photographic lenses can’t _______ sharp, undistorted images over a wide
field.
A. to form
B. are formed
C. forming
D. form
2. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one _______the most.
A. it influences farmers
B. that influences farmers
C. farmers that it influences
D. why farmers influence it
3. By tracking the eye of a hurricane, forecasters can determine the speed at which
_______.
A. is a storm moving
B. a storm is moving
C. is moving a storm
D. a moving storm
4. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, _______ out of emergency headquarters
in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
A. operates
B. is operating
C. has operated
D. operating
5. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been _______.
A. the least studied
B. study the least
C. study less and less
D. to study the less
6. During an eclipse of the sun, _______ in the shadow of the moon.
A. the Earth lies
B. the Earth when lying
C. that the Earth lies
D. the lying Earth
7. The photo periodic response of algae actually depends on the duration darkness, _______.
A. the light is not on
B. and not on light
C. but is not on the light
D. is not on light 8. The wallflower _______ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along
strong cliffs for support.
A. so called is
B. so is called
C. is so called
D. called is
so
9. Because of its importance in modern living, _______ in all parts of the world.
A. algebra is studied in schools and colleges
B. studying algebra in schools and colleges
C. and the study of algebra in schools and colleges
D. in schools and colleges are algebra studies
10. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension _______.
A. elements from group living
B. elements of a normal group life
C. living are a group of elements
D. are normal elements of group life
主谓一致
Principle Rules for Subject and Verb Agreement
I. 单数主语：
1. 当every-, some-, any-, no- 等构成的不定代词及each, either, neither作主语
时，谓语动
为单数。
Someone has told me about it.
Neither of us likes the film.
2. 当every或each位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前，谓语动词用单数。（必记之要点！）
Each girl and boy has a nickname.
Every man and woman is welcome.
3. 位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数，谓语动词须和主语一致。常
见介词短语有：i n addition to, together with, as well as, along with, but, except,
etc.
（这是一几乎所有考试都不愿放过的重点。）
The teacher along with his students is going to the party.
His parents as well as his elder sister have come to see him.
II. 复数主语：
1. 当主语由and或both…and连接，通常采用复数谓语动词。
● Both the girl and the boy are his friends.
2. 如主语是both, few或主语前有both, few, several, many等限定词时，谓语动词须用复数。
● Several novels have been written by her.
● Both got the news at the same time.
3. 下列名词总是复数形式且谓语动词必须用复数。
Trousers, pants（裤子），jeans, glasses, scissors（剪刀），tweezers（镊子），plier （钳子），scales（天平），compasses（圆规），etc.
● The trousers here are mine.
别忘了：如果以上名词受“ a pair of ” “ the pair of ”修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
The pair of ants is too dirty.
III. 单、复数的灵活运用：
1. 当主语由neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also或or连接时，谓语动词
与nor, or, but also 后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则”。
● Neither he nor I am going to the airport.
● Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.
2. 当主语前面有none, all, some, any, most, half, majority等词时，谓语动词则根
据主语的具体情况而采用相应的单、复数。
All of the money has been in the bank. (money是不可数名词)
All of us have been here.
3. “ a number of ”是复数，修饰可数名词，谓语动词为复数，“the number of ”
也修饰复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。（黄金要点！！）
● A number of students have passed the exam.
● The number of students in this class is 50.
IV. 用作单数的复数形式主语：
1. 如主语是指：time, money, weight, volume, etc. 虽为复数形式，但谓语用单数形式。
Two years is a short time.
One hundred dollars is needed by me.
2. 下列单词如：physics, economics, mathematics, statistics, etc; measles, mumps,
herpes, etc, news, ethics, politics, etc. 为复数形式，但谓语动词用单数。
Statistics is a dull subject.
Politics is important.
3. 书、报、杂志、电影的名称作主语，谓动用作单数。
The New York Times is a good newspaper.
