(完整word版)美国文学笔记
美国文学笔记
I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765）
II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）
III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849）
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862)
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
Walt Whitman (1819~1892)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918）
Mark Twain (1835-1910)
Henry James (1843-1916)
Stephen Crane (1881-1900)
V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961)
Ezra Pound (1885—1972)
Robert Frost（1847-1963）
Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953)
VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ）
I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765）
II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）：
1. Summary:
One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation
First great self-made man in America
The embodiment of American dream
2. Major works:
The Autobiograph y《自传》：the first of its kind in literature, one of the classics of
the genre
Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查德的年历》
III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849）
1. Summary:
Novelist, poet, critic
good at writing Gothic(哥特式）and detective fiction
Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism
2. Major works:
Poetry
The Raven《乌鸦》
To Helen《献给海伦》
Short stories
Horror ( suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）
The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》
The Black Cat《黑猫》
The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》
Ligeia《丽姬娅》
Detective /ratiocinative(推理的）(originator)
The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》
The Muder in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》
The Mystery of Marie Rog《玛丽.罗热疑案》
The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》
American Transcendentalism
(美国超验主义）
（1830s- Civil War）
Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance
1. Appearance
1836, “Nature” by Emerson
2. Features of Transcendentalism
(1). Spirit(思想）/Oversoul（超灵）
(2). importance of individualism
(3). nature – symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul
(4). focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882):
1. Summary:
American essayist,lecturer, poet
The Founder of Transcendentalism
2. Major works:
Nature《论自然》：the manifesto of American transcendentalism
The American Scholar《论美国学者》: American's Declaration of Intellectual
Independence
Self-reliance《论自助》
Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862)
1. Summary:
American Essayist, Poet, Philosopher
2. Major Works
Civil Disobedience ?论公民之不服从?
Walden , or Life in the woods 《瓦尔登湖，或林中的生活》:Walden is a record of Thoreau’s two year experiment of living alone at Walden pond in a self-built house at the edge of the woods.
Late Romanticism
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864):
1. Summary:
American novelist and short story writer
2. His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义）deeply.
(1). Evil is at the core of human life
(2).whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from
generation to generation
(3). Evil educates.
(4). He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (自负的) (too
proud of oneself) intellect . His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded
3. Major Works
The Scarlet Letter《红字》
Herman Melville (1819-1891): Novelist, Poet
Major works:
Moby Dick 《白鲸》,1851
Main characters:
Ishmael(以实玛利）: the narrator
Ahab（埃哈伯）: the protagonist
Moby Dick
Walt Whitman (1819~1892)
1. Summary:
American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist/
The father of free verse（自由诗）
2. Major works:
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》
Famous poems
Song of Myself《自我之歌》
One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱一个人的自己》
O Captain! My Captain! 《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》
3. Writing themes (almost everything):
equality of things and beings
divinity of everything
Immanence（无所不在）of God
democracy
evolution of cosmos（宇宙）
multiplicity of nature
self-reliant spirit
death, beauty of death
expansion of America
brotherhood and social solidarity（团结一致）(unity of nations in the world) pursuit of love and happiness
4. S tyle: “free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern,
the verse without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.
(1).Parallelism（排比）
(2).phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition of words or phrases at the
beginning of the line, in the middle or at the end)
(3).the use of a certain pronoun “I” (the first person narrator)
(4).strong tendency to use oral English
(5).the habit of using snapshots
(6).a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure
(7).use of conventional image
(8).vocabulary –powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some
even wrong
(9). sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines
5. Significance of Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Gras s, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:
→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism.
→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
1. Summary: American poet
She wrote altogether 1775 poems, of which only 7 appeared in print in her
lifetime.
2. Some famous poems:
I Died for Beauty
Because I Can’t Stop for Death
A Narrow Fellow in the Grass
I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died
ToMake a Prairie
I’m Nobody
3. Theme
Mainly based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows (inner world):
(1). Death and immortality
(2) .Love—sufferings and frustration caused by love
(3) .Nature-Kind and cruel
(4). Religion-doubt and belief about religious subjects
(5) .Beauty (beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one)
(6). physical aspect of desire
(7). free will and human responsibility
4. Style
1). Poems without titles
2) .Use of capital letters –emphasis and dashes-create cadence (抑扬顿挫）
3).Economy of expression. (Plainest words, directness, brevity)
4). Short poems, mainly two stanzas
5). Fresh and strange images
6) .Bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors
7) .Rhetoric techniques: personification —make some abstract ideas vivid
8). off-rhyme(半韻) and defamiliarization(陌生化）
IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期(1865-1918) 1. Three Giants in Realistic Period
William Dean Howells –“Dean of American Realism”
Henry James
Mark Twain
2. Comparison:
Theme:
Howells –middle class
James –upper class
Twain –lower class
Technique:
Howells –smiling/genteel realism
James –psychological realism
Twain –local colourism and colloquialism
Mark Twain (1835-1910):
1. Summary:
American writer, short story writer/
Humorist
2. Major works:
The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)
《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》
Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆.索亚历险记》
Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》:All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”——Ernest Hemingway
3. Style:
(1). colloquial language（口语）, vernacular (本土的）language, dialects
(2). local colour
(3). syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical
(4). humour
(5). tall tales (highly exaggerated) （荒诞不经的故事）
(6). social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)
4. Contribution
One of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country.
