建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译
A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.
一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。周围环境包括一切外部系统，系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。这些边界可以是动产或固定的，真实的或想象。
The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.
熵和能量的概念，在任何热力学系统操作。熵措施分子系统紊乱。更为复杂的系统，其熵值越大，反之，有序或纯配置是低熵之一。能源已经产生效果的能力，并在下面的章节中所述，可以存储或短暂形式分类。
Heat Q is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature. Heat is positive when energy is added to the system.
Work is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with
differing pressures (or force of any kind), always toward the lower pressure. If the total effect produced in the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight, then nothing but work has crossed the boundary. Work is positive when energy is removed from the system. 热量Q与不同的温度，跨系统的边界传输能量总是向温度较低的机制。热是积极的，当能量被添加到系统中。
功是指通过存在压差（任一种力）的系统边界传递能量的作用过程，总是指向低压，如果系统中产生的总效果能被简化为一个重物的提升，那么只有功通过了边界，当能量从系统中一出时，功是正的。
A property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system. The state of a system is defined by listing its properties. The most common thermodynamic properties are temperature T, pressure p, and specific volume v or density ρ. Additional thermodynamic properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy.
Frequently, thermodynamic properties combine to form other properties. Enthalpy h, a result of combining properties, is defined as: h=u+pv
where u is the internal energy per unit mass
系统属性是系统的任何观察到的特征。系统状态的定义是通过列出其属性。最常见的热力学性质的温度T，压力P，和特定的体积V或密度ρ。其他热力学性质包括熵，能量储存形式，和焓。
通常情况下，热力学性质相结合，形成其他属性。焓H，一个属性相结合的结果，被定义为：H = U + PV
其中u是每单位质量的内部能量
Each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any property always has the same value for a given state, regardless of how the substance arrived at that state.
A process is a change in state that can be defined as any change in the
properties of a system. A process is described by specifying the initial and final equilibrium states, the path (if identifiable), and the interactions that take place across system boundaries during the process.
中的每一个给定的状态的属性只有一个定值，和任何财产总是有相同的值给定的状态，不管如何抵达该国的物质。
一个进程是一个状态的改变，在系统属性的任何改变，可作为定义。一个过程是指定的初始和最终的平衡状态，路径（如果识别），并采取跨系统的边界，在这个过程中发生的相互作用。
A cycle is a process or a series of processes wherein the initial and final states of the system are identical. Therefore, at the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value they had at the beginning.
A pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition. It can exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is the same in all phases
一个周期进程的一个过程或一个系列，其中系统的初始和最终状态是相同的的。因此，在一个周期结束时，所有属性具有相同的价值，他们开始。
纯物质均匀的和不变的化学成分。它可以存在于超过一个阶段，但在各个阶段的化学成分是一样的
If a substance is liquid at the saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated liquid. If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the existing pressure, it is called either a subcooled liquid (the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature for the given pressure) or a compressed liquid (the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature).
如果一种物质在饱和温度和压力的液体，它被称为饱和液体。如果液体的温度低于现有的压力的饱和温度，它被称为是过冷液体（温度低于给定压力的饱和温度）或压缩液体（压力大于饱和为给定的温度压力）。
If a substance exists as a vapor at saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated vapor. When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is a superheated vapor. Pressure and temperature of a superheated vapor are independent properties, because the temperature can increase while pressure remains constant. Gases such as air at room temperature and pressure are highly superheated vapors.
如果一种物质在饱和温度和压力的蒸气存在，它被称为饱和蒸气。当蒸汽温度大于饱和温度，它是一个热蒸气。过热蒸汽压力和温度是独立的属性，因为温度增加，而压力保持不变。如在常温常压下空气的气体是高度过热蒸汽。
The second law of thermodynamics differentiates and quantifies processes that only proceed in a certain direction (irreversible) from those that are reversible. The second law may be described in several ways. One method uses the concept of entropy flow in an open system and the irreversibility associated with the process. The concept of irreversibility provides added insight into the operation of cycles.
