体验商务英语综合教程3 U11-U13课文双语版
商英
Unit 11
Trustworthy 可靠的law-biding 守法的corrupt 贪污的
A slush fund 行贿基金 a sweetener 贿赂compensation 补偿
Insider trading 内幕交易industrial espionage 工业间谍disclosure n.揭露，被泄露的丑闻
A whistleblower 告密者 a fraudster 骗子 a con artist 骗子
A bribe 贿赂 a bonus 奖金 a commission 提成
Fraud 诈骗secrecy 保密integrity 正直的
A confidentiality agreement 保密协议 a cover up 隐瞒 a white wash 洗白
1.Our company does nothing illegal. We are very law-abiding.
2.We’ve got a slush fund which is used in countries where it is difficult to do business without offering bribes.
3.Their car looked so much like our new model, we suspect industrial espionage.
4.They fired him because he was a whistleblower. He informed the press that the company was using under-age workers in the factory.
5.He denied accepting a bribe when he gave the contract to most expensive supplier.
6.I admire our chairman. He’s a man of his word and is greatly respected for his integrity.
7.Many companies ask new employees to sign a confidentiality agreement to avoid future litigation problems.
Controversial 有争议的corruption 腐败transparency 透明度threats 威胁Regulation 规章制度peer pressure 同辈压力
companies in the oil and mining sector have been taking the issue of corporate responsibility much more seriously recently. They are worried about threats to their reputations due to rumours of corruption and bribery.
Gocernment regulation and peer pressure from other companies has resulted in more transparency in the industry and less secrecy. The aviation industry has also received attention. Senior managers have been criticised for controversial decisions regarding payments to secure contracts.
Unit 13
Drawing board 计划阶段prototype 雏形brainwave 灵机一动patent 专利证
Concept 观念discovery 发现setback 挫折阻碍R&D（research and development）Breakthrough 突破pioneers 开发者
The idea of a lone inventor who makes a discovery or has sudden clever idea or brainwave is maybe a little our of date today. While these types of pioneers do still exist, these days companies often have large R&D departments - teams of people who are constantly innovating and perfecting designs. Perhaps they begin with a concept and then build a prototype, or working model. Sometimes during testing there is a setback when it becomes clear the design has a fault. At this point maybe it is time to start again or go back to the drawing board. More work is done and there is a breakthrough - a solution is found. The product can be retested and then, hopefully, manufactured. The company will apply for a patent for the design so that others cannot copy it and steal the idea.
Unit 11
缺乏社会责任感的企业无处藏身
食品行业因导致肥胖而备受指责。手机运营商面临如何保护青少年免遭网络色情侵害的挑战。
The food industry is blamed for obesity. Mobile phone operators are challenged to protect teenagers from online pornography.
唱片公司因起诉在互联网上分享非法文档的音乐爱好者而遭受抨击。
Record companies are attacked when they sue music-lovers for sharing illegal files on the internet.
大企业纷纷被要求解释它们应对越来越多的社会、道德和环境问题的措施。
Big business is being asked to explain its approach to a growing number of social, ethical and environmental concerns.
美国的一家名为?企业社会责任（BSR）?的非盈利性咨询机构的首席执行官鲍勃·邓恩说，?企业对于BSR所提供的帮助的需求，现在达到了BSR成立九年以来的最高峰。?向BSR缴纳年费的会员包括许多世界顶级的跨国公司。
“we’re facing the greatest demand for our assistance that we’ve seen in our nine-year history,” says Bob Dunn, chief
微软、朗讯和联合技术和奥驰亚于今年都加入了BSR。作为卡夫食品和烟草巨头菲利浦·莫里斯的母公司，奥驰亚集团一直是压力团体和民事诉讼的重点对象。
Microsoft, Lucent and United Technologies have joined BSR this year, as well as Altria, a more obvious target for pressure groups and litigation, as the parent company of both Kraft Foods and Philip Morris.
一些一直成功地躲避了聚光灯的行业现在也发现自己正成为注意的焦点。社会活动人士已经开始关注一些计算机和通讯公司在加工厂里的工作条件。
Industries that until now had avoided the spotlight are finding attention is now focusing on them. Campaigners are beginning to show interest in working conditions in factories that make equipment for computer and telecommunications companies.
金融行业因为给一些国家有争议的项目提供贷款而感到压力。六月份，一些银行，包括花旗银行，巴克莱银行和荷兰银行，纷纷承诺不为有社会和环境问题的项目提供贷款。
The financial sector has come under pressure over lending to controversial projects in some countries. In June, a group of leading banks, including Citigroup, Barclays and ABN Amro, promised to avoid giving loans for socially or environmentally questionable projects.