V. 下列名词在形式上保持不变，但谓语动词的数取决于其意义：
1. family, team, class, committee, group, audience, faculty, etc.
The family is big.（总体）
His family like to watch TV.（家庭所有成员）
2. species, series, etc.
The species is rare.
These species are common.
3. sheep, deer, etc.
The sheep are eating grass.
The sheep is big.
VI.Chinese, English, French, etc指语言时，谓动词是单数，如与“the”搭配，指人民时，谓语动词用复数。
English is used widely.
The English love peace.
VII. 注意下列外来语的单复数形：
单数复数
basis bases
crisis crises
criterion (标准) criteria
phenomenon phenomena
radius (半径) radii
alumnus (男校友) alumni
datum (资料) data
medium (媒体) media
index (索引) indices
appendix (附录) appendices
alga (海藻) algae
vita (生命) vitae
测试精编
1. Students today are writing _______ of poetry.
A. a great many lines
B. quantities of lines
C. lots lines
D. a large number
2. The bookstore had not ordered _______ texts for all the students in the course.
A. plenty of
B. enough
C. as many
D. enough of
3. What did you see?We saw _______ police there.
A. many
B. much
C. little
D. the
英语词法和句法汇总
英语词法和句法 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示“多少”和“第几”的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。 9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。 [注二]不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。 句子成分(members of the sentence) 英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成
英语句子成分和句子结构分析
英语句子成分和句子结 构分析 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
英语句子成分和句子结构分析语法讲解1 认识语法 一、英语语法分为两大部分 词法（微观遣词）；句法（宏观造句） 01词法（微观遣词） 1.实词：有实际意义的词。 名词n.：表事物名称 动词vi./vt.：行为，动态。 vi.不及物动词，本身可以表达完整意义，后面不需要带宾语 vt.及物动词，本身无法表达完整意义，后面必须带宾语 形容词adj.：修饰n. 副词adv.：修饰v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整个句子 代词Pron.：代替n. 数词num.：表数量（基数词），表顺序（序数词） 2.虚词：没有实际意义的词。 介词prep.：说明词与词之间的关系 连词conj.：说明句子与句子之间的关系 冠词art.：在n.前，限定n. 感叹词int.：表达感叹 02句法（宏观造句） 1.句子的成分 2.句子结构 3.句子的变化 4.句子的功能 5.句子的类型：简单句，并列句，复合句 6.复合句：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句 二、语法四大原则 1.词性决定词用 2.同类同用 同种类型的词，用法相同，越细分，越一致 3.动词即句魂 句子里最重要的是谓语，谓语部分最重要的就是动词 4.举一反三 由表及里，发掘句子结构，归属；认识句子本质，由点及面，放大到句群。语法精讲2 句子的成分 主体：主语，谓语，宾语，表语
次体：定语，状语，补语，同位语 主语：一个句子的主体，是全句述说的对象。常由名词，代词或相当于名词或代词的词担任，一般放在句首。 The sun(名词n.) rises in the east. W e(代词pron.) are friends T wenty years(数词num.) is a short time in history. S eeing（动名词） is believing T o be a teacher(不定式)is my dream W hat he needs(句子)is a book 主语从句 I t（形式主语）is time to go home（真正的主语）形式主语是为保持 句子平衡 谓语：表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面W e study(实意动词)English！ I can（情态动词）do it! I don’t（助动词）know! H e is（系动词）asleep. 宾语：表示谓语行为的对象，常由名词，代词或相当于名词的词担任，一般放在及物动词或者介词之后。 I play with him(代词) I like china（名词） H ow many do you need——we need two（数词） I enjoy working with you（动名词） I hope to see you again（不定式） D id you write downwhat he said（句子） U nder the snow（介宾短语）,there are many rocks. H e gave me（间接宾语）a book（直接宾语） yesterday 表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态，一般由名词或者形容词担任。凡是系动词(be 动词,感官动词等)出现的地方，后面必定带着表语 He is a teacher(名词) Seventy-four !you don’t look it（代词） F ive and five is ten（数词） H e is asleep（形容词） T his picture is on the wall（介词短语） M y watch is missing/lost （形容词化的分词） T o wear a flower is to say“ I’m poor ,I can’t buy a ring”(不定式) T he question is whether they will come（句子） 语法精讲3 定语：用来修饰或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或者从句担任，形容词放在名词前面。相当于形容词的短语或者从句放在名词后面。 H e is a clever boy T his is an apple tree
英语语句基本结构分析