热力学第二定律的区别和量化，只有在某一个方向，是可逆的（不可逆）进行的过程。第二定律可能在几个方面。一种方法是使用在一个开放的系统，并与进程关联的不可逆性的熵流的概念。不可逆转的概念到周期的运作提供额外的洞察力。
The Carnot cycle, which is completely reversible, is a perfect model for a refrigeration cycle operating between two fixed temperatures, or between two fluids at different temperatures and each with infinite heat capacity. Reversible cycles have two important properties: (1) no refrigerating cycle may have a coefficient of performance higher than that for a reversible cycle operated between the same temperature limits, and (2) all reversible cycles, when operated between the same temperature limits, have the same coefficient of performance
卡诺循环，这是完全可逆的，是一个完美的模型之间的两个固定的温度，或在不同温度和热容量无限每个的两种流体之间的制冷循环的运行。可逆循环有两个重要的属性：（1）无制冷循环的性能系数之间相同的温度限制经营的可逆循环高于，（2）之间相同的温度极限运行时，所有可逆循环，同样的性能系数Flowing fluids in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems can transfer heat, mass, and momentum. This chapter introduces the basics of fluid mechanics related to HV AC processes, reviews pertinent flow processes, and presents a general discussion of single-phase fluid flow analysis.
流动的液体在加热，通风，空调和制冷系统，可以传递热量，质量和动量。本章介绍有关暖通空调过程的流体力学，评论相关的流程，基础知识，并提出了一种单相流体流动分析的一般性讨论。
Fluids differ from solids in their reaction to shearing. When placed under shear stress, a solid deforms only a finite amount, whereas a fluid deforms continuously for as long as the shear is applied. Both liquids and gases are fluids. Although liquids and gases differ strongly in the nature of molecular actions, their primary mechanical differences are in the degree of compressibility and liquid formation of a free surface. In general, liquids are considered incompressible fluids; gases may range from compressible to nearly incompressible.
流体与固体区别在于他们对剪切力的反应作用。在施加剪切力时，固体只发生有限的变形，而只要有剪切力的作用流体就会连续变形。流体不同于固体剪切他们的反应。当剪切应力下了坚实的变形量只有有限的，而流体的剪切变形。液体和气体都是流体。虽然液体和气体的分子运动特性有着很大的区别，但是他们的主要的力学区别在于可压缩性的程度和液体自由表面（界面）的形成。在一般来说，液体被认为是不可压缩的流体，气体可能范围从可压缩到几乎不可。
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to shear. Viscous effects are taken into account by categorizing a fluid as either Newtonian or non-Newtonian. In Newtonian fluids, the rate of deformation is directly proportional to the shearing stress; most fluids in the HV AC industry (e.g., water, air, most refrigerants) can be treated as Newtonian. In non-Newtonian fluids, the relationship between the rate of deformation and shear stress is more complicated.
粘度是流体的抗剪切的措施。考虑采取分类流体为牛顿或非牛顿粘性的影响。在牛顿流体，变形率是成正比的剪应力;在暖通空调行业（如，水，空气，大部分制冷剂）牛顿流体可以作为治疗。在非牛顿流体，变形和剪切应力率之间的关系更为复杂。
Heat is energy in transit due to a temperature difference. The thermal energy is
transferred from one region to another by three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat transfer is among a group of energy transport phenomena that includes mass transfer, momentum transfer or fluid friction and electrical conduction.
热是由于温差在传输过程中的能量。热能是从一个地区转移到另一个传热的三种模式：传导，对流和辐射。传热之间的能源运输的现象，其中包括传质，动量传递或流体摩擦和导电。
Thermal conduction is the mechanism of heat transfer whereby energy is transported between parts of continuum by the transfer of kinetic energy between particles or groups of particles at the atomic level. In gases, conduction is caused by elastic collision of molecules; in liquids and electrically nonconducting solids, it is believed to be caused by longitudinal oscillations of the lattice structure. Thermal conduction in metals occurs, like electrical conduction, through the motion of free electrons. Thermal energy transfer occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature. In solid opaque bodies, thermal conduction is the significant heat transfer mechanism because no net material flows in the process and radiation is not a factor.
热传导传热，使能量是连续部分之间的运输粒子在原子水平上的颗粒或团体之间的动能转移的机制。气体中，分子的弹性碰撞引起的传导;电导电液体和固体，它被认为是造成晶格结构的纵向振荡。金属的热传导时，如导电，通过自由电子的运动。热能量转移发生在温度降低的方向。在坚实的不透明机构，热传导是显著的传热机制，因为没有净物资流动的过程中，辐射是不是一个因素。
When fluid currents are produced by external sources (for example, a blower or pump), the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. If the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.