今年，一些石油和矿业集团正受到来自于投资者、社会活动分子和英国政府组成的联盟的巨大压力，它们被要求公开其在一些国家的付款情况，其目的在于打击腐败。
Oil and mining groups have come under strong pressure this year from a coalition of investors, activists and the UK government to make public their payments to some countries in an effort to fight corruption.
与此同时，世界上一些最知名的鞋和服装品牌，包括李维·史特劳斯、耐克和锐步等，已经通过美国公平劳工协会主动采取措施增加其供应链的透明度。
Some of the world’s biggest footwear and clothing brands, including Levi Strauss, Nike and Reebok, have meanwhile taken voluntary measures through the US Fair Labor Association to increase the transparency of their supply chain.
他们在互联网上公布了第一批针对其供应厂商的独立审计报告，同时还公布了旨在改善低劣劳动标准的措施。
They published on the internet the first independent audits of their supplier factories, along with the steps taken to improve often terrible labour standards.
企业在其声誉面临现实的或潜在的威胁时通常会采取行动，卡夫七月份宣布减少其食品中的
脂肪和糖的含量，限制每份食品的大小，停止在学校进行营销活动。
Companies usually take action when they face a real or potential threat to their reputation, as when Kraft announced in July it would cut fat and sugar in its food, limit portion sizes and stop marketing in schools.
一场针对卡夫食品中的脂肪酸过量的诉讼，在卡夫宣布将解决这个问题后很快就撤诉了。
A lawsuit against Kraft over fatty acids was rapidly withdrawn after it said it would address the issue.
但是，也有一些公司主动采取这方面的行动，他们意识到这样做能提高其竞争力。据邓恩说，寻求竞争优势是俄国、波兰、土耳其和南非等国家的一些公司开始热衷于企业社会责任的一个重要因素。
a few companies are, however, taking a lead because they believe it will give them a competitive edge. Mr. Dunn says the search for competitive advantage is one factor creating interest in corporate responsibility among companies in countries such as Russia, Poland, Turkey and South Africa.
在英国，发布社会和环境报告的企业数量在过去的两年中大幅飚升，也折射出这个趋势。据英国的两个著名的咨询机构SalterBaxter和Context于本月发表的一份题为?方向?的研究报告称，半数以上的富时250指数公司都发布这样的年度报告。
In the UK, the trend is also reflected in the sharp rise in social and environmental reporting over the past two years. More than half the FTSE250 companies now produce annual reports , according to Directions, a study published this month by SalterBaxter and Context, two well-known UK consultancies.
有些行业，包括宾馆业、休闲业以及软件和计算机服务业，依然在遮遮掩掩。然而，随着投资者的关注、政府的监管和来自同行的压力形成了要求披露更多信息合力，这些行业正沦为数量越来越小的少数派。
Some sectors remain secretive, including hotels and leisure, and software and computer services. But they form a decreasing minority as investor interest, regulation and peer pressure combine to force greater disclosure.
十多年前，当第一份非财务性企业报表发布时，它的重点是环境问题。现在，在富时250指数公司中，有100家的报告均涉及环保、社会和道德问题。欧洲最大的50家公司中的40家也发布这样的报告。
When the first nonfinancial reports came out more than a decade ago, they focused on the environment, social and ethical issues. Forty of the fifty largest European companies also produce reports.
然而，该研究发现，在美国标准普尔评级中最大的50家公司中只有22家发布这类报告。但是，仅仅依靠公司自发的行动能取得多大成就？政府应该承担怎样的角色？消费者能否实现如意算盘，既对企业提出如此高的要求，又不改变自身的生活方式？
In the US, however, only 22 of the S&P top 50 reported, the study found. But how much can companies be expe4cted to achieve on their own? What is the role of government? Can consumers have it all, demanding such high standards of companies while refusing to change their lifestyle?
Unit 12
宜家帝国的核心螺栓
英格瓦·坎普拉德可不是一般的亿万富翁。这位宜家家具帝国的创始人乘坐经济舱旅行，开
着一辆有十年历史的沃尔沃汽车，总是下午去买水果和蔬菜，因为这时价格往往便宜些。如
果有人问他生活中有什么奢侈的消费时，他的回答是：?我偶尔喜欢买一件高档衬衫或一条
围巾，吃点瑞典鱼子酱。?
Ingvar Kamprad is no ordinary multi-billionaire. The founder of the Ikea furniture empire travels economy class, drives a 10-year-old Volvo and buys his fruit and vegetables in the afternoons, when prices are often cheaper. Ask him about the luxuries in his life and he says:“ From time to time, I like to buy a nice shirt and cravat and eat Swedish caviar.”
