法语命令式与英语祈使句的相应比较

法语命令式与英语祈使句的相应比较
法语命令式与英语祈使句的相应比较

法语命令式与英语祈使句的相应比较

作者

院系外国语学院

专业商务英语

班级12级英语班

学号122031138

成绩

法语命令式与英语祈使句的相应比较

命令式是法语中六大语式之一, 表示命令、禁止、请求、建议、愿望等意义, 而这种用法与英语的祈使句有着异曲同工之妙,并且法语命令式与英语祈使句有一个极大的共性:句子中的主语是不需要表示出来的,直接用谓语动词来做整个的句子。可是法语中有个硬性的规定:只有三个人称可以有命令式形式,分别是:第一人称复数,第二人称单数和第二人称复数。虽然英语中在这方面没有过多地

强调,但是通过人称的考虑我们可以发现英语的祈使句也是不同的人称拥有不同

的形式,通过对两种语言此方面的详细比较分析,可以发现两者之间存在的异同,而英语祈使句的各种形式都可以在法语中找到相应的对等用法。以下是英法的对比分析:

I、法语命令式与英语祈使句中的第二人称的用法

法语命令式与英语祈使句在该人称中的用法最为相近。只要省略句子中的主语就可以了。例如: Attends!/Attendez! = Wait! (你/您/你们)等等!

例句中的法语分别省略了主语tu 和vous构成了法语命令式,而英语例句

省略了主语you构成了英语祈使句。

虽然该方面两种语言有很大的共性,可是仍然存在一些细微的差别。

1、由于法语中动词的人称变位比较复杂,因此法语命令式对第二人称的单、复数的体现比较明显,英语中却没有这种明显的表现。上面的例句中可以看到英语中的Wait!一句可以是第二人称单数的祈使句,也可以是第二人称复数的祈使句。可是法语的例句为两句,Attends! 是对第二人称单数的命令,Attendez!

是对第二人称复数的命令。

在法语中在做以-er结尾的第一组动词和动词aller的第二人称单数的命令式的时候,要省略第二人称单数动词变位后面的s。例如:第一组动词arrêter 的第二人称单数的变位是tu arrêtes, 按照要求我们要省略词末的-s,因此“你等等!”的法语应写为Arrête! 对应Stop! (你)停下!

2、法语中有四个动词在做命令式的时候的变位是特殊的:

第二人称单数第二人称复数第一人称复数

être sois soyons soyez

Avoir aie ayons ayez

savoir sache sachons sachez

vouloir veuille veuillons veuillez

例如:Sois prudent! / Soyez prudent(s)! 对应 Be careful! (你/您/你们)小心!这句话分别做的是动词être的第二人称单复数的命令式,我们要按

照表格来查出动词être在做各种人称命令式时的不同形式,从而给出正确的形式,当然能记住是最好的,可是英语却没有如此复杂变化。

II、当变否定形式的时候,英语与法语体现了一种共性———只要加上相应

的否定词就可以了,其他成分不做变化。在法语当中,我们需要加上ne,pas(ne 要放在变位动词的前面pas要放在变位动词的后面);在英语中我们要在动词前面加上do not (或者don’t)。例如: 法语N’attendspas! / N’attendez pas!对应英语Don’t wait! / Do not wait! 别等了!(这里面的n’是因为ne碰到了后面以元音开头的动词要求省音。)

III、命令式当中的动词是可以带代词的。虽然法语中的代词要求放在相关

动词前,但是由于命令式要省略主语,所以在命令式中,代词是要变换位置到动词的后面的。和英语不一样的是法语代词与动词之间要加入连字符“-”。例如:Demande-moi /Demandez-moi c ette question!对应英语 Ask me t his question! (你/您/你们) 问我这个问题!

(1)在法语中有一种动词叫做“代动词(代词式动词)”,是由代词与动词两部分构成,动词部分在命令式中位置处理同一般代词一样。例如:Dépêche-toi! /Dépêchez-vous! 对应 Hurry! (你/您/你们) 快点!

(2)但是在有代词的命令式的否定形式中,英语与法语在排列上有着很大的

区别。在法语中的代词要放在动词前面,而否定词ne要放在代词前,pas放在动词后。英语中只要在动词前加上否定词就可以了。例如:Ne me demande / demandez pas cette question! = don’t (do not) ask me this question!(你/您/你们) 不要问我这个问题!