When fluid currents are produced by external sources (for example, a blower or pump), the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. If the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.
当流体的电流是由外部来源（例如，一个鼓风机或泵），固- 液传热被称为强迫对流。如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动，传热称为自然对流或自然对流。
当流体的电流是由外部来源（例如，一个鼓风机或泵），固- 液传热被称为强迫对流。如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动，传热称为自然对流或自然对流。
Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient d t/d x and the cross-sectional area A normal to the heat flow. The proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. The minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given in other units，but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 .
Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient d t/d x and the cross-sectional area A normal to the heat flow. The proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. The minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given in other units，but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 .
公式（1）在x方向的热流率q是成正比的温度梯度DT/ DX和横截面积一个正常的热流。比例系数，导热系数K。减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极。电导率值有时在其他单位，但一致的单位，必须在使用公式1。
公式（1）在x方向的热流率q是成正比的温度梯度DT/ DX和横截面积一个正常的热流。比例系数，导热系数K。减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极。电导率值有时在其他单位，但一致的单位，必须在使用公式1。
Basic Parameters
?Humidity ratio W (alternatively, the moisture content or mixing ratio) of a given
moist air sample is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air in the sample:W = Mw/Mda (7)
The humidity ratio W is equal to the mole fraction ratio xw/xda multiplied by the ratio of molecular masses:
W = 0.621 98 xw /xda (8)
?Specific humidity γis the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total mass of the
moist air sample:
γ= Mw/(Mw + Mda) (9a)
基本参数
湿度比W（另外，水分含量或比例混合），一个给定的潮湿空气样品是干燥的空气质量比样品中的水蒸汽的质量定义为：W = MW/ MDA（7）
湿度比W是相等的摩尔分数比XW/ XDA分子群众的比例乘以：
W =0.62198 XW/ XDA（8）
具体的湿度γ潮湿的空气样本的总质量之比是水汽质量：
γ= MW /（MW + MDA）（9A）
In terms of the humidity ratio,
γ= W/(1 + W) (9b)
?Absolute humidity (alternatively, water vapor density) dv is the ratio of the mass of
water vapor to total volume of the sample:
dv = Mw/V (10)
?Density ρof a moist air mixture is the ratio of total mass to total volume:
ρ= (Mda + Mw )/V = (1/v)(1 + W) (11)
where v is the moist air specific volume, m3/kgda, as defined by Equation (27).
湿度比例方面，
γ= W /（1+ W）（9B）
绝对湿度（另外，水蒸气密度）DV的水蒸气的质量样品总量的比例：
DV = MW/ V（10）
潮湿的空气混合物的密度ρ总量的比例是总质量：
ρ=（MDA+ MW）/ V =（1 / V）（1+ W）（11）
其中V是潮湿的空气中特定卷，m3/kgda，由方程（27）定义。Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature t* is the temperature at which water (liquid or solid), by evaporating into moist air at a given dry-bulb temperature t and humidity ratio W, can bring air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature t* while the total pressure p is maintained constant. This parameter is considered separately in the section on Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature.
热力学湿球温度T *是在水（液体或固体），潮湿的空气中蒸发，在一个给定的干球温度t和湿度比W的温度，可以使空气饱和绝热在同一温度T*而总压力p 保持不变。此参数是在热力学湿球和露点温度的部分分开考虑。
A principal purpose of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems is to provide
conditions for human thermal com fort. A widely accepted definition is, “Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”. This definition leaves open what is meant by condition of mind or satisfaction, but it correctly emphasizes that the judgment of comfort is a cognitive process involving many inputs influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, and other processes.
供暖，通风和空调系统的一个主要目的是提供人体热舒适的条件。一个被广泛接受的的定义是，“热舒适性，心理状况，与热环境表示满意”。这个定义叶开放的心态或满意的状况是什么意思，但它正确地强调，舒适的判断是一个认知的过程，涉及物理，生理，心理，和其他进程影响了许多投入。
The conscious mind appears to reach conclusions about thermal comfort and discomfort from direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, deep body temperatures, and the efforts necessary to regulate body temperatures. In general, comfort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges, skin moisture is low, and the physiological effort of regulation is minimized.