坎普拉德先生是战后欧洲最杰出企业家之一。宜家创建于1943，当时仅仅从事邮购业务，现如今已经发展成为在全球31个国家经营，员工总数超过7万的国际化零售业巨头。
Mr. Kamprad is one of Europe’s greatest post-war entrepreneurs. What began as a mail-order bu8siness in 1943 has grown into an international retailing phenomenon across 31 countries with 70,000 employees.
宜家的销售额逐年上涨。宜家的产品目录是全世界印数最多的印刷品，每年达到不可思议的1.1亿册。坎普拉德先生也变得异常富有。根据美国《福布斯》杂志，他的身价达到134亿美元（87亿英镑），位列全球第17位。
Sales have risen every single year. The Ikea catalogue is the world’s biggest annual print run an incredible 110m copies a year. And Mr. Kamprad has grown extraordinarily rich. He is worth $13.4bn and is the 17th richest person in the world, according to Forbes, the US magazine.
宜家之所以取得了令人惊异的成功，首先是因为它那简单得令人难以置信的经营理念：向老百姓提供设计精美而又买得起的家具。其次就是坎普拉德本人，有魅力、谦逊、随和。他的思想和价值观绝对是宜家哲学的核心。
The concept behind Ikea’s amazing success is unbelievably simple: make affordable, well-designed furniture available to the masses. And then there is Mr. Kamprad himself charismatic, humble, private. It is his ideas and values that are at the core of Ikea’s philosophy.
坎普拉德先生因生活极其节俭而闻名遐迩。他清洗用过的塑料杯以便再次利用。前不久，他决定不再让那位已经为他理发多年的瑞典理发师继续为他提供服务，原因是在现居地瑞士他找到一位理发师，每次只收14瑞士法郎（6英镑）。?这数字合理，?他笑着说。
Best known for his extremely modest lifestyle, he washes plastic cups to recycle them. He has just left his long-standing Swedish barber because he found one in Switzerland, where he lives, who charges only SFr14 for a cut. ‘That’s a reasonable amount,’ he chuckles.
宜家所有的高管都十分了解成本意识的重要性。公司不鼓励他们乘坐头等舱或商务舱旅行。?最好的领导方式是以身作则?，坎普拉德先生说过，?让我坐头等舱，而让我的同事们坐旅游舱，是我绝对不能接受的。?
All Ikea executives are aware of the value of cost-consciousness. They are strongly discouraged from tr avelling first or business class. ‘There is no better form of leadership than setting a good example. I could never accept that I should travel first class while my colleagues sit in tourist class,’ Mr. Kamprad says.
他巡视宜家集团的店铺时，他总是要和员工们握手或拥抱，以此向员工传递一种?伙伴?的感觉，这种做法在瑞典绝不多见。?叫我英格瓦，?他对员工说。他不喜欢打领带，而是喜欢敞开衬衫的领口，这样的衣着方式也突显了他的不拘礼节和没有等级观念。
As he walks around the group’s stores, he expresses the feeling of ‘togetherness’ physically, clasping and hugging his employees. This is very uncharacteristic of Sweden. ‘call me Ingvar,’ he says to staff. The informality and lack of hierarchy are emphasized by his dress style, with an open-necked shirt preferred to a tie.
在个人生活方面和事业方面坎普拉德先生都经历过艰苦的奋斗过程。他一直与读写困难症和其他疾病抗争。
Mr. Kamprad has had both personal and business battles. He has fought against dyslexia and illness.
他性格中很突出的一点就是对细节的偏执性关注。巡视他的商店时，他不仅和经理们交谈，还要和最基层的员工以及顾客们交谈。在最近一次视察宜家的六家瑞典门店时，他说，?发现了100个需要讨论的细节性问题。?
One of Mr. Kamprad’s characteristics is his obsessive attention to detail. When he visits his stores, he talks not only to the managers but also to floor staff and customers. A recent visit to six of the group’s Swedish stores has produced ‘100 details to discuss’, he says.
在他自己看来，他最大的优点就是选择正确的人员来管理他的企业。
By his own reckoning, his greatest strength is choosing the right people to run his businesses.
他下定决心不让宜家集团上市，因为股东的短期要求和企业长期的规划会有冲突。?我讨厌急功近利的决策。如果你想实施长效的决策，上市后就很难了。进入俄罗斯市场时，我们就曾不得不决定要亏损十年。?