IV.法语命令式与英语祈使句中的第一人称的用法

在法语中,只做第一人称复数的命令式,形式与第二人称中的用法一样,只是去掉主语就可以了。可是该人称在英语中相对等的祈使句形式是由let引导的,形式为: Let’s +动词+其他。例如:Attendons Jacques!对应Let’s wait

for Jack! (让我们)等等杰克!

1.英语中经常区分let’s 与let us的区别。最简单常规性的解释是let’s形式是包括说话者本人的,可是let us不包括说话者。而法语中第一人称命

令式是要包括说话者的。由此可以推断出,如果想找一个与法语祈使句相对应的

形式,let’s更符合这种对等方式。例如:Faisons la cuisine! 与Let’s do the cooking!(我们)做饭!可是英语句子Let us do the cooking! 却不可以用法语的命令式来翻译。我们可以借助法语动词laisser, 可以说成:

Laissez-nous faire lacuisine! (让我们)做饭!这样更符合具体意义。

2.法语的第一人称复数的命令式的否定形式也没有特殊的变化。遵照正常的形式就好了。可是英语中在let形式的祈使句子里,否定形式却有两种:在人称的后面加上not ;在前面加上don’t. 例如:N’oublions pas son anniversaire 对应 Let’s not forget son birthday/ Don’t let’s forget sonbirthday. (我们)别忘了她的生日!

3.法语中的第一人称单数是没有命令式的,而英语中第一人称单数存在命令式,需要借助let me 的形式。例如:Let me t hink. How many p eople are there? 而法语中没有直接对等的形式,我们要根据不同的句子来借助不同的方法翻译。

V. 法语的命令式与英语的祈使句都可以用一个词来加强语气。法语中用作

donc ; 英语中用do. 例如:Dépêchez-vous donc! 对应Do hurry! (您/你们)快点! Tais-toi donc! 对应 Do be quiet! (你)安静!

通过以上分析发现法语的命令式与英语的祈使句是有一定异同的。对各个人称的分别分析使得这种异同更加的清晰透彻。虽然法语的命令式对人称的硬性规定,使得不能与英语的祈使句在用法上完全对等,但是可以借助于以后学习的法

语的虚拟语气的用法,来找出英语祈使句在法语中的相应应用。

议论文精彩语段赏读四十例

1.灵魂储藏在人的心中,闪动在人的眼里,流露在人的嘴上。眼睛足以传情。它毫不掩饰地展现出你的学识、品性、情操、趣味和审美观。也许你貌不惊人,

眼小如豆,但它却可以流露出华美的气质;也许你美目流盼,但却可能有一个蜷曲衰败的灵魂在其中沉睡。如果说眼睛是灵魂的窗户,语言就是灵魂的镜子,它完美清晰地反映出你知识的深浅,趣味的雅俗,思想的清浊,动机的纯杂,你一

动嘴便在勾画你自己。(《品味语言》)

运用比喻,显得有趣味,有文采,更容易给人留下深刻的印象。

2.其实完美本身是一个美好的字眼。完美是八月十五一轮圆满的明月,完美是白璧无瑕的一支出水芙蓉,它激发人们内心最强烈的欲望,它深深地撩拨着人们的心弦。然而,这月是水中月,这花是镜中花,多少人受了“完美”的诱惑,

踏上一条没有终点的道路,最终失足于心灵的沼泽。(《走出完美的误区》)为了说明“追求完美”的不切实际,作者连续设喻,层层深入,道理说得形

象而又富于启迪。

3.“壁上观式的议论,虽也不乏针砭,但因没有切肤之痛,不是发生内心,

故而徒有其表,或者是为自己粉饰一个‘公正’的门面,或者成为千篇一律的口

头禅,既不能振聋发聩,又不能收到实际效果。”(《勿作壁上观》)这一段话运用了恰当的关联词语,运用了“不乏针砭”、“切肤之痛”、“徒有其表”、“千篇一律”等成语,对“壁上观式的议论”的表现、目的、成因、作用

作了恰如其分的分析,强化了批评色彩,文字简练,句式匀称,文采斐然。

4.“读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。”(培根《谈读书》)