意识的头脑似乎达到热舒适性和不适的结论，直接从皮肤，深部体温，以及必要的努力来调节体温的温度和水分的感觉。在一般情况下，舒适性发生时体温都在窄幅内举行，皮肤水分低，调节生理努力最小化。
。
Air contaminants are generally either particles or gases. The distinction between particles and gases is important when determining removal strategies and equipment. Although the motion of particles is described using the same equations used to describe gas movement, even the smallest of particles (approximately 1 nm) are much larger than individual gas molecules, have a much greater mass, and a much lower diffusion rate.
空气污染物一般是颗粒或气体。确定搬迁战略和设备时，粒子和气体之间的区别是重要的的。尽管粒子的运动是用相同的方程用来描述气体运动，甚至最小的粒子（约1纳米），远远高于单个气体分子较大，有更大的质量，扩散速率低得多。。
The particulate class covers a vast range of particle sizes, from dust large enough to be visible to the eye to submicroscopic particles that elude most filters. Particles may be liquid, solid, or have a solid core surrounded by liquid. They are present in the atmosphere at concentrations ranging from 100 particles/cm3 in the cleanest environments to millions per cubic centimeter in polluted urban environments.
颗粒类，涵盖了从粉尘颗粒大小广阔的范围，足够大的眼睛躲避大多数过滤器的微观粒子，可见。粒子可能是液体，固体或液体包围了坚实的核心。他们中的浓度每立方厘米在受污染的城市环境的范围在清洁的环境中从100 particles/cm3百万的气氛。
Also a central cooling and heating plant provides higher diversity and generally operates more efficiently with lower maintenance and labor costs than a decentralized plant. However it does require space at a central location and a potentially large distribution system.
This lesson address the design alternatives that should be considered when centralizing the cooling and heating sources in a facility.
此外，中央制冷和供热厂提供更高的多样性和一般的运作，更有效地与降低维护和劳动力成本比分散的工厂。然而，它需要在一个中央位置的空间和一个潜在的
大分配制度。
这节课的地址设计时应该考虑的替代品集中在设施的冷却和加热源。Many electric utilities impose very high charges for peak power use or, alternatively, offer incentives for off-peak use. This policy has renewed interest in both water and ice thermal storage. The storage capacity installed for summer load leveling may also be available for use in the winter, making heat reclaim a more viable option.
许多电力公司施加非常高的峰值功率使用收费，或者也可以提供非高峰期使用的激励机制。这一政策已重新在水和冰蓄冷的兴趣。存储容量为夏季负荷平衡安装，也可能是在冬季使用，高热不退更可行的选择。
With ice storage, the low-temperature ice water can provide colder air than that available from a conventional system that supplies air at 10 to 13℃. The use of a higher water temperature rise and a lower supply air temperature, lowers the required pumping and fan energy and, in some instances, offsets the energy penalty due to the lower temperature required to make ice.
冰蓄冷，低温冰水比，可提供从传统的系统提供在10至13℃的空气较冷的空气。使用较高的水温度上升和较低的送风温度，降低了所需的泵和风扇能源在某些情况下，抵消，由于冰所需温度较低的能量损失。
Water from condensers is usually cooled by the atmosphere. Either natural draft or mechanical draft cooling towers or spray ponds are used to reject the heat to the atmosphere.
Air-cooled condensers pass outdoor air over a dry coil to condense the refrigerant.
Evaporative condensers pass outdoor air over coils sprayed with water.
Water from condensers is usually cooled by the atmosphere. Either natural draft or mechanical draft cooling towers or spray ponds are used to reject the heat to the atmosphere.
Air-cooled condensers pass outdoor air over a dry coil to condense the refrigerant.
Evaporative condensers pass outdoor air over coils sprayed with water.