He is determined that the group will not go public, because short-term shareholder demands conflict with long-term planning. ‘I ha te short-termist decisions. If you want to take long- lasting decisions, it’s very difficult to be on the stock exchange. When entering the Russian market, we had to decide to lose money for 10 years.’
自1986年从集团总裁位置上退下来以后，坎普拉德先生就慢慢地从业务中淡出。尽管他承认自己非常不愿意完全退出，但他仍然坚持说自己是?参与过多，过问的细节太多。?
Mr. Kamprad has been slowly withdrawing from the business since 1986, when he stepped down as group president. He maintains that hi is still ‘too much involved and in too many details’ , although he admits to a distinct reluctance to withdraw altogether.
问题是：假如没有坎普拉德先生，宜家能否恒久存在？宜家是否太过于依赖其创始人？宜家控制权渐渐从坎普拉德先生转移到他的三个儿子手中以后，宜家帝国能否继续辉煌？The question is: can there be an eternal Ikea without Mr. Kamprad？Does the group depend too
much on its founder? Will the empire continue, as control of Ikea gradually moves to Mr. Kamprad’s three sons?
Unit 13
宝洁创新机器的内情
宝洁首席执行官A.G.雷富礼给宝洁的创新过程添加了创造力和严谨。
A.G. Lafley, the CEO of Procter and Gamble, has brought a lot of creativity and rigor to P&G’s innovation process.
在过去的两年中，保洁公司把它的新产品命中率从70%提高到90%。这在宝洁所属的行业中非常了不起，据一家名为“信息资源“的市场调查公司的研究，这个行业一半的新产品的寿命还不到一年。“我关注宝洁18年了，” 德意志银行的分析员安德鲁·肖说，“它现在的业绩前所未有的好。”
During the past 2years P&G has raised its new-product hit rate from 70% to 90%. That’s terrific in an industry where half of new products fail within 12 months, according to market research firm Information Resources. ‘In the 18 years that I’ve followed Procter,’ says Deutsche Bank analyst Andrew Shore, ‘I have never seen the company this good.’
内生增长，即企业不依靠并购，而是靠自身核心业务的扩大而获得的增长，是宝洁转变的根基。根据雷富礼的观点，内生增长加强了企业的创新能力。
Organic growth– meaning growth from core businesses, excluding gains from acquisitions – is at the root of P&G’s transformation. According to Lafley, organic growth strengthens a company’s ability to innovate.
大型企业普遍致力于创新，不断发展其品牌，可口可乐，卡夫和联合利华就是个例子。据波士顿咨询公司最近对若干公司高管进行的一项调查，超过三分之二的企业高管优先考虑创新，但57%的高管对创新的投资回报感到不满意。
Coke, Kraft and Unilever are just a few of the giants that are struggling to innovate and build the brands they already have. According to a recent Boston Consulting Group survey of senior executives, more than two-thirds say innovation is a priority, but 57% are dissatisfied with the returns on their innovation investments.
拉夫雷有一个大公司创新模型：
Lafley has a model for innovating in a big company:
1.保洁公司首席营销官吉姆斯坦格尔已经不像过去那样一来焦点小组访谈这样的传统消
费者调查手段了。
Jim Stengel, Procter’s Chief Marketing Officer, has cut his reliance on focus groups –the conventional method for studying consumers.
他说：“你无法从中得到任何有真实见解的意见。”他还说，宝洁和它的对手们已经满足了消费者较为明显的需求，现在的机会仅在于满足消费者们尚无法表述清楚的需求。
‘You don’t really learn anything insightful,’ he says, contending that P&G and its rivals have already met consumers’ obvious needs and that today’s opportunities lie in meeting needs that consumers may not articulate.
所以，他要求营销人员多花些时间在消费者家里，看看他们如何穿衣，如何清洁地板，了解他们的习惯和令他们沮丧的事情。
So he has urged the marketers to spend lots of time with consumers in their homes, watching the ways they wear their clothes, clean their floors, and asking them about their habits and frustrations.
2.保洁公司共有7500名研发人员，分布在9个国家。为了从如此广大的地域手机反馈信
息，公司鼓励员工把自己想到的问题贴到公司内部网站上。
Procter and Gamble has 7500 R&D people located in nine countries. In order to collect feedback over this vast area, the company encourages employees to post problems on an internal website.
拉夫雷对员工们在网站上分享的意见上进行评估，并在每个业务单位的为期半天的年度“创新回顾”会议上公开他自己的研究结果。
Lafley evaluates the ideas that have been shared between employees. Each year he presents his finding in half-day innovation reviews’ for each business unit.