Henry James (1843-1916)
1. Summary:
An American and British novelist, literary critic
Founder of psychological realism
First of the modern psychological novelist
Initiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophistication
2. Major works:
Daisy Miller （1878）《戴茜·米勒》
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇的肖像》
The Wings of the Dove (1902)《鸽翼》
The Ambassadors (1903)《专使》
The Golden Bowl (1904)《金碗》
The Art of Fiction(1884)《小说的艺术》
3. His Point of view
(1). Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness
(2).Psychological realism
(3). Highly-refined language
4. Style –“stylist”
(1). Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate
(2).V ocabulary: large
(3). Construction: complicated, intricate
Naturalism（自然主义）
1. Background:
(1). Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”
(2).Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”
(3). French Naturalism: Zora
2. Features
(1). environment and heredity
(2). scientific accuracy and a lot of details
(3). general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of
the society
St ephen Crane (1881-1900)
1. Summary:
Novelist, poet
Pioneer in the naturalistic tradition
Precursors（先驱）of Imagist poetry
2. Major Works:
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》: the first naturalistic novel in
America
The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》
The Open Boat《海上扁舟》
V. AMERICAN MODERNISM (1918-1945)
（美国现代主义）
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
1. Summary:
Famous American novelist, short story writer, and essayist
the representative of the 1920s
the spokesman for the Jazz Age
one of the“lost generation”writers
2. Major Works
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》:
Narrative point of view – Nick Carraway
Theme: The decline of the American Dream
3. His Point of view
(1). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called
“American Dream” is false in nature.
(2). He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating
effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that
wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and d istrusted. He
thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.
(3). His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.
4. His ideas of “American Dream”
It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could
become rich.
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
1. Sumary:
An American novelist and poet
Initiator of American Southern Renaissance
One of the most influential modern novelists of 20th century
Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1949
2. Major Works:
The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》
As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》
Light in August 《八月之光》
Absalom, Absalom 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》
Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》
Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县）:
--- A fictional county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home in Lafayette County, Mississippi.
3. Major Themes of his Works
(1). history and race
(2). Deterioration
(3). Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment
(4). Horror, violence and the abnormal
4. Faulkner's narrative technique
(1).Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator
(2). Dislocation of the narrative time: The most characteristic way of structuring
his stories is to fragment the chronological time.
(3). the modern stream-of-consciousness（意识流）technique and the interior
monologue（内心独白）：
(4). Multiple points of view（多重视角）
(5). symbolism and mythological and biblical（圣经的）allusions
Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961)
1. Summary:
Novelist and short-story writer
One of the great American writers of the 20th century
The Spokesman of the “Lost Generation”（American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were lost generation, devoid of faith and alienated from the Western civilization．）
Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1954 （for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”）
2. Major works
The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》
For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》/ 《战地钟声》
The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》
A Clean, Well-lighted Place 《一个干净，明亮的地方》
3. Major Themes
(1).The “Nada”(虚无) Concept
(2).Grace under pressure(压力下的优雅）
“Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”
------The Old Man and the Sea
(3). Code Hero（准则英雄/ 硬汉）
a. The Hemingway hero is not a thinker; he is a man of action.
b.“Grace under pressure is their motto.
c.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their
indestructible(不可毁灭的）spirit.
4. Artistic features
(1) .The iceberg（冰山）technique
The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.
(2). Language style
a. simple and natural
b.direct, clear and fresh
c. lean and economical
d.simple, conversational, common found, fundamental words
e. simple sentences
f. Iceberg principle: understatement, implied things
g.Symbolism
Ezra Pound (1885—1972)
1. Summary:
A leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”(意象主义运动）
One of the most influential American poets and critic
2. Major works:
Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》
Cantos /《诗章》
3. Imagism (1909-1917)
(1) .Background:Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese
poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”
(2). Defintion : The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most
effective means to express the these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.