通常是由大气冷却水从冷凝器。无论是自然通风或机械通风冷却塔或喷池塘用于拒绝到大气中的热量。
风冷冷凝器越过室外空气凝结的制冷剂的干燥线圈。
蒸发式冷凝器，通水喷洒线圈，室外空气。
通常是由大气冷却水从冷凝器。无论是自然通风或机械通风冷却塔或喷池塘用于拒绝到大气中的热量。
风冷冷凝器越过室外空气凝结的制冷剂的干燥线圈。
蒸发式冷凝器，通水喷洒线圈，室外空气。
?HVAC-Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning暖通空调
?refrigeration致冷
?psychrometrics焓湿学（湿空气动力学）
?the first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律
?the law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律
?the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律
?reversible cycle 可逆循环、Carnot cycle 卡诺循环
?refrigerating efficiency制冷系数
?coefficient of performance（COP）性能系数
?intensive property强度参数
?condenser冷凝器、evaporator蒸发器
?Laminar Flow 层流、Turbulence 湍流
?Reynolds number雷诺数
?HVAC-Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning暖通空调?refrigeration致冷
?psychrometrics焓湿学（湿空气动力学）
?the first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律
?the law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律
?the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律
?reversible cycle 可逆循环、Carnot cycle 卡诺循环
?refrigerating efficiency制冷系数
?coefficient of performance（COP）性能系数
?intensive property强度参数
?condenser冷凝器、evaporator蒸发器
?Laminar Flow 层流、Turbulence 湍流
?Reynolds number雷诺数
?momentum动量、Compressible可压缩的、Viscosity粘性、
shear stress剪切力、dynamic viscosity动力粘度、
kinematic viscosity 运动粘度、ideal-fluid model理想流体模型、Newtonian fluid牛顿流体
?Heat transfer热传递、Mass transfer质量传递、Conduction
导热、Radiation辐射、convection对流、forced convection 强迫对流、natural convection自然对流、Blackbody 黑体、thermal conductivity导热系数、Fourier’s law傅立叶定律?Thermal Comfort热舒适、metabolic rate代谢率、
respiratory tract呼吸道
?reciprocating compressor活塞式压缩机、helical rotary
compressor螺杆式压缩机、centrifugal compressor离心式压缩机、absorption chiller吸收式冷水机
?enthalpy焓、entropy熵、Thermodynamics热力学、Heat
热、Work 功、saturated liquid饱和液
?humidity、specific volume比容、kinetic energy动能、
potential energy势能、saturation 、Thermal energy 热能process过程、cycle循环、phase、state 状态
?Quality 干度、pressure 、density
?Thermodynamic property热力学参数、equation of state
状态方程
?Cooling load、heating load、Sensible (heat) Load、Latent
(heat) Load
?Return air、Supply air、Fresh air、Infiltration、Ventilation ?enthalpy焓、entropy熵、Thermodynamics热力学、Heat
热、Work 功、saturated liquid饱和液
?humidity、specific volume比容、kinetic energy动能、
potential energy势能、saturation 、Thermal energy 热能process过程、cycle循环、phase、state 状态
?Quality 干度、pressure 、density
?Thermodynamic property热力学参数、equation of state
状态方程
?Cooling load、heating load、Sensible (heat) Load、Latent
(heat) Load
?Return air、Supply air、Fresh air、Infiltration、Ventilation
统计学英语词汇
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case fatality rate(or case mortality) 病死率 census 普查 chi-sguare(X2) test 卡方检验 central tendency 集中趋势 class interval 组距 classification 分组、分类 cluster sampling 整群抽样 coefficient of correlation 相关系数 coefficient of regression 回归系数 coefficient of variability(or coefficieut of variation) 变异系数collection of data 收集资料 column 列（栏） combinative table 组合表 combined standard deviation 合并标准差 combined variance(or poolled variance) 合并方差complete survey 全面调查 completely correlation 完全相关 completely random design 完全随机设计 confidence interval 可信区间，置信区间 confidence level 可信水平，置信水平 confidence limit 可信限，置信限 constituent ratio 构成比，结构相对数 continuity 连续性 control 对照 control group 对照组 coordinate 坐标 correction for continuity 连续性校正 correction for grouping 归组校正 correction number 校正数 correction value 校正值 correlation 相关，联系 correlation analysis 相关分析 correlation coefficient 相关系数 critical value 临界值 cumulative frequency 累积频率
机械工程英语翻译