3.拉夫雷说，他的目标是让宝洁一半的创新来自公司外部，现在的比例已从四年前的20%
上升到今天的35%。他解释说：“发明家在人口中是平均分布的，因此不仅可以在我们的实验室里得到发明，在车库里也同样可以得到。
Lafley says that h is goal is to get half of P&G’s invention from external sources, up from 20% four years ago and about 35% today. ‘Inventors are evenly distributed in the population, and we’re as likely to find invention in a garage as in our labs,’ he explains.
4.宝洁从不未经市场测试就推出新产品。但消费者试用非常耗时，这种时间上的奢侈，对
于宝洁高管们来说是越来越少了。
It’s not the P&G way to put out a product without test-marketing it. But consumer testing takes time –a luxury that P&G executives increasingly don’t have.
宝洁选美皇后苏珊·阿诺德说：“我们没有时间做到事无巨细。这个行业的根基是潮流和时尚，必须靠直觉。”
Says Susan Arnold, P&G’s beauty queen: ‘We don’t have time to cross all the T’s and dot all the I’s. This business is trend-based and fashion-based. You have to be intuitive.’
通过削减市场测试时间，宝洁把从实验室研发到大批量投放市场的新品开发周期从原先的3年缩短到18个月。
By cutting down on test marketing, P&G has reduced product launch time from laboratory to roll-out from three years to eighteen months company-wide.
5.拉夫雷认为宝洁需要推销的不仅是产品本身，而且是消费者对产品的体验，包括产品的
外形，气味和使用时的感受。
Lafley believes that P&G needs to market not just the product itself but the consumer’s experience of the product- how it looks, smells and feels.
三年前，他在公司设了一个设计主管岗位，由资深女员工克劳迪娅·考奇卡担任，直接接受他的领导。原先，她手下的设计师仅仅设计标识和包装，工作辛苦但默默无闻。
Three years ago he added a head of design at P&G, a company veteran named Claudia Kotchka, who reports directly to him. Her designers used to labour in anonymity on logos and packaging.
而现在，他们参与产品开发的各个方面。公司开发玉兰油新生护肤系列产品时，他们就协助研制了配方和香型。
But they are now deeply involved in all aspects of product development. For Olay Regenerist, they helped with the formulation and the fragrance too.
6.为激励增长，有些公司为创新者提供丰厚的奖金或从公司聘请明星。雷富礼从没做过这
样的事。他说，他没必要改变薪酬体系，无法和别人分享观点的管理人员根本得不到提升。
In an attempt to encourage growth, some companies offer fat bonuses for innovation or hire stars fr om outside. Lafley hasn’t done either of those things. He doesn’t need to revamp pay schemes, he says, noting that managers who fail to share ideas simply do not get promoted.
他也采用适度的奖励手段激励基层员工，比如他会给提出创造性的想法的员工50股的
股票期权，并且在宝洁内部的网站上为创新者庆祝。
He does motivate the rank and file by giving out modest rewards, such as giving 50 stock options, for creative ideas and by celebrating innovators on P&G’s internal website.
新标准大学英语综合教程2课文翻译U2R2
How empathy unfolds 同感是怎样表露的 1 The moment Hope, just nine months old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up in her own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had been hurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bear for his crying friend Paul; when Paul kept crying, Michael retrieved Paul's security blanket for him. Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results of the study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy. Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying – a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy. 霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。 2 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another child's tears. By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone else's, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a oneyear-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friend's mother, who was also in the room. This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears. 成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。 3 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titchener's theory was that empathy stemmed from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can
全新版大学英语综合教程2课文原文及翻译
One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?
全新版大学英语综合教程2课文原文与翻译
Unit1 One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?