(3): Manifesto of Imagism:
?Direct treatment
?Economy of expression
?New rhythm
In a station of the Metro《在一个地铁站》:a quintessential（典型的）imagist text Robert Frost（1847-1963）
1. Summary:
the most popular American poet
Won Pulitzer Prize four times
Received honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universities
Read “The Gift Outright”at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961
2. Famous Poems:
F ire and Ice《火与冰》
The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜伫立林边有感》
Mending Wall《补墙》
After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》
3. Frost’s writing feature
His combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language (New England Speech)
Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953)
1. Summary:
America's greatest playwright
Won the Pulitzer Prize four times
Won Nobel Prize in 1936
Founder of the American drama
2. Major Works
Beyond the Horizon (1920) 《天边外》
The Emperor Jones(1920) 《琼斯皇帝》
The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》
Desire under the Elms (1924) 《榆树下的欲望》
1.Imagism: Imagism is a literary movement which came into being in Britain and U.S .around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image. Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.
2. The Lost Generation:The “Lost Generation”is a term used to characterize a general motif of disillusionment of American literary notables who lived in Europe, mostly Paris, after the First World War. Figures identified with the “Lost Generation ”included authors and artists such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound , Sherwood Anderson and so on.
3.Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first came to prominence in the late 19th century in America. The local colorists were devoted to capturing the unique customs, manners, speech, folklore, and other qualities of a particular regional community, usually in humorous short stories. The most famous of the local colorists was Mark Twain, with his masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
4.Multiple points of view: The employment of several narrators or narrative points of views to tell a story, thus making the structure of the book somewhat radioactive. For example, The Sound and the Fury uses four different narrative voices to piece together the story and thus challenges the reader by presenting a fragmented plot told from multiple points of view.
陶洁版_美国文学期末笔记
美国文学笔记 I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790） III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849） Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Herman Melville (1819-1891) Walt Whitman (1819~1892) Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918） Mark Twain (1835-1910) Henry James (1843-1916) Stephen Crane (1881-1900) V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945 F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) William Faulkner (1897-1962) Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) Robert Frost（1847-1963） Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953) VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ） I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）： 1. Summary: One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation First great self-made man in America
美国移民文化
A look at the history of the United States indicates that this country has often been called "a melting pot", where various immigrant and ethnic groups have learned to work together to build a unique nation. Even those "original" Americans, the Indians, probably walked a land bridge from Asia to North America some thousands of years ago. So, who are the real Americans? The answer is that any and all of them are! And you, no matter where you come from, could also become an American should you want to.. Then you would become another addition to America's wonderfully rich "nation of immigrants". 纵观美国历史，就可见这个国家经常被称为"一个熔炉"，在此，各种移民和种族团体学会了共同建设一个独特的民族。甚至那些"本土的"美国人--印第安人，也可能是几千年以前，从亚洲走过大陆桥来到北美洲的。所以，谁是真正的美国人？答案是他们中的任何一个人都是！无论你来自何处，如果你想成为美国人，就会成为美国人；你就会变成这个极其富有的"移民之国"的一个新份子。 The United States is currently shifting from being a nation of immigrants of mainly European descent to one of immigrants from other parts of the world, such as Asia and Latin America. The number of recent immigrants has skyrocketed. They desire to escape economic hardship and political oppression in their native countries as well as the desire to seek a better education and a more prosperous life in America, "the land of opportunity". Although there are frequent conflicts between the cultures they have brought with them from the "old country" and those found in America, most immigrants learn to adjust to and love their adopted land. 美国现在正由主要是欧洲血统移民的国家变为世界上其他各洲，如亚洲、拉丁美洲移民的国家。最近移民的数字急剧增长。他们希望摆脱在本国的经济困难、政治压迫，并在美国这片"充满机遇的土地上"寻找更好的教育和更富裕的生活。尽管他们从"故国"带来的文化与美国文化之间往往会产生冲突,但是多数移民还是学会了适应并热爱他们所归化的土地。 Americans have also learned much from the customs and ideas of the immigrants and are often influenced by them in subtle and interesting ways. Immigrants bring their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as their ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods. They have greatly enriched American life. 美国人从移民的风俗和观念中也学到了很多东西，并且在极其细微和有趣的方面受到了它们的影响。移民们带来了他们本族的文化、政治以及社会模式和态度，不同的学术和宗教背景，以及他们种族的艺术、体育、节日和饮食。这些极大地丰富了美国人的生活。 For immigrants from all parts of the would, the United States has been a "melting pot" in which the foreigners have sometimes remained culturally and linguistically what they were in their native lands even as they move toward becoming citizens of the United States, a country whose people share a common cultural outlook and set of values. The melting pot does not melt away all recollections of another way of life in another place----nor should it. On the contrary, immigrants should maintain the languages, skills, religions, customs and arts of their own heritage, even while they are working towards entering the mainstream of American culture.