Unit1 1、What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel. 合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。 2、 Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio. 为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。 Some metal alloys,such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable. 某些金属合金，例如铝基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。 3、The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties. In m etals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and ar e free to travel everywhere. Since electrons conduct heat and electri city, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires. 金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。在金属内部，原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。由于电子能导热和导电，所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。 It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal. No photons pass through. 因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子，所以透过金属不可能看得见。没有光子能通过金属. 4、Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. 陶瓷和玻璃的特性高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和
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南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院（系）：南京理工大学继续教育学院 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：学术论坛网 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 建筑类型和设计 厂房与人民息息相关，因为它提供必要的空间，工作和生活中。 由于其使用的分类，建筑主要有两种类型：工业建筑和民用建筑各工厂或工业生产中使用的工业大厦，而那些居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的人使用的民用建筑。 工业楼宇厂房可用于加工和制造各类采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等领域。可分为两种类型的单层和多层的厂房，民用建筑，工业建筑是相同的。然而，工业与民用建筑中使用的材料，在使用它们的方式不同。 民用建筑分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑，住宅建筑应满足家庭生活应包括至少有三个必要的房间：每个单位。一个客厅，一个厨房和厕所，公共建筑，可以在政治文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，影剧院，体育场馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等，他们都有不同的功能，这在需要以及不同的设计类型。 房屋是人类居住。房屋的基本功能是提供遮风挡雨，但今天人们需要更他们的住房，一个家庭迁入一个新的居民区知道，如果现有住房符合其标准安全，健康和舒适。附近的房屋是如何粮店，粮食市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，社区中心，家庭也会问。 在60年代中期最重要的住房价值足够空间的内部和外部。多数首选的一半左右1英亩的土地，这将提供业余活动空间单户住宅的家庭。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭宁愿住尽量尽可能从一个大都市区的中心，“打工仔”，即使行驶一段距离，他们的工作。不少家庭的首选国家住房郊区住房的大量的，因为他们的主要目的是远离噪音，拥挤，混乱。无障碍公共交通已不再是决定性因素，在住房，因为大多数工人开着自己的车上班的人。我们主要感兴趣的安排和房间的大小和卧室数目。 在建筑设计中的一个重要的一点是，房间的布局，应提供有关它们目的，最大可能的便利，在住宅，布局可根据三类认为：“天”，“夜必须注意“和”服务“。支付提供这些地区之间容易沟通。”天“的房间，一般包括用餐室，起居室和厨房，但其他房间，如一项研究，可能会补充说，可能有一个大厅，客厅，通常是最大的，往往是作为一个餐厅，也或厨房，可有一个用餐凉亭。“夜”的房间，卧室组成。“服务”，包括厨房，卫生间，储藏室，厨房和储藏室的水厕。连接天与客房的服务。 这也是必须考虑的前景问题，从不同的房间，和那些在使用中最应该尽可能最好朝
2018年最新中英文工程合同(精品模板)
Contract of Construction Project 合同编号：Contract Number: 工程名称：Project Name: 发包方（甲方）：工程设计顾问（北京） Employer (Party A): International Consulting Engineers ( Beijing) Limited 承包方（乙方）：中寰艺高建筑装饰工程有限公司 Contractor (Party B): Zhong Huanyigao Building Decoration Engineering Co. , Ltd 根据《中华人民共和国合同法》和《建筑安装工程承包合同条例》及有关规定，为明确双方在施工过程中的权利、义务和经济责任，经双方协商同意签订本合同。 In order to make definite of the rights, obligations and economic responsibilities of both parties during the construction, the parties, in accordance with The PRC Contract Law and Construction Engineering Contract Regulations and relevant provisions, agree to sign this contract. 第一条工程项目Article 1, Project item 1．工程地点：Project site: 2. 工程范围：Scope of project 3. 工程造价：人民币元整(该造价为包工包料价) Project cost: PMB Yuan only(Cost of this contract is the contract price for labor and materials) 第二条施工准备Article 2, Preparation for construction 1．甲方协助乙方办理临时水电及垂直运输,提供建筑图纸及有关隐蔽障碍物的资料。 Party A shall assists party B to deal with the procedures of temporary hydropower and vertical transportation and provide architectural drawings and documents of relevant concealed obstacles . 2．乙方：. Party B: ①负责施工区域的临时设施、水电管线的铺设、管理、使用和维修工作； Be responsible for the works of laying, management, use and maintenance of the temporary facilities, water and electricity pipeline in the construction area. ②组织施工管理人员和材料、施工机械进场； Organize construction management staff and construction materials, construction machinery enter the Site. ③负责在装修期间保持公共地方清洁及每天负责将装物料弃置于由管理处指定的垃圾收集
