语法重难点精讲:非谓语动词

语法重难点精讲:非谓语动词
语法重难点精讲:非谓语动词

语法重难点精讲(一)

非谓语动词

非谓语动词,顾名思义,就是不能充当谓语的动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、现在分词(动名词)和过去分词。它没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词的否定,都是在其前加“not”

之所以有非谓语这个语法现象出现,是因为英语句法需遵循一个总原则:一个句子有且仅有一个谓语。 总原则这句话包含两层意思:

1. 句子必须有谓语,没有谓语的句子不符合语法规则,是错误的。

2. 只能有一个谓语,出现两个或两个以上的谓语,也不符合语法规则,也是错误的。

当一个句子必须出现两个或两个以上谓语动词时,为了不违反总原则,英语里有四种处理方式:

① 切分转化为两个或多个句子。

②将其中一个谓语动词结构保留作为主句,其余谓语动词结构更改为从句。 ③ 添加and,but,or 等连词将句子变为并列结构。

④将其中一个含谓语的结构变成非谓语动词结构。

非谓语动词的用法:除了不能作谓语,其它成分基本都可以充当。

非谓语动词的时态及语态特征:

1. to do 表示将来,doing 表示主动和进行,done 表示被动和完成。

2. 非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化。时态有一般式,进行式和完成式三种,语态有主动形式和被动形式两种。

当使用完成式having done 和having been done 的时候,强调非谓语动词的动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前。需注意的是having done 和having been done 不能作定语。 新阳光

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非谓语动词的三种形式

不定式(to do): 一般式 进行式 完成式

主动形式 to do to be doing to have done

被动形式

to be done to have been done

动名词和现在分词(v.ing):

一般式

完成式 主动形式 doing

having done 被动形式

being done

having been done 过去分词done。 每种形式不同时态结构的含义: 不定式: 1)一般式(to do/to be done):表目的,表将来。所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。例如:I'm glad to meet you.很高兴认识你(高兴和认识同时发生),We plan to pay a visit.我们计划拜访。(“拜访“发生在谓语动作“计划“之后) 2) 进行式(to be doing):不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如: The boy 新阳光教育

pretended to be working hard. 男孩装作在努力工作。动作work 和动作pretend 同时发生。

3)完成式(to have done/to have been done):不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:I regretted to have told a lie. 我后悔撒谎了。撒谎“lie”这个动作在后悔“regret”这个动作之前。

动名词和现在分词:

1)一般式(doing/being done):表示主动,正在进行。A flying bird attracted his attention.一只飞鸟吸引了他的注意。表示主动和进行。

2)完成式(having done/having been done):强调动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这个电影。“看“这个动作发生在remember“记得”之前。

过去分词:

表示被动和完成。There are fallen leaves here and there. 到处都是落叶。叶子已经掉落下来了。表完成。 Frightened,he ran away as quickly as possible. 受到惊吓,他飞快地跑掉了。他被吓到了。表被动。

做好非谓语动词考题的两大法宝

(1) 先判断逻辑主语和非谓语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系,是主谓关系的话,就用主动形式,是动宾关系的话,就用被动形式。

(2) 再判断非谓语动词和谓语动词这两个动作在时间上的先后关系。一般说来,当非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时,非谓语动词原则上要用完成式。

例如: 1. from the hill, the city looks really beautiful. 从山上看城市真是太美了。(用see 的适当形新阳光

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式填空)

解释:从句子中我们可以看到:the city 是句子的主语,城市是被看,它和see 之间是被动关系(通过句子主语或逻辑主语判断非谓语动词与其的主/被动关系),然后再看see 和谓语look 之间的动作发生先后顺序(通过句子谓语判断非谓语动词的动作和谓语动词动作发生的先后关系),显然这句话没强调see 和look 之间的先后顺序(什么时候看,这城市都是漂亮的),就是说只强调了被动,而没强调时间性。所以答案应该是:Seen. 2. many times, the boy understood the question at last.教了许多遍,这个男孩最后终于懂了。(用teach 的适当形式填空)

解释:从句子中我们可以看到:the boy 是句子的主语, 男孩是被别人教,他和teach 之间是被动关系(通过句子主语或逻辑主语判断非谓语动词与其的主/被动关系),然后我们再看它的谓语understood 和teach 之间的先后顺序,(通过句子谓语判断非谓语动词的动作和谓语动词动作在发生的先后关系),显然是这个男孩是先被教,然后才懂的,而且句子中有many times 和at last 这两个时间状语,强调了时间性。所以答案应该是:having been taught.