英语语句基本结构分析 英语语句基本结构分析 英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。下面店铺为大家带来英语语句基本结构分析，希望大家喜欢！ 一、英语语句基本结构分析 (一)主谓宾结构： 1、主语：可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy)，主格代词(如you)，数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ eg: The boy comes from America. He made a speech. Tow and tow is four. To be a teacher is my dream. Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story. 2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语，形成主谓结构，eg:We come. Many changes took place in my home town. 注(以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，如：take place，appear， happen， break out；表来、去，如：come， go 等) 3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不定式等可以作宾语。 eg：I will do it tomorrow. The boy needs a pen. I like swimming. I like to swim this afternoon. (二)主系表结构：
英语句子结构详解(精华)
第一章简单句 一、简单句（simple sentence）：是基础句型,只有包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。 有五种基本结构：“主语+谓语（SV）”、“主语+谓语+主语补语（SVC)”、“主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）"、“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语（SVOO）”、“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语（SVOC）"等五种基本结构。其他各种句子基本上由此五种句型缩略或扩展而成. 1、“主语+谓语（SV）”结构，简称为主谓结构，谓语是不及物动词。此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等，如： （1）、Day│ broke. 天亮了 （2）、Things │change。事物是变化的. （3）、The moon│rose.月亮升起来了。 (4）、They│are running very slowly。他们跑得很慢 2、“主语+谓语+主语补语(SVC）”结构，简称为主谓补结构。 “主语+连系动词+表语（SLP）"句型实际上也是一种主、谓、主补结构,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep， seem等属一类，表示情况；get， grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化.be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用，其它系动词仍保持其部分词义如： （5）、He │died│ young。他年轻时就死了. （6）、John │was│ cast as Hamlet. 约翰扮演哈姆雷特 （7)、This│is│an English—Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 (8）、The dinner│smells│good.午餐的气味很好. 3、“主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）"结构,可简称为主、谓、宾结构，其谓语一般是及物动词,宾语多是直接宾语.此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词 （9）、Who│knows│the answer? 谁知道答案？ （10）、He│admits│that he was mistaken。他承认犯了错误。 （11）、Robbie didn’t│ deny │the facts。罗比不否认这些事实 （12）、She │heard│ whispering. 她听到了一阵沙沙声。
英语常见5种句子结构
英语五种基本句型结构 英语语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋Verb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 4）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词) 5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词) ● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。
词类词法句子成分句法简单句和并列句的基本
第一讲词类、词法、句子成分、句法、简单句和并列句的基本用法 一. 句子成分 句子由句子成分组成。句子成分主要分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语和状语。下面对各句子成分作一简介。 1．主语是一个句子所述说的主体。它有两个语法特点： 1）英语主语形式上的标志，主要是人称代词用主格形式，有些名词用复数。 2）英语陈述句的语序一般是“主语+谓语+宾语“，但是，英语句子成分的词序比汉语自由一些，倒装词序的情况较多，即主语可以在谓语之后，甚至在谓语组成部 分的中间。 在句子中可以作主语的有： 名词： 代词： 数词： V-ing分词：Swimming is his favorite sport. 不定式：To master a foreign language requires time and effort. 名词化的形容词：The wounded were well attended. 短语：From here to there is a long way. 无人称的it: It is snowing. 从句：what was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 2. 谓语 谓语（狭义地讲，指谓语动词）大体上分为简单谓语和复合谓语。由一个动词或动词短语构成的谓语称为简单谓语，由两部分构成的谓语称为复合谓语。谓语的语法特点：1）一般在主语之后。但也有在主语之前的。 The sun rises in the east. Along the road walked an old man. 2）能被各种副词修饰。Everything went smoothly. 3）谓语动词有时态的标志，借助于这些标志就可以进一步认识谓语。 How many pages have you covered today? He has a good memory. This book was first published in 1999. They live in the suburbs of Shanghai. 4）复合谓语是由两部分构成的主要有下面两类： ①情态动词加动词原形构成的动词必复合谓语。They can already sing several English songs. ②系动词加表语构成的名词性复合谓语。His father is honest. Your sentence do esn’t sound right. 3. 宾语 宾语是谓语动词所表示的动作所及的对象。宾语的语法特点： 1）一般在谓语动词之后。She pretended innocence. 2）有些宾语本身有形态标志，即人称代词作宾语时为宾格。We shall be glad if they visit us.