机械工程专业英语翻译合集
1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
国外建筑工程分包合同英文版,附中文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
AGREEMENT FOR XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX BETWEEN AND
THIS AGREEMENT is made onXX/XX/2011，by and between . （hereinafter called “The employer”）and Company Ltd. （hereinafter called “The contractor”）. WHEREAS: 1.The employer is desirous of carrying out the (hereinafter referred to as “The Works”) 2.The contractor has agreed to execute the said work in strict compliance with the terms of this Agreement. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: https://www.360docs.net/doc/dd854587.html,mencement: This Agreement shall commence on the date first above written. 2.Location of work：The employer’s worksite in . 3.Scope of work：The contractor shall undertake the . 4.Period of completion： The work shall be completed within a period of days from the date first above written as commencement date in this agreement. 5.Contract sum：The total value of the contract shall be the sum N Naira only. 6.Mode of payment: First installment：The employer shall pay to the contractor ninety five percent of the total price, i.e. Naira only upon completion of the work. Second installment: The employer shall pay to the contractor five percent
统计学专业英语翻译
汉译英 Population 总体，样本总体sample 样本，标本parameter 限制因素 median 中位数odd 奇数，单数even 偶数 range 极差variance 方差standard deviation 标准差Covariance 协方差empty event 空事件product event 积事件 conditional probability 条件概率Random variable 随机变量binominal distribution 二项式分布uniform distribution 均匀分布Poisson distribution 泊松分布residual 残差 central limit theorem 中心极限定律 英译汉 descriptive statistics 描述统计学mathematical statistics 数理统计学inductive statistics 归纳统计学Inferential statistics 推断统计学dimension 维，维数continuous variable 连续变量ordinal variable 有序变量nominal variable 名义变量dichotomous 两分的；二歧的discrete variable 离散变量categorical variable 分类变量location 定位，位置，场所dispersion 分散mean 均值unimodal单峰的 multimodal 多峰的chaotic 无秩序的grouped data 分组数据 frequency distribution频数分布cumulative frequency 累加频数tallying 计算 Uniformly distribution 均匀分布histogram 直方图frequency polygon 频率多边图rectangle 矩形Percentile 百分位数quartile 四分位数 interquartile range 四分位数间距simple event 简单事件Compound event 复合事件mutually exclusive 互斥的，互补相交的complementary event 对立事件Independent 独立的joint probability function 联合概率函数jacobian雅克比行列式 Law of large numbers大数定律point estimate 点估计estimate 估计值 statistic 统计量optimality 最优性Unbiased estimate 无偏估计量efficient estimate 有偏估计量unbiasedness无偏性efficience有效性Consistent estimate 一致估计量 asymptotic properties 渐近性质Confidence interval 置信区间interval estimation 区间估计 null hypothesis 原假设alternative hypothesis 备择假设significance level 显著性水平power function 幂函数testing procedures 检验方法test statistic 检验统计量 rejection region 拒绝区域acceptance region 接受区域critical region 临界区域 first-derivatives 一阶导数second-derivatives 二阶导数Likelihood ratio 似然比dependent variable因变量unexplanatory variable未解释变量independent variable自变量 Error term 误差项regression coefficients 回归系数Sum of squared residuals 残差平方和Marginal probability function 边际概率函数joint probability density function 联合概率密度函数Marginal probability density function边际概率密度函数stochastically independent 随机独立的 Mutually independently distribution 相互独立的分布independently and identically distribution 独立同分布的likelihood function 似然函数maximum likelihood estimator 最大似然估计量 maximum likelihood estimate 最大似然估计值log-likelihood function 对数似然函数 ordinary least squares estimation/estimate/estimator 普通最小二乘估计/估计值/估计量 linear unbiased estimator 线性无偏估计