走遍美国——playing games
Convenient 方便 Suburbs 郊区 Aquarium 水族馆 Incredible 不可思议的 Manage 想法做到 Squeeze 挤 Metropolitan 大都市的 It’s just incredible.简直令人难以置信 Inviting 吸引人 Pumpernickel 黑面包 Get to know each other 相互认识 Care about 关心 There we are.好了，表示什么已经准备好了。 It looks inviting. Focus in The suburbs and the city Playing games2 I had never been there before.我以前从没有去过那。 Tuna fish 金枪鱼 Scout 童子军 Manufacture 制造 In charge of 负责 Happen to 偶然，碰巧 I understand you’re in the toy business.听说你是做玩具生意的。 （这里understand是听说的意思。） He is a vice-president in charge of marketing. Who is in charge of this office? Boring 无聊 Shuffle the deck 洗牌 Face down 朝下 Face up 朝上 Counterclockwise 逆时针 Twelve-to fifteen-year-olds12到15岁的孩子 How are you enjoying the game so far? 到目前为止你们觉得这个游戏有意思吗？ It’s not a bad game. It’s just slow.可以用just, only等来缓和语气。 He is behind the times.他落后于时代了。在英语中常用BE动词加介词表示汉语中实意动词的概念。 Focus in Take my word!
走遍美国学习方法
具体先听一遍或者几遍，5-8秒为短句细听，尽量听懂.若遇到听不懂的再看原文，前提是不懂。可以采取听写的形式，尽量用自己的拼写方式去写英文单词，在修正。 把整个Act听完大概知道其意义，就看原文对照，错误总结和分类，可以包括语音、语法、拼写、增漏。 跟读，对照书本。 然后能自然流畅的说出。 可以自己模拟场景，就象走遍美国一样。 场景化是走遍美国的特色～～ 译背，就是在跟读边跟背这样在听不懂的词或者句子，对照原文来梳理更记忆深刻。 看翻译文本，把重点词句和好动词，好句，句型用法，自己归纳。只限于一个Act 朗读课文，追求流利。完结于一课就是2个或3个Act。 注意色彩的运用。红色是没听懂的，粉色是需记忆的。灰色是语法类的见解。带星号是重点或红粉色的都有的成分。 个人经验告诉你怎么听。你坚持上至少6个星期，然后看看自己的进步有多大。 首先一个星期的安排。2天慢速1天常速1天慢速2天常速复习 光听没用 做听写。拿一个正式的本子。上面的安排是让听写的用的 4分钟左右的听力材料。不要太难。 慢速的方法：第一遍从头到尾听一次。第二遍开始，听一句暂停一句，不管多长。然后写下来。一开始可能只能写下四五个词，没关系，空着。听第二句。写下来可能惨不忍睹，没关系，全写完以后，从头到尾再听第三遍，还是一句一句听。这次能补上好多了。大概听到第4次，不要听了，对照文稿往上补。然后查词。最后不要看稿子听一次，如果还有没懂的，听到懂为止。 常速的方法：第一遍从头到尾听一次。第二遍再听一次，把上次没听懂的地方使劲听。然后做听写，跟慢速的方法一样。开始写的结果绝对会惨不忍睹，慢慢坚持就好了了.我一开始做听写的时候觉得挺没用的，而且浪费时间，一篇常速我得听二十几遍。慢速的因为句子长也是快二十遍。五分钟的材料我得用差不多两个小时才能弄完。后来才过了三个星期，就发现这个方法绝对是相当牛逼。我现在练习了一年了，我现在做一篇大概只需要不到半个小时。都不用专门记单词，单词自然背下来了。你试上3各月，基本所有的VOA都能听懂95%以上 这上面是一部分。是精听 还有一部分。一定要做 每天拿出来一点时间，听2个材料就好，慢速常速看你的水平，听的时候别太在意内容。第一次听就跟着shadowing 具体你可以百度一下什么叫“影子跟读”，做个1次或者2次就行了，这个见效慢，但是很有用。一个能培养语感，一个能加强听的能力和写的能力这个是辅助精听的 方法在这了看你自己做不做了
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复 习笔记和真题 第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 I. Historical Introduction (历史背景) (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. (2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands. (3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements. (4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(9-14章)【圣才出品】
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
