硕士英语期末考试翻译研究生英语课本翻译,常考题型,英译汉,汉译英

研究生英语课本翻译，常考题型，英译汉，汉译英

Unit 1 Translation Exercises

Part A

According to Charles Darwin, natural selection is based on four principles. First, reproduction occurs within a natural environment. Second, the genes of a species, the basic units of life that contain the individual’s traits, are passed on to offspring. These genes have a degree of random variability; that is, different characteristics are distributed among the members of a species. Third, because the members of a species possess different characteristics, some members have a better chance of surviving in the natural environment than do others—and of passing their particular genetic traits to the next generation. Fourth, over thousands of generations, those genetic traits that aid survival in the natural environment tend to become common in a species, while those that do not tend to disappear.

Part B

随着《物种起源》的发表，查尔斯·达尔文在1859年就决断性地宣称了物种是在进化的，而且并非经久不变。这种革命性的观念可以用化石记录作出解释，而无须求助于《圣经》中大洪水的故事，也无须求助于那种认为由于这场全球性的灾难所有动植物都灭绝了的观点。现在已经可以对现代动物和化石动物进行比对以划定年代表，其中记录下曾经发生过的很多变迁，而各类化石的分布也开始具有了新的重要意义。显然，某个化石集中的地方反映出某一特定时段内的气候特征和长时期内的气候变化。12年后，达尔文才把他的进化论应用于人类，其中包括进化机制、自然选择对众多的正常生物变异所起的作用。之所以拖这么长的时间与其说是因为勇气不足，倒不如说因为缺少化石证据。

达尔文所反复强调的“适者生存就是最适应生存的物种才能生存”使人类对有机生命体的适应能力有了深入了解。有机生命体的适应能力增加了其存活的机会，也增加了其比竞争对手繁殖更多后代的机会。越适应环境，生存下去的几率也就越高。这条道路导致了特化作用：鱼需要水才能游，鸟有了翅膀才能飞，树袋熊只吃桉树的叶子—其它东西都无法取代。

Unit 2 Translation Exercises

Part A

Once a man had a dream. He dreamed of a land of peace and harmony. He dreamed of a place where people were not judged by their skin color. He dreamed of a country where children of different races could play together. He dreamed of a nation where all people were equal. Some people didn’t like his dream. They said it would never happen. Some people applauded his dream. They wanted to make it happen. This noble vision has come true for some. For others, it’s still just a fantasy.

In 1963, this man, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., expressed his vision in the famous speech, “I have a Dream”. But the dream—rooted in the American Dream—wasn’t really new. From the beginning, this nation of immigrants welcomed people desiring freedom and a new start. However, the coming

together of different races and ethnic groups created some tensions.

Part B

目前，美国正从一个主要由欧洲移民构成的国家向由来自世界各地（如亚洲、拉丁美洲等）的移民构成的国家转变，其移民数量骤增。这些移民渴望摆脱本国的经济困境，希望到美国这个充满机遇的国家寻求更好的受教育的机会和更富足的生活。尽管他们带来的本国文化与美国本土文化时有冲突，但大多数移民都学会了如何适应并热爱这片收养他们的土地。

美国人从移民的习俗和观点中也学到了许多东西，其生活的各个方面都受到了移民的影响，这种影响常常是潜移默化、妙趣横生的。而移民不仅带来了本国在文化、政治和社会生活方面的模式和态度、不同的学术和宗教背景，同时也带来了各民族独特的艺术、体育、节假日和食品等等。他们极大地丰富了美国人的生活。

对于来自世界各地的移民而言，美国成为了一个“大熔炉”----他们逐渐成为美国公民，与其他美国人同享一套文化价值观，与此同时，这些移民有时还保留了本国的文化和语言。大熔炉并不会将移民们在本国生活的记忆完全抹去----本来也不该如此。

相反地，在融入美国主流文化的同时，移民们仍然应该保留语言、技能、宗教、习俗和艺术等方面的民族遗产。

Unit 3 Translation Exercises

Part A

The middle class has its origins in the 18th-century Industrial Revolution when entrepreneurs changed Britain from a village-based society in which goods were made by hand to an urban economy in which goods were made in large quantities in factories by machines. This led to a new class of factory managers and traders who became increasingly rich and important. The middle class grew rapidly in the 20th century with the spread of education, giving more people access to colleges and universities. These people became doctors, teachers or white-collar workers, people working in an office rather than operating machines in a factory, and formed a professional middle class based on education and money rather than on birth. Most middle-class people now own their own house and car, have a comfortable lifestyle, and encourage their children to go to university.

Part B

过去的十五年间，在新兴市场中，涌现出一批新中产阶级，他们悄然掀起了一场革命：一场创造财富和全新抱负的革命。这些变化是悄悄发生的，其受益者在享受成功果实的同时，也在不事声张地改变着他们的国家。他们的成功是本国经济快速增长的结果，而当经济的增长停滞时，新一代中产阶级对未来的期待将受阻碍。他们对此的反应，将会把历史的发展引向无法预料的方向。随着越来越多的人加入中产阶级的行列，其意义并不仅仅是开创新的市场。这些人的思想与行为方式都会发生改变。他们的思维更加开放，对子女的未来更为关注，更容易接受抽象的价值观，而非传统的道德观念。按照美国社会学家大卫·里斯曼的说法，他们的思维方式好比雷达，不断接受或远或近的信号，而不像陀螺仪那样，绕着单一的点旋转。在意识形态上他们更倾向于接受自由市场和民主制度，在不同的利益群体相互冲突时，在这种制度下各方面的利益更容易相互制衡。他们的态度会改变国家与经济的现状。与谨小慎微地保护自己现有财产的富人相比，中产阶级更加会对新产品与新技术进行投资；与穷人相比，他们又更容易克服障碍自己创业，进而创办大公司，提供新的就业机会。他们满怀抱负，也不急于享乐。在这种心态下，他们更愿意在教育及其他人力资本的提升上投资，而这些产业正是经济繁荣的保证。