这组排比一开始就将读书的作用和盘托出,就像一位成功的长者告诉你一条

成功的要诀,循循善诱,快言快语,让你在一种书香四溢的氛围中感受读书之美、

读书之乐、读书之好。

5.“只要黑人还是警察骇人听闻的恐怖手段和野蛮行为的牺牲品,我们就不会满足的;只要我们因旅途劳顿疲惫不堪,想在路旁的游客旅馆歇息或在市内旅

馆投宿却不被允许,我们就不会满足的;只要黑人的基本活动范围还是限于从一

个较小的黑人区到一个稍大的黑人区,我们就不会满足的;只要我们的孩子还是被标写着‘只限白人’的牌匾剥夺人格和自尊,我们就不会满足的;只要密西西

比的黑人不能参加选举,而纽约的黑人的选票无实际意义,我们就不会满足的。”(马丁?路德金《美国给黑人一张不兑现的期票》)

运用假设排比列举了种种“不会满足”的条件,十分坚决而又明确地表达了

美国黑人反对种族歧视,争取平等自由的信念和斗志,它似宣言、似战斗的号角鼓舞着黑人为争取平等自由而勇敢地奋斗。

6.“回顾历史,忧大于喜。20世纪可谓成就巨大,但也损失惨重:历史上战

英语祈使句详解

英语祈使句详解 1. 种类: 1)、直接祈使句 直接祈使句指对二人称所下的命令。如: Shut the door! 把门关上! Have a shot at it! 试试看! Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧! Don’t have tomato soup!别吃番茄汤! Have a really good meal! 愿你享受一顿美餐! Get your eyes tested! 你去检查一下你的眼睛吧! Drop that gun. or I’ll shoot you.放下枪,不然我就打死你。 2)、间接祈使句 间接祈使句指对一人称或第三人称所下的命令。如: Let me help you. 我来帮你吧! Please let us know when you are arriving. 请告诉我们你何时到达。 Let her do what she likes. 让她做她想做的事吧。 Let every man do his best. 让每个人人尽其才。 Don’t let them take advantage of you.别让他们占你的便宜。 2. 祈使句的概念 表示请求、命令、建议、祝愿、邀请或要求的句子叫祈使句。用于祈使句句首的动词总是用原形,不能用其他形式。如: Shut the door! 把门关上! Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧! Let them go by train. 叫他们坐火车去吧。 Come and have dinner with us soon. 一会儿来跟我们一起吃饭吧。 Have fun! 愿你玩得快活! Have a good time! 祝你玩得开心! Have a good day! 祝你度过美好的一天! Have a really good meal! 愿你享受一顿美餐! Have a lovely party! 愿你有一次愉快的聚会! Have a really restful holiday! 愿你度过一次十分悠闲的休假! Have a really interesting debate! 愿你们有一次十分有趣的辩论! Keep off the grass! 请勿践踏草地! Do not touch these wires. 请勿接触电线! Do not feed the animals! 不许给动物扔食物! Do not feed the lions. 请勿向狮子投喂食物! Don’t be rude.不要无礼。 Don’t you speak to me like that!你别这样跟我讲话! Stir, and you are a dead man. 动一下就要你的命。 Never speak to me like that again. 决不要再那个样子跟我说话。

《中考英语》初中英语语法知识—祈使句的分类汇编

一、选择题 1.“_______ exercise every day, my child. It’s good for your health,” Father said. A.Taking B.Took C.Take D.Takes 2.Don’t________ in the classroom. It’s important ________ quiet when you study. A.talk, keep B.to talk, keep C.talk, to keep D.to talk, to keep 3.Don’t _______TV too much . It’s bad for your eyes . A.watch B.watched C.watching D.to watch 4.The teacher often says, “ _____ late for school. ” A.Don’t B.Don’t be C.Not D.Doesn’t 5.Peter, ______ more if you want to get high scores in the P.E. test next month. A.practice B.practices C.practicing D.will practice 6.Jerry,______ angry with others. It's bad for your health. A.doesn't be B.don't be C.isn't D.don't 7.Leave the E-dictionary behind,____ you won't be able to read independently. A.so B.or C.and D.but 8.Take more exercise, you will be healthier. A.but B.or C.and 9.—____ —C-O-L-O-R. A.What's this? B.What color is it? C.Spell it, please. 10.________ the steps, and you can find it convenient to buy things with the mobile phone. A.Follow B.To follow C.Following 11.Get up early,______you’ll be late for school. A.so B.and C.or D.but 12.Don’t ________ your glass too _______. A.fill; full B.fill; filled C.full; full D.full; filled 13.________the key card in your hotel room. Leave it at the reception desk. A.No leave B.Not leave C.Don't leave D.No leaving 14.—Could you take me to the cinema? I want to see the movie named Pacific Rim (《环太平洋》). —______ your homework first, and then we’ll talk about it. A.Finish B.Finished C.To finish D.Finishing 15.Summer is coming. Please______ play near the river, It's very dangerous.