美国文学笔记
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓
从综艺节目看美国移民文化的特征
从综艺节目看美国移民文化的特征 美国移民文化的内涵包括很多方面，其中的包容性是造就今日的美国不可缺少的因素之一。文章以美国王牌选秀节目“美国偶像”这一综艺节目为切入点，回顾美国移民的历史以及美国移民文化的主要特点，试图在分析美国移民文化包容性具体体现的基础上，进一步探讨美国移民文化的内涵。 标签：美国移民；移民文化；多元化；包容性；综艺；美国偶像 1 如何成为“大熔炉”：美国移民的三次浪潮 从历史的角度看，美国文化的发展与汹涌的移民热潮密切相关。从“五月花号”带来的首批移民以及《五月花号公约》为美国政治文化奠定了基石到南北战争结束后，美国由于大规模的工业化和城市化的急速发展，需要引进大量劳力，从而使母语为非英语的大量欧洲移民涌入。1961-1984年间，美国通过了移民和归化法，移民政策的宽松带来了以亚洲、拉丁美洲移民占主导的热潮。回顾历史，可以发现美国移民可分为如上所述的三个阶段，时至今日，美国每年仍然不断的接受着新移民，这些来自世界不同区域的移民构成了美国人口的主体，并逐步改变着美国人口的种族、民族构成比率，为美国传统文化注入新鲜血液，随着时间推移，逐步形成了美国特有的移民文化。 2 美国移民文化的特点之多元化 移民的地域性决定了美国文化的多元化。地域的差异便衍生出了不同的民族多样的习俗。这些多样化的因素又在不同时代对美国文化的发展产生影响，甚至被应用和更新。因此，在美国文化的不同方面都可以找到这些来自不同地域多样因素的缩影。 首先，美国移民文化的多元化体现在语言上。语言是文化的载体与缩影。美国英语中丰富的外来词汇是美国移民文化中多元化的充分体现。这些外来词汇来自世界各地，包涵多种语系，有的甚至被沿用至今。例如，来源于法语résumé（简历），changier（即：change，改变）；来源于拉丁语cuppa（cup，杯子），cetel （即：kettle，壶）；来源于西班牙语puma（美洲豹），cigar（雪茄烟）；来源于汉语kowtow （磕头），qipao（旗袍）等等。除了来自世界各国移民能从美国英语中找到本民族的词汇以外，美国本土黑人也可以在美国英语中找到各自文化的缩影。例如，美国黑人在文艺和体育上有着卓越的成就。美国英语就从黑人文化中吸收了jazz（爵士乐）break dancing（霹雳舞）等词汇。 另外，美国移民文化的多元化在美国饮食文化中也有所体现。试图找出美国菜的典型代表并非像中国人的饺子、日本人的寿司、意大利人的千层饼、墨西哥人的粟米脆饼那样轻松。究竟什么是美国菜呢？在美国饮食文化中，美国菜的主要样式大部分为舶来品，随处可见世界各种菜系，从美国人民饮食的选择和餐饮业涉及的菜系种类不难体会到美国饮食文化中的多元化。
走遍美国学习笔记精校版
走遍美国学习笔记精校版 Episode1 46 Linden Street 林登大街46 号 ACT 1 速读句子： 1 May I take a picture of you and your little boy? 2 It's an album of pictures of the United States 表达方式 0 表示同意，欣然接受：It's fine to take our picture. 1 比thanks 更诚挚的感谢：I appreciate your help. It was very nice of you. thanks a lot 2 描述住处的简洁说法：They are in Thessaloniki 3 不得不的另一种表达：I've got to go. 4 失陪的表达：Will you excuse me? 5 那是干嘛的？What's it for? 单词 Hispanic 西班牙的 46 Linden Street 林登大街46 号 ACT 2 速读句子： 1 .. and dinner's at six thirty. 2 lost-andfind office 弱读,d 不发音 表达方式 1 原指望：I was expecting him here at five forty-five. 2 现在的另一种说法：at this hour 3 试穿：try it on 4 棒极了：Terrific ！ 5 请问：The number, please, of lost-and-found office 单词 officer 警官uptown 住宅区downtown 商业区 platform 月台canvas 帆布sweater 毛衣 lost-and-find office 失物招领处 提示：of 几乎全部弱读，注意分辨 ACT 3 速读句子： 1 And give her a teaspoon of the medicineafter every meal. （超快的，after every meal 全连一块了） 2 Marilyn and Richard called.They'll be here soon,and then we'll eat. 注意节奏和连读 3 Well, she'll be here later. Shdnas to work late toni ght.注意连读 4 I hope it's pasta. 注意连读 5 Oh, it was no trouble. 注意弱读
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1