全新版大学英语第二版综合教程2课文
BOOK2课文译文 UNIT1 TextA 中国式的学习风格 1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店堂。 我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。 本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。本杰明一点也不在意。他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。 我和埃伦都满不在乎，任由本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙箱槽口鼓捣。他的探索行为似乎并无任何害处。但我很快就观察到一个有趣的现象。饭店里任何一个中国工作人员若在近旁，都会走过来看着本杰明，见他初试失败，便都会试图帮忙。他们会轻轻握牢本杰明的手，直接将它引向钥匙槽口，进行必要的重新定位，并帮他把钥匙插入槽口。然后那位“老师”会有所期待地对着我和埃伦微笑，似乎等着我们说声谢谢——偶尔他会微微皱眉，似乎觉得我俩没有尽到当父母的责任。 我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。因此，不久我就在与中国教育工作者讨论时谈起了钥匙槽口一事。 两种不同的学习方式
我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。既然大人知道怎么把钥匙塞进槽口——这是走近槽口的最终目的，既然孩子还很年幼，还没有灵巧到可以独自完成要做的动作，让他自己瞎折腾会有什么好处呢？他很有可能会灰心丧气发脾气——这当然不是所希望的结果。为什么不教他怎么做呢？他会高兴，他还能早些学会做这件事，进而去学做更复杂的事，如开门，或索要钥匙——这两件事到时候同样可以（也应该）示范给他看。 我俩颇为同情地听着这一番道理，解释道，首先，我们并不在意本杰明能不能把钥匙塞进钥匙的槽口。他玩得开心，而且在探索，这两点才是我们真正看重的。但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决问题的。这种自力更生的精神是美国中产阶级最重要的一条育儿观。如果我们向孩子演示该如何做某件事——把钥匙塞进钥匙槽口也好，画只鸡或是弥补某种错误行为也好——那他就不太可能自行想方设法去完成这件事。从更广泛的意义上说，他就不太可能——如美国人那样——将人生视为一系列 的情境，在这些情境中，一个人必须学会独立思考，学会独立解决问题，进而学会发现需要创造性地加以解决的新问题。 把着手教 回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件事正是体现了问题的关键之所在——而且不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在。这件事表明了我们两国在教育和艺术实践上的重要差异。 那些善意的中国旁观者前来帮助本杰明时，他们不是简单地像我可能会做的那样笨拙地或是犹犹豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反，他们极其熟练地、轻轻地把他引向所要到达的确切方向。 我逐渐认识到，这些中国人不是简单地以一种陈旧的方式塑造、引导本杰明的行为：他们是在恪守中国传统，把着手教，教得本杰明自己会愉快地要求再来一次。
全新版大学英语综合教程unit课文翻译
Globalization is sweeping aside national borders and changing relations between nations. What impact does this have on national identities and loyalties? Are they strengthened or weakened? The author investigates. 全球化正在扫除国界、改变国与国之间的关系。这对国家的认同和对国家的忠诚会带来什么影响呢？它们会得到加强还是削弱？作者对这些问题进行了探讨。 In Search of Davos ManPeter Gumbel 1. William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the ., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $ billion in assets. In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization." 寻找达沃斯人 彼得·甘贝尔 威廉·布劳德出生于新泽西州的普林斯顿，在芝加哥长大，就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。但别叫他美国人。他今年40岁，过去16年来一直生活在美国以外的地方，先是在伦敦，1996年后在莫斯科经营他自己的投资公司。布劳德如今掌管着价值16亿美元的资产。1998年，他放弃美国护照，成为英国公民，因为他现在的生活中心在欧洲。“国家认同对我来说不重要，”他说，“我觉得自己完全是个国际人。如果你有四个朋友，又喜欢你所做的事情，那么你在哪儿无关紧要。这就是全球化。” 2. Alex Mandl is also a fervent believer in globalization, but he views himself very differently. A former president of AT&T, Mandl, 61, was born in Austria and now runs a French technology company, which is doing more and more business in China. He reckons he spends about 90% of his time traveling on business. But despite all that globetrotting, Mandl who has been a . citizen for 45 years still identifies himself as an American. "I see myself as American without any hesitation. The fact that I spend a lot of time in other places doesn't change that," he says. 亚历克斯·曼德尔也是全球化的狂热信徒，但他对自己的看法与布劳德不同。61岁的曼德尔曾任美国电报电话公司总裁。他出生于奥地利，现在经营着一家法国技术公司，该公司在中国的业务与日俱增。他估计自己几乎90%的时间都花在出差上。然而，尽管曼德尔全球到处跑，已经做了45年美国公民的他还是认为自己是个美国人。“我毫不迟疑地把自己当作美国人。我在其他地方度过很多时间，但是这一事实不能改变我是美国人，”他说。 3. Although Browder and Mandl define their nationality differently, both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth. And not incidentally, both are Davos Men, members of the international business élite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, founded in 1971. This week, Browder and Mandl will join more than 2,200 executives, politicians, academics, journalists, writers and a handful of Hollywood stars for five days of networking, parties and endless earnest discussions about everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology. Yet this year, perhaps more than ever, a hot topic at Davos is Davos itself. Whatever their considerable differences, most Davos Men and
全新版大学英语综合教程教案