(完整版)英语基本句子结构
初中英语基本语法结构 句子是文章的基础，无论多长的文章都是由一个一个的句子组成的，因此，学习运用写作及阅读应学好造句，打好坚实的句法基础，才有可能写出好的文章。运用句子的基本结构 英语的句子千变万化，但是无论其怎样变化，都是由为数不多的几个基本句子结构扩展而来的，造句就好像画一棵树，掌握了句子的基本结构，就如同掌握了树干的画法，在此基础上便可以学习添枝加叶，画出千变万化的树木了。 运用的基本结构可以分为五个类型。 1、主语+系动词+表语（S+V+P） 列如：She is a student （身份）He has become an engineer It tastes sweet They are in the classroom 这种句子机构的动词是系动词，其后的表语表示主语的身份，特征或者状态。英语中可用作系动词的数量很少，最常用的是be的各种变化形式，初学者比较容易用错的是其他的系动词，如become，turn，look，seem，appear，sound，taste，smell，remain，prove，keep，fall，等的，由于系动词数量不多，初学者只要稍加留意就不会出错了。 2、主语+动词（S+V）列如：water flows He is reading She has arrived T hey will come Mary cried 这种句子结构的动词是不及物动词，其后无须跟其他的句子成分。初学者使用这类词时，应当注意不要受其汉语对应词意义的影响。例如汉语中的’到‘在英语中的对应词可以是arrive，也可以是reach，但是reach是及物动词，须有宾语，不能用在上面第三个例句中。反之，如果需要带宾语时，arrive后则应加介词。 例如：They have reached NEW YORK They have arrived at NEWYORK 3、主语+动词+宾语（S+V+O） 例如：Tom speaks English He bought a jacket They have finished the job Rose is reading a book 这种句子结构中的动词是单宾及物动词，其后必须跟一个宾语。英语中的及物动词大多数都属这一类。 4、主语+动词+宾语+宾语（S+V+O+O） 例如：Mr Brown teaches them English Mother told me a story Give us a ring when you arrive at the college The students are giving the classroom a thorough clean up 这种句子结构中的动词是双宾及物动词，其后跟两个宾语，即间接宾语和直接宾语。直接宾语是动作承受者或结果，如上例中的English，a story ，a ring ，a thorough cleanup，间接宾语则表示动作是为谁做的，如上例中的them，me，us和the classroom。虽然这类动词的数量不是很多，但使用频率很高，构成了一种英语
英语词类、词法、句子成分、句法、简单句和并列句的基本用法
词类、词法、句子成分、句法、简单句和并列句的基本用法 一. 句子成分 句子由句子成分组成。句子成分主要分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语和状语。下面对各句子成分作一简介。 1．主语是一个句子所述说的主体。它有两个语法特点： 1）英语主语形式上的标志，主要是人称代词用主格形式，有些名词用复数。 2）英语陈述句的语序一般是“主语+谓语+宾语“，但是，英语句子成分的词序比汉语自由一些，倒装词序的情况较多，即主语可以在谓语之后，甚至在谓语组成部 分的中间。 在句子中可以作主语的有： 名词： 代词： 数词： V-ing分词：Swimming is his favorite sport. 不定式：To master a foreign language requires time and effort. 名词化的形容词：The wounded were well attended. 短语：From here to there is a long way. 无人称的it: It is snowing. 从句：what was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 2. 谓语 谓语（狭义地讲，指谓语动词）大体上分为简单谓语和复合谓语。由一个动词或动词短语构成的谓语称为简单谓语，由两部分构成的谓语称为复合谓语。谓语的语法特点：1）一般在主语之后。但也有在主语之前的。 The sun rises in the east. Along the road walked an old man. 2）能被各种副词修饰。Everything went smoothly. 3）谓语动词有时态的标志，借助于这些标志就可以进一步认识谓语。 How many pages have you covered today? He has a good memory. This book was first published in 1999. They live in the suburbs of Shanghai. 4）复合谓语是由两部分构成的主要有下面两类： ①情态动词加动词原形构成的动词必复合谓语。They can already sing several English songs. ②系动词加表语构成的名词性复合谓语。His father is honest. Your sentence doesn’t sound right. 3. 宾语 宾语是谓语动词所表示的动作所及的对象。宾语的语法特点： 1）一般在谓语动词之后。She pretended innocence. 2）有些宾语本身有形态标志，即人称代词作宾语时为宾格。We shall be glad if they visit
英语句子结构 词法 句法
英语词法和句法 1.词法(morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。 英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数、格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。 2.句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律。 词类和句子成分的关系 在句子里，一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。现将哪些句子成分通常由哪些词类来担任列述如下： 主语：名词和代词 Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我国的首都。(名词Beijing 作主语) She is fond of sports.她爱好运动。(代词She作主语) 谓语动词：动词 My brother rides. his bicycle to work.我哥哥骑自行车上班。(动词rides 作谓语动词) 表语：名词、代词和形容词 His father is a doctor.他父亲是个医生。(名词doctor作表语) The lesson is easy and Short.这课书又容易又短。(形容词easy和short 作表语) That classroom is ours，那个教室是我们的。(代词ours作表语) 宾语：名词和代词 I love music.我热爱音乐。(名词music作宾语) The medicine is good for her.这药对她有效。(代词her作宾语) 定语：形容词 Li Hong is an excellent teacher.李红是一位好老师。(形容词excellent 作定语) 状语：副词 Our monitor does well in English.我们班长英语学得好。