解题技巧详解

四步解题技巧:谓非谓,找主语,析语态,定时态

【一】谓非谓——分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与非谓语”

例1. ______many times , but he still couldn't understand it .

例2. ______many times , he still couldn't understand it . (例1、2句意:讲了很多遍,他还是不明白。)

A. Having been told

B. Being told

C. He had been told

D. Though he was told 例1中含有连词but,可见前面半句是并列结构中的一个完整分句,缺少的是谓语。选C。

例2中已有谓语understand,且没有连词,因此空格内缺少的是非谓语。选A。

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例3.It ___ a hot day, we’d better go swimming.天很热,我们最好去游泳。

例4. ____ a rainy day ; we decided not to go there.由于下雨,我们决定不去那边了。

A is

B to be

C being

D it being

E it was

F been

例3句中已有谓语动词go,且两者之间是逗号连接,故缺少的是非谓语。选C。

例4句中含有分号,分号表示其前面是一个完整的分句,故缺少的是谓语,选E。

【二】找主语——找逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语,但仍具有动词特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。

作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语;

作宾补的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是宾语;

作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。

例5. Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her. 有一天她在路上走,看到一

个小女孩向她跑过来。 思考:walking,running 的逻辑主语分别是什么?

例6. She is reading a book found on the way. 她正在读一本在路上捡的书。

思考:found 的逻辑主语是什么? 例7. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 受邀参加派对的艺术家是从南非来的。 思考:invited 的逻辑主语是什么? 例8. Convinced of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it. 报道的真实性让他信服,他告

诉了同事。 思考:convinced 的逻辑主语是什么? 新

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例9. He had his leg broken in the football match yesterday. 昨天的足球比赛中,他伤了一条腿。

思考:broken 的逻辑主语是什么?

解答:

walking 在句中作状语,它的逻辑主语是she。running 在句中作宾补,它的逻辑主语是a little girl。 found 在句中作后置定语,它的逻辑主语是book。

invited 在句中作后置定语,它的逻辑主语是artists。

convinced 在句中作原因状语,它的逻辑主语是he。

broken 在句中作宾补,它的逻辑主语是his leg。

【三】析语态——分析主被动语态。分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后,分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。是主谓关系的话,就用主动形式,是动宾关系的话,就用被动形式。

例10.“You can’t catch me !” Jane shouted, _______ away. “你抓不到我”Jane 喊叫着跑开了。 A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

例11. _______ in haste, the book has many mistakes. 于仓促之中写完,这本书很多错误。

A. Write

B. Written

C. Writing

D. To write 例10中,Jane 与run 之间是主谓关系,用主动语态,而且此处的running 表示伴随。选B。 例11中,Write 和book 之间是动宾关系,用被动语态,选B。

【四】定时态——根据句中时间标志词或句意分析确定时态。

例12. The building ____now will be a restaurant . 新

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例13. The building ____ next year will be a restaurant .

例14. The building ______last year is a restaurant.

A. having been built

B. to be built

C. being built

D. built

例12选C,表示正在建的。例13选B,表示将要建的。例14选D,表示已经建好了的。

非谓语动词七大原则

原则一:用作目的状语,原则上要用不定式

例15. _____ this cake,you’ll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.

要做这种蛋糕的话,你需要2个鸡蛋,175克糖和175克面粉。 A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making

例16 .When asked why he went there,he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight.

当问及他为什么要去那里时,他说他是被派到那里受航空飞行训练的。

A. training

B. being trained

C. to have trained

D. to be trained

例15:做蛋糕是目的,故用不定式的C 选项。又如:She got up very early to catch up the first bus.赶上第一班公交也是目的。 例16:进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的,所以要用不定式。另外,由于“他”与“训练”是动宾关系,故选被动语态的D 选项。

原则二: 用作伴随状语,原则上要用-ing.

