2015年高中英语基础知识 词汇辨析 动词及其短语辨析的讲解与训练

2015年高中英语基础知识 词汇辨析 动词及其短语辨析的讲解与训练
2015年高中英语基础知识 词汇辨析 动词及其短语辨析的讲解与训练

英语基础知识词汇辨析的讲解与训练

动词及其短语辨析

高考英语词汇辨析一般在于同义词、近义词的词义和用法辨析、反义词之间的意义差别、词组(短语)的用法异同点以及一些习惯用法和固定搭配等。常见的有形容词与副词辨析、名词及其用法辨析、动词及其短语辨析、代词及其用法辨析、介词和连词等用法辨析。

动词及其短语辨析

1) 动词及其短语辨析难点

其难点一般在于考查动词易混词辨析、同义词、近义词、系动词、及物动词与不及物动词的用法等。动词短语的辨析仍是重中之重, 主要考查动词与介词或副词的固定搭配, 如:与介词的搭配、与介词副词的搭配、特殊句型、习惯用法以及语境中的用法等。

①动词和动词短语易混词辨析

动词易混词的辨析主要涉及形状相近的动词之间的辨义,意义相近的动词之间的辨义,

动词与其它形状相近、意义相似的词的辨义,意义不同但容易混淆的动词的辨义,某些常用动词短语的辨义等。具体有:a.形状相同的动词之间的辨义,如:lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等;b.意义相近的动词之间的辨义,如:borrow, lend; speak, say, talk;hope, wish等;c.动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义,如:advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等;d.意义不同,但容易混淆的动词的辨义,如:explain, say; discover, invent, uncover等;e.某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义, 如:ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear, come, take, put, break, turn等; f.某些常用动词短语的辨义, 如:give in, give out, give away, give up; turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。

②动词的一词多义和动词短语的新义

考查动词的一词多义时,常考查考生易混淆的动词的含义,如:cover“包含;采访;(钱)够用”;count“有价值”;lay“摆放”;observe“庆祝”;promise“使可能”;put“表达”;say“写着”;see“为(某事)发生之时”;shel ter“保护”;treat“招待”;work“起作用”等。

高考对于动词短语的考查,除了考查动词短语基本含义辨析外, 更注重动词短语不易被考生注意的新义, 如:agree with“与……一致”;break down“失败;垮了”;break up“放假;断交”;come up“被提出”;come to“涉及;苏醒;总共”; fit in“相处融洽”;get up“站起来”;keep back“扣下”;look into“浏览”;make out“理解”;pick up“学会”;put aside“留出”;take up“从事于”;turn out“出现”;wear out“磨损;筋疲力尽”等。

③在语境中的动词及动词短语辨析

有些动词或动词短语放到具体痛的语境中,应该据情景有不同的理解。

考生在复习动词辨析时,对于考纲中一些意义较多的词语一定要引起重视,特别要注意

它们那些不太常见的意思,防止高考考查“熟词生义”。对于动词短语的复习,考生需根据动词短语的不同特点,掌握其运用规律,并熟悉动词和不同介词或副词搭配、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的区别。

2) 动词及其短语辨析考点

①从语法搭配、习惯用法上进行辨析

a.宾语不同,意义也不同

go on doing(继续干同一件事)go on to do(接着去干另一件事)

regret doing(后悔干了某事)regret to do(相当于be sorry to do)

forget doing (忘记已做过的事)forget to do(忘记要去干的事)

remember doing(记得已做过的事)remember to do(记住要去干的事)

mean doing(意味着干)mean to do (想干…)

try doing(尝试

做)try to do(设法做)consider doing(考虑去

做)consider to be/have done(认为是/认为已经做了)

b.接宾语或宾补(主补),形式有不同

某些动词如forbid,advise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词,但接宾补(主补)时,宾补(主补)要用不定式。

We forbid smoking here.(宾语,用动名词)

We forbid you to smoke here.(宾补,用动词不定式)

You are forbidden to smoke here.(主补,用动词不定式)

c.宾语形式不同,意义相同

有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式),可接动名词(要用主动形式表被动意义),两种形式意义相同。

The room requires to be cleaned.=The room requires cleaning

d.主动形式表示“被动”意义的动词

有些动词

sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull , clean,add,cook等,它们的主语是事物,且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态,与行为方式状语连用时,要用主动形式表被动意义:

My pen writes smoothly.我的笔好写。Oil burns easily.油易燃烧。

e.意义上基本相同,但是在用法上﹑习惯搭配上有不同之处的词

buy/cost/pay/spend/take都可以指花钱买东西;spend/take都可指花时间;但是它们在用法、习惯搭配上有较大的区别。

The watch cost him thirty-six thousand francs.

He spent thirty-six thousand francs on the watch/ (in) buying th e watch.

It took him thirty six thousand francs to buy the watch.

He paid thirty-six thousand francs for the watch.

He bought the watch for thirty-six thousand francs.