(副词well作状语) 句子成分(members of the sentence) 概念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 ▲句子成分分类 1．主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如： 讲述“谁” We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么” The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough. 三个人就够了 不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job. 从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. ▲在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如： There are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2．谓语 谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，
英语的词法句法
词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。 9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。 [注二]不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。 句子成分(members of the sentence) 英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分： 1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体。如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。 2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的，如I study English中的study。 3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的，如 I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student；Our classroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的clean。 4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的，如I study English中的English。介词后面的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如They don't work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday，就是介词on的宾语。 5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。
英语词法和句法(郭春艳)
英语词法和句法 (一) 词法 词法(morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。 一、词类(parts of speech) 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系。英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2) 代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3) 形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4) 数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示“多少”和“第几”的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5) 动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6) 副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 7) 冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8) 介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。 9) 连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10) 感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。 [注二]不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。 二、英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数、格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。 1) 名词变化 名词有数的概念。 不可数名词(物质名词、多数抽象名词) gold, wood, water, fire, earth, air, land, paper, cloth, tobacco, soap; life (生活), nature (自然), business, work, luck, cash, money, harm, trouble, furniture, music, sunshine, scenery, fun,
英语句子的五种基本结构
英语句子结构有五种（主谓，主谓宾，主系表，主谓宾宾和主谓宾宾补） 主谓：I study. 主谓宾:I like banana. 主系表:I am a student. 主谓双宾:I give a pencil to him. 主谓复合宾语:I make him happy. 1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) [S + V] 如：The children are playing happily. 孩子们正在高兴地玩。 2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语[S+V+O] 如：The Greens enjoy living in China. 格林一家喜欢住在中国。 3. 主语+谓语+表语[S+V+P] 该句型谓语动词为连系动词。常见的系动词有：be(是)；get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等。如： ①He became a famous doctor. 他成为了一名著名的医生。 ②The apple pie tastes really delicious. 苹果派吃起来真是好吃。 4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语[S+V+InO+DO] 这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如： ①My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me. 我阿姨买给我一台电脑。 ②I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him. 