例17. As the light turned green,I stood for a moment, not _____,and asked myself what I was going

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to do. 当信号灯变绿时,我站在那儿一会儿没动,心想自己该怎么办。

A. moved

B. moving

C. to move

D. being moved

例18. He sat _____ to her ______ the stairs.他坐在那儿听到她上楼梯的声音。

A. to listen; to climb

B. listening; to climb

C. listening; climb

D. listening; to climbing

例17:由于move 与句子主语I 之间是主谓关系,用主动语态。而且,move 这个动作当时持续了一会儿,故用-ing。选B。

例18:listen 的主语是he,而且是伴随sat 同时发生的,所以用listening。listen to 是感官动词,后跟不带to 的不定式/-ing 作宾补,所以本题选C。

-ing 形式作伴随状语与 to do 作目的状语的区别:

作伴随状语的-ing 形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面常常带一逗号; 而作目的状语的不定式的动作要比谓语动词的动作后发生,前面不能用逗号。 ①She wrote to the editor , _____that the editor would be able to help her.(hope)

她写信给编辑,希望编辑能够帮助到她。

②She reached the top of the hill and stopped there ______on a big rock.(rest)

她到达了山顶,在一块大石头上休息。

③The secretary worked late into night , _______a long speech. (prepare)

秘书工作到很晚准备一份长的演讲稿。

④______warm, we shut all the windows. (keep)

我们关掉所有窗户保暖。 新阳光

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解答:①hoping ②to rest ③preparing ④To keep

原则三:用作结果状语时,可用-ing 或不定式,其原则区别是:-ing 表示有一定逻辑的结果,即结果在意料之中。不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果,即结果在意料之外。

例19. It rained heavily,_______ severe flooding in that place. 倾盆大雨导致那个地方洪水泛滥。

A. cause

B. to cause

C. caused

D. causing

例20. He hurried to the station, only ______ that the train had left. 他匆忙赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。

A. to find

B. finding

C. found

D. to have found

例19中,大雨造成洪水泛滥是意料之中的结果,因此选D。

例20中,火车开走了是意料之外的结果,因此选A。另only to do sth. 为一个固定表达,通常表示出人意料的结果。

原则四:凡是含有被动意义时,原则上要用过去分词。但是,如果所涉及的动作尚未发生,则用不定式的被动式;如果所涉及的动作正在进行,则用-ing 的被动式. 例21. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____. 孩子们吃饭的时候大声讲话,我不得不努力让他们听见我说话。

A. to be heard

B. to have heard

C. hearing

D. being heard

例22. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ______ could be heard outside the classroom.开始上课时,教室外就能听到课桌开关的声音。

A. opened and closed

B. to be opened and closed 新阳光

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C. being opened and closed

D. to open and close

例21中,根据句意,此处指的是“我要让自己被孩子们听见”,故要用被动语态,排除B 和C。另外,由于“设法被听见”为目的状语,动作在当时尚未发生,故用不定式,即选 A。

例22中,句中已有谓语部分could be heard,所以空格处缺少非谓语,排除A 选项,desks 与open and close 之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,故用被动语态。动词hear 后面接-ing 形式表示正在进行的动作,所以选-ing 的被动式,即C 选项。

原则五:非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致.

例23. Faced with a bill for $10,000,_____. 面对一张$10,000的账单,_______(extra job: 额外的工作)

A. John has to take an extra job

B. the boss has given John an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken

D. an extra job has been given to John

例24. While watching television,_____. 看电视时,(门铃响了)。

A. the door bell rang

B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring

D. we heard the doorbell rings

例23 face 的用法是:sb. be faced with sth.,Faced with a bill for $10,000在本句中作原因状语,它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,只有A 选项是一致的,其它几个选项前后的主语是不一致的,本题选A。 例24因为 watching 的逻辑主语一定是人,排除选项 A 和B;又因在hear 后作宾补的是省略了 to 的不定式, 所以选项D 中的 rings 是错误的,本题选C。

原则六:强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时,原则上要用完成式【根据情况可用不定式的完成式或-ing 的完成式】

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例25._____ from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world. 澳大利亚与其它大陆分隔开几百万年,它有着许多世界上其它国家看不到的植物和动物。

A. Being separated

B. Having separated

C. Having been separated

D. to be separated 例26. The manager,_____ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room. 经理很明显地表示出他不赞同我们,离开了会议室。

A. who has made

B. having made

C. made

D. making

例25.因为 Australia 与 separate 是被动关系,且 separate 发生在谓语动词 has 之前,所以用-ing 的完成被动式作原因状语。选C.

例26.因为 The manager 与 make 是主动关系,且 make 发生在谓语 left 之前,所以用-ing 的完成式作状语, having made ... 相当于 who had made... 的意思。选B。

原则七:用于名词后作定语时,用不定式表示动作尚未发生; 用-ing 表示动作正在进行; 用过去分词表示动作被动、完成。当名词与定语有同位关系时只能用不定式做定语.

这是一个已讨论的问题。 This is a problem discussed.