Teaching Planning College English Integrated Course Book Three Unit Two The Freedom Givers Zhong wen 1.Background Information Teacher: zhong wen Students: 56 sophomores Content of the textbook: unit-2 text A the Freedom Givers Textbook: foreign language teaching and research press Time duration：10 minutes 2.Textbook Analysis The author tells three stories about the Underground Railroad and early Black civil rights movement. The three stories are chosen because they are representative of all participants in this movement: John Parke r is a freed slave who later turned into a courageous “conductor”; Levi Coffin is a brave white “conductor”; Josiah Henson is a slave who struggled his way to freedom with the help of the Underground Railroad. We learn about the name of Josiah Henson at the beginning of the text, yet his full story is not told until the last part. In this way the author achieves coherence of text. 3.Students Analysis The class is made up of 56 students, with 30 girls and 26 boys ,who have a good knowledge of Basic English, but know very little about the American culture behind the language. So in this introduction part, It is necessary to introduce some background information to the students before reading 4.Teaching Objectives Students will be able to: 1.understand the main idea(early civil-rights struggles in the US, esp. the underground Railroad) 2.grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text, 3.conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit 4.Appreciate the various techniques employed by the writer (comparison and contrast, topic sentence followed by detail sentences, use of transitional devices,etc.); 5.Teaching Procedures: Greetings Step 1 Lead-in T: Today we are going to talk about the ethic heroes in American history, before the class, I’d like to introduce the slavery to all of you. T: Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States, during his term of office; he led the civil war and abolished the slavery. T: In the battle against slavery, not only did the president try his best to abolish this system, but also the people, especially the black people living in the South America try hard to fight for their own feat. Today, we will introduce some freedom givers in the American history. Before
新世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译(含textB)
新世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译 UNIT 1 “我原谅你” 1、并非只有婚姻关系才需要宽恕。我们与子女、朋友、同事、邻居，甚至陌生人相处时同样需要宽恕。事实上，没有宽恕的氧气，任何人际关系都无从维系。宽恕并不是脾气好的人们才拥有的特质；它是所有关系的必要条件，也是自己的身心健康不可缺少的。 2、有些人可能认为，自己受伤太深、次数太多，无法宽恕。可耐人寻味的是，恰恰是被伤得最深的人，才真正需要宽恕别人，原因很简单：仇恨就像癌症，会毁掉宿主。如果不尽快铲除，它就会生根发芽，使那些执意仇恨无法释怀的人受伤甚至死亡。 3、因为事实是，除非我们能宽恕他人，否则就永远无法恢复。伤口会继续溃烂，永不愈合。中国有句古谚，“复仇者必自绝”。 4、对有些人来说，宽恕他人似乎是不可能的，因为他们根本不知从何做起。首先你要接受一个非常重要的事实：宽恕他人并不是件容易的事。事实上，对于我们大多数人来说，这也许是最难做到的。 5、被伤害的是我们，却还要宽恕他人，这似乎毫无公平可言，然而这正是宽恕的关键所在。 6、“宽恕并忘记”，这句俗话谁都会脱口而出，但实际上既简单又肤浅。一则这是绝对不可能的，二则它完全偏离了宽恕的真正含义。生活中最需要宽恕的事正是那些无法忘记的事。我们不应把这些事掩饰起来，而需记住它们，并有意不因此对做过这些事的人怀有成见，然后继续生活。 7、这就是为什么有的时候会感到：宽恕别人，一开始会相对容易些，难的是每次你看到那个人，与他谈话，甚至只是想起他之后如何控制自己的感情。真正的宽恕不是一劳永逸之举，而是持久的情感面对。 8、等待越久，宽恕就越难。实际上，时间不会愈合伤口，只会让愤懑和仇恨更长时间地吞噬你的内心。如果要等待“适当的时候”，你也许永远都找不到机会。 9、开始运用宽恕的艺术之前，你先要问自己这样一个问题：我们中有多少人在特定的场合下是完全无辜的呢？ 10、几年前，我和妻子买了一件便宜家具。最初几个月，它蒙蔽了所有人——美观、实用、人见人爱。我们认为它太适合我们家了。可时间一长，表面薄层的边角部分开始慢慢脱落。再也没有当初的效果了，不过至少它现在是以真实面目示人！事实是，不管喜欢不喜欢，在漂亮的表层下，我们都只是刨花板。因此，在我们评判别人之前，明智的做法是先在镜子里认真审视自己。我们越是审视自己，正视自己的缺点，便越愿意也越能够宽恕他人的缺点，宽恕得越多，也就越能体会到真正的满足。
全新版大学英语综合教程第二版课后练习答案
全新版大学英语综合教程 第二版课后练习答案 This manuscript was revised on November 28, 2020
Unit1 Ways of Learning Vocabulary I 1. 1)insert 2)on occasion 3)investig ate 4)In retrospect 5)initial 6)phenomen a 7)attached 8)make up for 9)is awaiting 10)not; in the least 11)promote 12)emerged 2. 1)a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north of the country and the south. 2)is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3)as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4)is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5)by a little-known sixteen-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. 3. 1)be picked up; can’t accomplish; am exaggerating 2)somewhat; the performance; have neglected; they apply to 3)assist; On the other hand; are valid; a superior II 1)continual 2)continuous 3)continual 4)continuous 5)principal 6)principal 7)principle 8)principles 9)principal III herself by herself/on her own by yourself/on your own Comprehensive Exercises
大学英语综合教程课文原文翻译对照