初中英语祈使句讲解及练习

初中英语――祈使句 祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。其主语you常省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号,读降调。 1.肯定的祈使句 (1)动词原形+其他 Stand up, please. = Please stand up.请起立。 (2)Be + n./adj. Be a good boy!要做一个好孩子!Be careful! = Look out! = Take care!小心/当心!(3)Let +宾语+动词原形+其它成分 Let me help you.让我来帮你。Let’s go to school together.咱们一起上学去吧。 2.否定的祈使句 (1) Don“t +动词原形 Don“t stand up.别站起来。 Don“t be careless.别大意。 Don“t let them play with fire.别让他们玩火。 (2)Let型的否定式有两种:“Don“t + let +宾语+动词原形+其它成分”和“L et +宾语+ not +动词原形+其它成分”。 Don“t let him go. / Let him not go.别让他走。 Let them not play with fire.别让他们玩火。 (3)no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。 No smoking!禁止吸烟!No fishing!禁止钓鱼!

3.祈使句的强调形式,通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do。 例如:Do shut up!快住口! 4.祈使句的回答祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作,所以回答祈使句时,大凡用will或won’t。 在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,要注意两点: 1)形式一致(即Yes与will保持一致;No与won’t保持一致) 2)意思相反(即Yes是“不”的意思;No是“是”的意思)。 在回答时,要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。 如:---Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside.请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。 ---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。 5.祈使句的反意疑问句 (1)肯定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分用will you或won“t you。 Please open the door, will/ won’t you?请把门打开,好吗? (2)否定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分只用will you。 Don“t be late again, will you?别再迟到了,行不行? (3)以let“s开头的祈使句反意疑问句反问部分用shall we。 Let“s turn on the TV, shall we?我们把电视打开,好吗? <特别注意>只有以let“s开头的祈使句的反意疑问句的反问部分才用shallwe,而letus开头的祈使句的反意疑问句的反问部分应为will you或 won“tyou.如:Let us stay here, will/ won“tyou?请(你)让我们留在这好吗?

英语初中祈使句讲解及练习

中考初中英语祈使句讲解及练习 初中英语――祈使句 一、概念: 祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。 二、句型结构:1、肯定句: 2、否定句: 1. 肯定的祈使句 (1)动词原形+其他 Stand up, please. = Please stand up. 请起立。 (2)Be + n./adj/prep短语. Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! Be careful! = Look out! = Take care! 小心 / 当心! (3)Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分 Let me help you. 让我来帮你。 Let’s go to school together. 咱们一起上学去吧。 2. 否定的祈使句 (1) Don't + 动词原形 Don't stand up. 别站起来。 Don't be careless. 别粗心。 Don't let them play with fire. 别让他们玩火。 (2)Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。 Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。 Let them not play with fire. 别让他们玩火。 (3)no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。 No smoking! 禁止吸烟! No fishing! 禁止钓鱼! No photos! 三、练习 一. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 1.It’s an important meeting. _________________ (not, be )late. 2.________________ (not,make) any nise! Your mother is sleeping. 3.________________ (not, speak) with your mouth full of food and _________ (be) polite. 4. ________________ ( not, talk) and ____________ (read) aloud. 5._______________ (not,leave) your homework for tomorrow, Larry. 6.________________ (look) out! A car is coming. 7._______________ (give) us ten years and just see what our country will be like. 二、单项选择 1. The TV is too loud. Please________. A.turn it down B. to turn it down C. turn down it D. to turn down it

最新初中英语语法知识—祈使句的综合训练

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祈使句 (一)概念: 用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告的句子是祈使句。 (二)一般祈使句(省略第二人称主语you) 1.肯定句:动词原形+ …… Be brave. Stand up. Stop talking! Come on and join us! a.有时,为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加do. Do study hard. Do sit down. b.为了使语气显得客气,可在祈使句的句首或句尾加上please. Please 在句尾时,之前一定要加一个逗号。 Please come here. Go this way, please. c.祈使句有唤语,一定要用逗号隔开,放在句首或句尾。 Li Ming, come here. Here you are, Eric. 2.否定句:Don’t + 动词原形+ …… Don’t swim in the river. Don’t be late. Please don’t be noisy. Don’t tell her, please.