以上句子所表达的意思基本相同:他花了36,000法郎买了这只手表。

②从组成形式和它们的恰切含义上辨析

词汇间的微小差别对我们来说既是重点又是难点。要从词义的内涵和外延上进行辨析。

a.以构成形式为突破口进行辨析

如有无介词for,意义不同:answer(回答)/answer for(对……负责、偿还)常见的还有:search(对人、物或场所搜查)/search for(搜寻人、物或场所)leave(离开某地)/leave for(去某地)reach(到达;拿到)/reach for (伸手去)、prepare(准备)/prepare for(为…作准备)enter(进入)/enter for (报名参加)、run(经营;跑)/run for(竞选)、stand(站;忍受)/stand for (代表)、pay(付钱、债给某人)/pay for(付钱买某物)。

b.以意义为突破口进行辨析

a)意义内涵不同型:几个词它们的内在含义不尽相同。如:

defend, protect, guard 都与“保护”有关。

defend 指采用办法消除存在的危险或击退正在进行的攻击。

protect 指使用某种遮盖或外力,外物防御可能的伤害或毁坏。

guard 指小心警惕,防止实际存在的或可能发生的危险。

They raised a large army to defend the country.

他们招募了一支庞大的军队来保卫这个国家的安全。

The entrance to the palace were well guarded.

进宫殿的入口处门卫把守得很严。

Clothing is worn to protect us from cold.

穿衣服是为了御寒。

b)动作结果不同型:动作动词和结果动词: 英语中有些动词虽然意义相同,但用法不同,有的表示某个动作,而另一个则表示该动作所产生的结果。

advise(劝说)/persuade(劝服)

I advised him but I couldn’t persuade him. 我劝过他,但未能劝服他。

这类常见的动词还有:

look for(寻找)/find(找到)

look(看)/see(看见)

listen(听)/hear(听到)

try(试图,不说明是否成功)/manage(设法,侧重做到)

c.动作状态不同型:begin(开映:动作非延续性)/be on(开映:状态延续性)

The film began at 5 o’clock and has been on for half an hour . 电影5点开映,已开映半小时了。

d.客观主观不同型:receive(客观上:收到)/accept(主观上:受到)

I received her present but I didn’t accept it.我收到了她的礼物,但没有接受。

e.直接间接不同型:hear(直接:听)/hear of(间接:听说)

I heard him singing. 我听到她在唱歌。

of him.我听说过他的有关情况。

1)

1. —I just can’t stop worrying about the result of the job interview.

—________. There’s nothing you can do now but wait.

A. Relax

B. Go ahead

C. Go for it

D. Good luck

2. The meal over, the managers went back to the meeting room to _________ their discussion.

A. put away

B. take down

C. look over

D. carry on

3. Her shoes ________ her dress; they look very well together.

A. suit

B. fit

C. compare

D. match

4. The performance ________ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.

A. covered

B. reached

C. played

D. lasted

5. After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane ________ her job as a doctor in the countryside.

A. set out

B. took over

C. took up

D. set up

6. — Are you happy with your new computer?

— No, it is ________ me a lot of trouble.

A. showing

B. leaving

C. giving

D. sparing

7. Don’t be so discouraged. If you __________ each feelings, you will do better next time.

A. carry on

B. get back

C. break down

D. put away

1.A。考查动词短语在交际用语中的运用。relax使松弛,使松懈,放松; Go ahead开始吧,去做吧; Go for it不要犹豫不决,要全力以赴; Good luck祝你好运。根据题意:---

我很担忧工作面试的结果。---放松吧,现在你只有等待。所以,答案选A。

2.D。考查动词短语辨析。由题干中的went back可知午餐过后,经理们返回办公室继续他们的讨论。故正确答案应为 D。 carry on与 went back相对应。 A项 put away,含义为“储存,放好,收拾好”;B 项take down,含义为“取下,记下,拆除”; C项 look over 含义为“检查,检阅。据题意答案选D。

3.D。考查动词短语辨析。suit多指合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等;fit多指大小、形状合适;match多指大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配;compare比较强调两者之间的对比。句意为“她的鞋子与她的裙子很相配。”故正确答案为D。

4.D。考查动词词义辨析。cover覆盖;reach到达;play玩;last持续,经久;根据题意,表演持续了几乎三个小时,但是很少人及早离开剧院。所以,答案选D。

5.C。考查动词短语辨析。set out动身,出发,开始干;take over接管;take up从事;set up建立,成立。根据题意,在一所医学院学了五年后,简在乡下从事医生这项工作。所以,答案选C。

6.C。考查动词词义及搭配。名词trouble可以跟很多动词搭配,表示不同的含义,如:borrow trouble自找麻烦;cause trouble引起麻烦;make trouble制造麻烦;选项C. give sb trouble给某人添麻烦;选项D. spare sb further trouble不再麻烦某人。从题意看,我对新电脑并不满意,它给我添了很多麻烦。所以,答案选C。

7.D。考查动词短语辨析。本题考查四个短语动词。carry on继续;get back返回(取回,收回);break down破坏;损坏;put away在此处的意思是“打消,放弃,抛弃”。题意,如果你放弃这种情绪,你下次会做得更好。据句意答案选D。

高中英语常用词形变化规则精编

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动词短语及辨析总结-标准化文件发布号:(9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

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