全新版大学英语综合教程 1 课文对照翻译BY12020212 Unit 1 Growing UP Part ⅡText A Writing for Myself When we are writing we are often told to keep our readers in mind, to shape what we say to fit their tastes and interests. But there is one reader in particular who should not be forgotten. Can you guess who? Russell Baker surprised himself and everyone else when he discovered the answer. 我们写作时常常被告诫，脑子里要有读者，笔者所云一定要符合读者的口味和兴趣。但有一位读者特别不 该忘记。你能猜出是谁吗？当拉塞尔穃ul0贝克找到这个问题的答案时，他自己和别人都感到大为惊讶。 Writing for Myself Russell Baker 1 The idea of becoming a writer had come to me off and on since my childhood in Belleville, but it wasn't until my third year in high school that the possibility took hold. Until then I've been bored by everything associated with English courses. I found English grammar dull and difficult. I hated the assignments to turn out long, lifeless paragraphs that were agony for teachers to read and for me to write. 为自己而写 拉塞尔穃ul0贝克从孩提时代，我还住在贝尔维尔时，我的脑子里就断断续续地转着当作家的念头，但直等到我高中三年级， 这一想法才有了实现的可能。在这之前，我对所有跟英文课沾边的事都感到腻味。我觉得英文语法枯燥难懂。我痛 恨那些长而乏味的段落写作，老师读着受累，我写着痛苦。 2 When our class was assigned to Mr. Fleagle for third-year English I anticipated another cheerless year in that most tedious of subjects. Mr. Fleagle had a reputation among students for dullness and inability to inspire. He was said to be very formal, rigid and hopelessly out of date. To me he looked to be sixty or seventy and excessively prim. He wore primly severe eyeglasses, his wavy hair was primly cut and primly combed. He wore prim suits with neckties set primly against the collar buttons of his white shirts. He had a primly pointed jaw, a primly straight nose, and a prim manner of speaking that was so correct, so gentlemanly, that he seemed a comic antique. 弗利格尔先生接我们的高三英文课时，我就准备着在这门最最单调乏味的课上再熬上沉闷的一年。弗利格 尔先生在学生中以其说话干巴和激励学生无术而出名。据说他拘谨刻板，完全落后于时代。我看他有六七十岁了， 古板之极。他戴着古板的毫无装饰的眼镜，微微卷曲的头发剪得笔齐，梳得纹丝不乱。他身穿古板的套装，领带端 端正正地顶着白衬衣的领扣。他长着古板的尖下巴，古板的直鼻梁，说起话来一本正经，字斟句酌，彬彬有礼，活 脱脱一个滑稽的老古董。 3 I prepared for an unfruitful year with Mr. Fleagle and for a long time was not disappointed. Late in the year we tackled the informal essay. Mr. Fleagle distributed a homework sheet offering us a choice of topics. None was quite so simple-minded as "What I Did on My Summer Vacation," but most seemed to be almost as dull. I took the list home and did nothing until the night before the essay was - 1
全新版大学英语综合教程1(第二版)答案
Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus Vocabulary Ⅰ. 1. 1.has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2.was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3.a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’
time. 4.gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5.buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out. 3. 1.reputation, rigid, to inspire 2.for 3.of 4.with 5.as
6.about 7.to 8.in, in 9.from 10.on/upon 2.surprise 3.pulled 4.blowing 5.dressed
6.scene 7.extraordinary 8.image 9.turn 10.excitement company’s safety rules. 5.It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a
(完整word版)新标准英语综合教程2课文翻译
How Empathy Unfolds The moment Hope, just ninemonths old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up inher own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had beenhurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bearfor his crying friend Paul; whenPaul kept crying, Michael retrieved Paul's security blanket for him. 霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。 Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results ofthe study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy.Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying – a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy. 这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another child's tears. 成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。 By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone else's, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a one-year-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friend's mother, who was also in the room. 到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。 This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears. 这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American