这是一个正讨论的问题。 This is a problem being discussed.

这是一个将讨论的问题。 This is a problem to be discussed.

We got the order to leave the city. 我们接到了离城命令。离城和命令之间存在同位解释关系。

例27.There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting _____ the day after tomorrow.将会有300多科学家参加后天举行的会议。 新阳光

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A. hold

B. holding

C. held

D. to be held

例28. There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.几百名到访者在美术馆前等待着瞻仰梵高的画作。

A. waited

B. to wait

C. waiting

D. wait

例29.“Things _____ never come again!”I couldn’t help talking to myself.失去的东西不会再回来了,我忍不住自言自语。

A. lost

B. losing

C. to lost

D. have lost

例30. —The last one _____ pays the meal. 最后到的买单。

—Agreed! 同意。

A. arrived

B. arrives

C. to arrive

D. arriving 例27. 题干关键字是will 和the day after tomorrow,表示该会议尚未举行,而且由于会议是被举办,选D。 例28. 根据句意,这些到访者们是正在等待,用-ing 形式,选C。

例29. 根据句意,东西是已经失去,用过去分词表完成,选A,lost. 例30. 本题为固定搭配,受 the first, the second ... the last 修饰的名词或代词后原则上要用不定式作定语。因此选C。

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常考非谓语搭配知识点

1.只能接-ing 作宾语的动词口诀:

喜欢忙着想象, 忍不住想要结束练习

enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事;be busy doing sth.忙于做…;imagine sb. doing sth.想象…做某事 can't help doing sth.忍不住做某事;feel like doing sth.想要做某事;

finish doing sth.完成做某事;practice doing sth.练习做某事

错过保持介意, 建议值得考虑

miss doing sth.错过做某事; keep (on) doing sth.保持(继续)做某事;

mind doing sth. 介意做某事suggest doing sth.建议做某事;

be worth doing sth.值得做某事; consider doing sth.考虑做某事

2.只能接to do 作宾语的动词口诀: 决定想做需要计划,同意能做被用来做的事

decide to do sth.决定做某事;want\would like to do sth. 想做某事;

need to do sth. 需要做某事;plan to do sth.计划做某事;agree to do sth.同意做某事;

afford to do 能做某事; be used to do 被用来做

迫不及待下决心, 做过去常常未能做的事

can’t wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事;make up one’s mind to do 下决心做某事

used to do 过去常常做某事;fail to do 未能做某事

3.接不定式作宾语补足语的动词口诀:

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请求与命令

ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事; tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事

想要期待邀请,建议鼓励

want sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事; expect sb. to do sth.期待某人做某事;

invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事; advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事

encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事

答应警告,允许提醒和帮助

promise sb. to do 答应某人做某事;warn sb. not to do sth.警告某人别做某事

allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事;remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事

help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事

4.省略to 的情况:

使役动词和感官动词后:一感二听三让五看

feel/ hear, listen to/ let, make, have, / 一感二听三让 look at, see, watch, notice, observe 五看

had better (not)do sth. 最好(不)做…

why not /why don’t you do sth 为什么不做…?

help sb.(to)do sth 帮助某人做

Would rather 宁愿做…

would you please 请您……

5. 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel, observe

~+ do 表示动作的完整性,~+doing 表示动作的进行性。 新阳光

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例如:

I saw her cross the road. 我看到她过马路。表看到的完整性,她已经在马路对面了。

I saw her crossing the road.我看到她正在过马路。表看到的进行性,她正在马路中间行走。 注意:这类表达变为被动时要把to 带上。

例如:I saw her cross the road. 变为被动:She was seen to cross the road.

6.特殊词精讲:

to do doing remember

forget

(do 在后) 要做 remember to close the door。记得要关门。 (do 在前)做过 remember closing the door.记得关了门。stop

go on (两个字)两件事 stop to drink water.停下来(别的事情)来喝水。(两件事。)

(一个字)一件事 Stop drinking water.停止喝水。(一件事)like hate love 一次性

I‘d like to swim on this sunny day. 就sunny day 想去游泳一次。 长期 I like swimming.我(一直都)喜欢游泳。try 尽力做 try to seize the opportunity.尽力抓住机会。

试着做 try living alone 试着独自生活 start

begin

start/begin to do 与start /begin doing 一样

阳光

教育

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非谓语动词难点汇总

非谓语动词难点汇总

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(word完整版)高中语法非谓语动词专项练习

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