机械工程专业英语 翻译
2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。
建筑类外文翻译范例-毕业设计外文翻译范例
土木工程概论 摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。 关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料 土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中，历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering ，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering 就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering 还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。 土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。 土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。 土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要
建设工程施工合同中英文翻译件
工程编号： ___________________ Project No.: ___________________ 合同编号： ___________________ Contract No.: __________________ 建设工程施工合同 Con structi on Con tract for Con structi on Projects (GF-2013-0201 ) 工程名称： Name of project: 工程地点： Locati on of project: 发包人： Clie nt: 承包人：
工 商 行 政 管 理 总 局 Made by Min istry of Hous ing Urba n-Rural Developme nt State Admi nistrati on for In dustry & Commerce of the P 目录 Table of Contents 第一部分合同协议书 .......................................... ................ 错误! 未 定 义 书 签。 Part I Con tract Agreeme nt ........................................................... .............................. 错误! 未 定 义 书 签。 ...17 I. Project Overview ................. ?... .......... ?... ........... ?... ......... ?... ......... ?... ......... ???17 、合同工期 ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... .............. .......... ........ ... ........... . (30) II. Project Duratio n un der Con tract ?… ......... … ..... ?….....?… ....... … ......... ?：：... Con tractor: 住房和城乡建设部 制定 .R.C 、工程概况
各专业的英文翻译剖析
哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws
机械工程英语翻译unit 1
Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high
建筑类英文翻译
英语翻译1 外文原文出处： Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342 补充垂直支撑对建筑物抗震加固 摘要：大量的钢筋混凝土建筑物在整个世界地震活跃地区有共同的缺陷。弱柱，在一个或多个事故中，由于横向变形而失去垂直承载力。这篇文章提出一个策略关于补充安装垂直支撑来防止房子的倒塌。这个策略是使用在一个风险的角度上来研究最近实际可行的性能。混凝土柱、动力失稳的影响、 多样循环冗余的影响降低了建筑系统和 组件的强度。比如用建筑物来说明这个 策略的可行性。 1、背景的介绍： 建筑受地震震动，有可能达到一定程 度上的动力失稳，因为从理论上说侧面 上有无限的位移。许多建筑物，然而， 在较低的震动强度下就失去竖向荷载的支撑，这就是横向力不稳定的原因(见图。提出 了这策略的目的是为了确定建筑物很可 能马上在竖向荷载作用下而倒塌，通过 补充一些垂直支撑来提高建筑物的安 全。维护竖向荷载支撑的能力，来改变 水平力稳定临界失稳的机理，重视可能 出现微小的侧向位移(见图。 在过去的经验表明，世界各地的地 震最容易受到破坏的是一些无筋的混凝 土框架结构建筑物。这经常是由于一些
无关紧要的漏洞，引起的全部或一大块地方发生破坏，比如整根梁、柱子和板。去填实上表面来抑制框架的内力，易受影响的底层去吸收大部分的内力和冲力。 这有几种过去被用过的方法可供选择来实施: ) 1、加密上层结构，可以拆卸和更换一些硬度不够强的材料。 2、加密上层结构，可以隔离一些安装接头上的裂缝，从而阻止对框架结构的影响。 3、底楼，或者地板，可以增加结构新墙。这些措施(项目1、2和3)能有效降低自重，这韧性能满足于一层或多层。然而，所有这些都有困难和干扰。在美国，这些不寻常的代价换来的是超过一半更有价值的建筑。 4、在一些容易受到破坏的柱子裹上钢铁、混凝土、玻璃纤维、或碳纤维。 第四个选项可以增加柱子的强度和延性，这足以降低柱子受到破坏的风险在大多数的建筑物中。这个方案虽然成本比前面低，但是整体性能也会降低，对比较弱的地板破坏会更加集中。加强柱子的强度在美国很流行，但它的成本依旧是很高的。在发展中国家，这些先进的技术对某些种类的加料或加强，还不能够做到随心所欲。 这个程序的提出包含了另一个选择，美国已经运用这个选择用来降低房子倒塌的风险。这个方法是增加垂直支撑，来防止建筑在瞬间竖向荷载作用下就倒塌(见图。这是 为支撑转移做准备的，当柱子 被剪切破坏和剪切衰弱时。这 个补充支撑通常是钢结构、管 道支撑或木材支撑。他们通常 安装在单独的柱子上，但(图 钢柱也可以被放置在能承担 的水平框架上。这种技术能有 效的降低自重，从而降低了建 筑在瞬间竖向荷载下就遭到 破坏。在水平方向的强烈震 动，产生的不稳定大概很少被想到。补充的安装垂直技撑相对比较便宜。一些有用的空间可能通过安装支撑被影响，可是这是一些微不足道的比较。在美国为建筑安装一些补充支撑现在非常流行。