我把盐递给他。 5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语[S+V+O+OC] 如：We must keep our school clean. 我们必须保持我们的学校清洁。 1. Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize,arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如： The students work very hard.学生们学习很努力。 She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。 The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。 2. Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如：Several players lay flat on the playground.几个队员平躺在操场上。 We should remain modest and prudent any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。 This kind of food tastes terrible.这种食物吃起来很糟糕。 The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。 (2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如： Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 Don't have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。 The facts prove true.事实证明是正确的。 3. Subject(主语) ＋Verb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如： You can put the books in your bag.你可以把书放在书包里。 Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。 She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。 I prefer to make web pages.我更喜欢做网页。
英语句子的五种基本结构
英语句子结构有五种(主谓,主谓宾，主系表，主谓宾宾和主谓宾宾补） 主谓：I study. 主谓宾：I like banana。 主系表:I am a student. 主谓双宾:I give a pencil to him. 主谓复合宾语：I make him happy。 1。主语+谓语（不及物动词) [S + V] 如：The children are playing happily. 孩子们正在高兴地玩. 2。主语+谓语(及物动词）+宾语［S+V+O］ 如：The Greens enjoy living in China. 格林一家喜欢住在中国。 3. 主语+谓语+表语[S+V+P] 该句型谓语动词为连系动词.常见的系动词有：be(是）; get(变得), become（成为）, turn（变得)，look（看起来)，feel(感到)，smell（闻起来), taste（尝起来)，sound（听起来），seem(似乎）等。如： ①He became a famous doctor. 他成为了一名著名的医生。 ②The apple pie tastes really delicious。 苹果派吃起来真是好吃。 4。主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语［S+V+InO+DO] 这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语.也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如： ①My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me。我阿姨买给我一台电脑。 ②I passed him the salt。= I passed the salt to him. 我把盐递给他。 5。主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语[S+V+O+OC] 如：We must keep our school clean。 我们必须保持我们的学校清洁。 1。Subject （主语）＋Verb （谓语） 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize，arrive, come, die, disappear，exist，fall, happen, rise，等等。如： The students work very hard。学生们学习很努力。 She apologized to me again。她再次向我道歉. The accident happened yesterday evening。事故是昨天晚上发生的。 2。Subject （主语）＋Link. V（系动词) ＋Predicate（表语) 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类: (1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound，keep, remain, 等等.如：Several players lay flat on the playground.几个队员平躺在操场上. We should remain modest and prudent any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。 This kind of food tastes terrible。这种食物吃起来很糟糕. The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。 (2）表示转变或结果的系动词.这些词有：become，get，grow, turn, go，come，prove,等等.如：Spring comes。It is getting warmer and warmer。春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 Don’t have the food. It has gone bad。不要吃那种食物，已经变质了. The facts prove true.事实证明是正确的。 3. Subject(主语）＋Verb （谓语）＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语.作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如： You can put the books in your bag.你可以把书放在书包里。 Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables。我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜. She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会. I prefer to make web pages.我更喜欢做网页。 - 1 -