(三)L et祈使句(含有第一、三人称主语) 1.肯定句:Let sb. do sth. Let’s go swimming on Sunday. Let me try again. Let Tom go there himself. Let the news be known. Let each man decide for himself. 2.否定句:Let sb. not do sth. 或Don’t let sb. do sth. Don’t let her waste time. Don’t let him hear you say that. Let her not do it alone. Let’s not say anything about it. Don’t let them play with fire. 3.注意: Let’s表示包括对方。 Let us表示不包括对方。 Let’s go, shall we? (包括对方) Let us go, will you? (请求对方许,不包括对方)(四)句型转换:祈使句+and/or+陈述句 祈使句相当于if引导的条件状语从句。 Use your head, and you will find a way. = If you use your head, you will find a way. Work hard, or you will fail. =If you don’t work hard, you will fail.

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如:--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside. 请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。 ---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport. 不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。 5. 祈使句的反意疑问句 (1) 肯定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分用will you 或won't you。 Please open the do or, will/ won’t you? 请把门打开,好吗? (2) 否定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分只用will you。 Don't be late again, will you? 别再迟到了,行不行? (3) 以let's开头的祈使句反意疑问句反问部分用shall we。 Let's turn on the TV, shall we? 我们把电视打开,好吗? <特别注意> 只有以let's开头的祈使句的反意疑问句的反问部分才用shall we,而let us 开头的祈使句的反意疑问句的反问部分应为will you或won't you.如:Let us stay here, will/ won't you?

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英语祈使句详解 1.祈使句的概念 表示请求、命令、建议、祝愿、邀请或要求的句子叫祈使句。用于祈使句句首的动词总是用原形,不能用其他形式。如: Shut the door! 把门关上! Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧! Let them go by train. 叫他们坐火车去吧。 祈使句的主语通常为第二人称(you),但一般都被省略,只有在特殊的情况下才把主语(you)补充出来。如:You be quiet! 你安静! You go and tell him, Chris. 克立斯,你去告诉他。 You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。 有时祈使句的主语也可以是everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody等不定代词。如: Stand up, everybody! 全体起立!Nobody move. 任何人都不许动。 2.祈使句表示强调 为了加强祈使句的语气,我们通常是在祈使句的动词原形前加上助动词do,此时通常译为“一定”“务必”等。如:Do be careful. 务必要小心。Do let me go. 一定让我去。 副词never和always有时可用于祈使句句首,表示强调。如: Never do that again. 再不要这样做了。 Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光镜再开车。 3.祈使句的否定式 构成祈使句否定式的方法很简单,那就是在动词原形前加don’t——不管祈使句所用的动词为什么性质动词,情况都是一样。如: Open the window. 把窗户打开。→Don’t open the window. 别把窗户打开。Come next Monday. 下周星期一来。 对于以let us或let’s开头的祈使句,其否定式通常是在不定式之前放一个not。如: Let’s tell him the truth. 我们把实情告诉他吧。→Let s not tell him the truth. 我们不要把实情告诉他。 但在日常口语中,我们也可以把don’t放在let’s之前。如:Let’s don’t tell him the truth. 我们不要把实情告诉他) 4. 祈使句与连用please 为了使祈使句的语气变得委婉,我们可以在祈使句的句首或句末加上please——若加在句首,其后不用逗号;若加在句末,则通常会在please前加一个逗号。如: Step this way, please. 请这边走。Please type your letter. 请把你的信打出来。 Open the window, please. 请把窗户打开。 如果是否定祈使句,则通常将please加在don’t之前。如: Please don’t get angry. 请不要生气。 5.祈使句的时间概念 祈使句所表示的时间总是指将来,所以与它连用的句子原则上要用将来时态来与它呼应。如: Give me a hand, will you? 帮我一个忙,好吗? 由于give me a hand表示隐含将来意义,所以句中的will you 不能改为do you。 Try again and you will succeed. 你再试就会成功。由于句中的try again隐含将来意义,所以句中用了you will succeed,而不是you succeed。 Don’t do that again or you’ll be in trouble. 别再干那个了,否则你会有麻烦。句中的don’t do that again指的是以后不要再干那事了,由于隐含有将来意义,所以句中用了you’ll be in trouble,而没有用you are in trouble。6. 祈使句的省略 一般说来,祈使句总是要以动词原形开头,但是,在某些特殊情况下,我们可以只用一个词或短语来表示祈使句的意义。如: Just a few please. 请给几个就行了。 A little more slowly please. 再慢一点。 A pound of butter. 给我一磅黄油。Two teas and four coffees, please. 请来两杯茶和四杯咖啡。

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